THE MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY. Jeffrey M. Humphreys

Transcription

1 THE MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY 2013 Jeffrey M. Humphreys

2 CONTENTS Part 1, Part 2 Buying Power Statistics By State for All 50 States 69 Selig Center for Economic Growth Terry College of Business The University of Georgia Charles B. Knapp, Interim Dean Terry College of Business Jeffrey M. Humphreys, Director Selig Center Lorena M. Akioka, Editor Beata D. Kochut, Research Analyst Stephen F. Kuzniak, Data Analyst Mary T. Evans, Administrative Professional Copyright 2013 by the Selig Center for Economic Growth. All rights reserved. For more information on the Selig Center, visit our Website at 2

3 Part 1 MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY

4 T he Selig Center s estimates and projections of buying power show that minorities African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics wield formidable economic clout. The numbers are impressive. For example, in 2013, the $1.2 trillion Hispanic market is larger than the entire economies (2012 GDP measured in dollars) of all but fifteen countries in the world smaller than the GDP of Indonesia and larger than the GDP of Turkey. The buying power data presented here and differences in spending by race and/or ethnicity suggest that as the consumer market becomes more diverse, advertising, products, and media must be tailored to each market segment. With this in mind, entrepreneurs, established businesses, marketing specialists, economic development organizations, and chambers of commerce now seek estimates of the buying power of the nation s major racial and ethnic minority groups. Going beyond the intuitive approaches often used, the Selig Center s estimates provide a timely, cost-efficient, and quantitative way to assess the size and vitality of the national and state racial and ethnic markets. This study provides a comprehensive statistical overview of the buying power of African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, and Hispanics for the and all the states. Estimates are provided for 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and Majority or white buying power and multiracial buying power are also reported, but the estimates for these groups are not discussed. Simply defined, buying power is the total personal income of residents that is available, after taxes, for spending on virtually everything that they buy, but it does not include dollars that are borrowed or that were saved in previous years. It is not a measure of wealth, and it does not include what tourists spend during their visits. Unfortunately, there are no geographically precise surveys of annual expenditures and income of all the nation s major racial and ethnic groups. Even estimates of expenditures by race or ethnicity are difficult to find, especially for individual states. The Selig Center addresses this problem by providing estimates of black, Native American, Asian, white, Hispanic, and non-hispanic buying power for the nation, the fifty states, and the District of Columbia. Due to funding limitations, the Selig Center no longer provides estimates for metropolitan areas and counties. These current dollar (unadjusted for inflation) estimates and projections indicate the growing economic power of various racial or ethnic groups; measure the relative vitality of geographic markets; help to judge business opportunities for start-ups or expansions; gauge a business s annual sales growth against potential market increases; indicate the market potential of new and existing products; and guide targeted advertising campaigns. The estimates supersede those previously published by the Selig Center. The buying power estimates should be considered only as the first step toward a more comprehensive analysis of the market. Anyone considering the investment of substantial capital in a new enterprise, a new product line, or a new advertising campaign will need extensive feasibility analysis to determine market opportunities more precisely. Total Buying Power Statistics The Selig Center projects that the nation s total buying power will rise from $4.2 trillion in 1990 to $7.3 trillion in 2000, to $11.1 trillion in 2010, to $12.4 trillion in 2013, and to $15.2 trillion for The percentage increase for is 193 percent. From , total buying power will rise by 70 percent. From 2010 to 2013, total buying power will rise by 12 percent. The percentage gain in total buying power far outstrips cumulative inflation. For example, the Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers (CPI-U) will increase by approximately 81 percent during , which is about two fifths of the 193 percent increase in total buying power. From 2000 to 2013, the CPI-U increased by 36 percent whereas total buying power rose by 70 percent. Total buying power will expand by 12 percent from 2010 through 2013, and by 22 percent from 2013 through Diverse forces support this substantial growth. The 29-year span encompasses a mild recession in , the longest economic expansion in the nation s history from , another mild recession in 2001, a modest expansion from , and a severe recession that began late in 2007 and continued through mid As this is written, the U.S economic conditions can accurately be described as expansionary, and the assumptions underlying the baseline forecast call for modest growth in Ranked by percentage change in total buying power between 2000 and 2013, the top ten states are North Dakota (136 percent), District of Columbia (130 percent), Wyoming (114 percent), South Dakota (97 percent), Texas (97 percent), Utah (96 percent), New Mexico (92 percent), Alaska (91 percent), Arizona (90 percent), and Hawaii (90 percent). From 2000 through 2013, the five slowest growing states are Michigan (35 percent), Ohio (49 percent), Illinois (50 percent), Indiana (54 percent), and New Jersey (58 percent). 4

5 That the state estimates show differing outcomes is not surprising, given the differences in labor market performance, industrial bases, the importance of exports, dependence on federal spending, real estate markets, labor markets, immigration rates, domestic migration rates, and natural resources. As always, states with low costs of doing business, favorable regulatory environments, updated transportation and telecommunications infrastructure, educated workforces, and an abundance of natural resources will continue to attract domestic and international businesses. Buying Power Statistics by Race In 2013, the combined buying power of blacks, Asians, and Native Americans will be $1.9 trillion 105 percent higher than its 2000 level of $915 billion which amounts to a gain of $964 billion. In 2013, African Americans will account for 57 percent of combined spending, or slightly over $1 trillion. From 2000 through 2013, the percentage gains in buying power vary considerably by race, from a gain of 160 percent for Asians to 139 percent for Native Americans to 78 percent for blacks. All of these target markets will grow much faster than the white market, where buying power will increase by 63 percent. The combined buying power of African Americans, Asians, and Native Americans will account for 15.1 percent of the nation s total buying power in 2013, up from 12.5 percent in 2000 and from 10.6 percent in The 2000-to-2013 gain in combined market share of 2.6 percent amounts to an additional $328 billion in buying power in The market share claimed by a targeted group of consumers is important because the higher their market share, the lower the average cost of reaching a potential buyer in the group. The combined buying power of these three racial groups will rise to $2.4 trillion in 2018, accounting for 15.9 percent of the nation s total buying power. n Black Buying Power n I n 2013, African Americans will constitute the nation s largest racial minority market, but the buying power of Hispanics an ethnic group is larger. Despite the severe impact of the Great Recession, blacks economic clout continues to energize the consumer market. The Selig Center estimates that the nation s black buying power will rise from $316 billion in 1990 to $601 billion in 2000, to $951 billion in 2010, to $1 trillion in 2013, and to $1.3 trillion in The 78 percent increase between 2000 and 2013 outstrips the 63 percent rise in white buying power and the 70 percent increase in total buying power (all races combined). In 2013, the nation s share of total buying power that is black will be 8.6 percent, up from 8.2 percent in 2000 and from 7.5 percent in African-American consumers share of the nation s total buying power will rise to 8.8 percent in 2018, accounting for almost nine cents out of every dollar that is spent. The gains in black buying power reflect much more than just population growth and inflation. Of the many diverse supporting forces, one of the most important and enduring is the increasing number of blacks who are starting and expanding their own businesses. The 2007 Survey of Business Owners (released by the Census bureau in June 2011) shows that the number of black-owned firms was 61 percent higher in 2007 than in 2002, which more than three times the 18 percent gain in the number of all firms. Also, compared to the period, the overall rate of growth in the number of blackowned firms accelerated as did the rate of growth in the number of all firms. Between 2002 and 2007, the receipts of black-owned firms grew by 55 percent compared to the 34 percent increase in the receipts of all firms. Still another positive factor underpinning the group s buying power is that African Americans continue to become more highly educated, which should allow proportionally more blacks to enter occupations with higher average salaries. Census data show that in 2012, 85 percent of blacks over 25 years of age had completed high school or college, far better than the 66 percent reported in 1990 and the 79 percent recorded in Despite this, the percentage of African Americans who are high school graduates or better was still lower than the percentage of whites (88 percent) and Asians (89 percent). Also, the Current Population Survey indicates that 21 percent of blacks had a bachelor s, graduate, or professional degree compared to 31 percent The Multicultural Dollar Where Blacks Spend More electronics utilities groceries footwear Where Blacks Spend Less new cars alcohol health care entertainment pensions of whites and 51 percent of Asians. Nonetheless, the percentage of blacks who had completed college in 2013 (21 percent) was higher than in either 2000 (17 percent) or in 1990 (11 percent). Favorable demographic trends help, too, since the black population continues to grow more rapidly than the total population. From 2000 to 2013, the nation s black population grew by 16.3 percent compared to 7.7 percent for the white population and 12.3 percent for the total population. From 2013 to 2018, the nation s black population is projected to grow by 5.9 percent, which exceeds the 4.5 percent growth estimated for the total population. Also, the black population is younger: the 2010 Current Population Survey indicates that the Selig Center for Economic Growth 5

6 median age of blacks is only 31.4 years compared to 38.2 years for the white population or 36.7 years for the total population. Compared to the older white population, larger proportions of blacks will enter the workforce for the first time or will move up from entry-level jobs. This will provide an extra push to the group s overall buying power. Conversely, smaller proportions of blacks have reached their career pinnacles or are of traditional retirement age. In 2010, only 8.6 percent of blacks were over 65, compared to 13.8 percent of whites or 12.7 percent of the total population. So, black buying power may be slightly more resistant to reforms of popular government entitlement programs for retirees (e.g., Social Security and Medicare), especially if those reforms focus benefit reductions on higher income households. Because they are much younger, African-American consumers increasingly are setting trends for teens (and young adults) of every race and ethnic background. This isn t surprising given that 29.4 percent of the black population is under 18 years old compared to 23.3 percent of the white population or 24.6 percent of the total population. The youthful profile of the black population has its downside, however. Compared to people who are either more established in their careers or retired, young adults, regardless of their race or ethnicity, are more exposed to job losses in economic downturns. So, in this regard, black buying power is vulnerable to the effects of economic recessions, but over time the above-average growth of black buying power has more than compensated for that high cyclical exposure. Due the unusual severity of the Great Recession, employment growth no longer can be cited as one of the main forces behind the above-average gains in black buying power. From January 2000 through April 2013 (the most recent data available at the time of this writing), the number of jobs held by blacks had increased by only 1 million, or a paltry 0.5 percent per year. Furthermore, from its prerecession peak in January 2007 (when blacks held 16,212,000 jobs) through April 2013 (when blacks held 16,167,000 jobs), the number of employed African Americans dropped by 45,000. The black unemployment rate therefore soared from 7.9 percent (January 2007) to 16.8 percent (March 2010). By April 2013, the employment-to-population ratio for blacks stood at only 53.4 percent it was 59.4 percent in January The jobs losses have been very heavy because recessions with credit crunches and housing busts are always deeper and longer than other recessions. The financial panic didn t help. This unusual set of events brought the economy to its knees, and it erased a decade s worth of job growth for African Americans. At the time of this writing, it appears that the period of job losses is over, but the labor market s recovery is anemic, especially in states hit the hardest by the housing bust. In 2013, the ten states with the largest African-American markets, in order, are New York ($101 billion), Texas ($92 billion), California ($77 billion), Georgia ($76 billion), Florida ($75 billion), Maryland ($64 billion), North Carolina ($50 billion), Illinois ($46 billion), Virginia With a sizable population under 18, it is not surprising that blacks are consumer trendsetters. ($46 billion), and New Jersey ($41 billion). Of these, however, Georgia and Maryland are the only ones that did not rank among the top ten markets for all consumers. One characteristic that sets the African-American consumer market apart from the Hispanic and Asian markets is that it is not concentrated in a handful of states. This vibrant consumer market is very widespread, and therefore is an attractive customer segment in many of the states. In 2013, the five largest African-American markets account for 39 percent of black buying power. The five states with the largest total consumer markets account for 38 percent of total buying power. Similarly, the ten largest black markets account for 62 percent of the African-American market and the ten largest total consumer markets account for 55 percent of total buying power. In order, the top ten states ranked by the rate of growth of black buying power between 2000 and 2013 are North Dakota (296 percent), South Dakota (262 percent), Vermont (234 percent), Idaho (187 percent), Arizona (174 percent), New Hampshire (159 percent), Maine (152 percent), New Mexico (150 percent), Nevada (137 percent), and Iowa (127 percent). All have flourishing African-American consumer markets, but none is among the nation s ten largest black consumer markets. In 2013, the ten states with the largest share of total buying power that is black are the District of Columbia (26.3 percent), Mississippi (23.6 percent), Maryland (23.1 percent), Georgia (22.1 percent), Louisiana (19.8 percent), South Carolina (17.7 percent), Alabama (17.4 percent), Delaware (15.1 percent), North Carolina (14.8 percent), and Virginia (13 percent). The 2.6 percent, 2.2 percent, and 1.7 percent increases in African American s share of the consumer markets in Georgia, Maryland, and Delaware were the three biggest share shifts in the nation from 2000 to 2013, respectively. There also was a 1.6 percent advance in Nevada and a 1.4 percent gain in Florida. Due to differences in per capita income, wealth, demographics, educational attainment, occupational distribution, geographic distribution, and culture, the spending habits of blacks as a group are not the same as those of non-black consumers. Thus, as African Americans share of the nation s total buying power expands, business-to-consumer firms can be expected to devote more resources to developing and marketing products that meet the needs and match the preferences of black consumers. Data from the 2012 Consumer Expenditure Survey indicate that the average black household spent in total only 73 percent as much as the average non-black household, reflecting blacks lower median household incomes. The values are for money income, which differs somewhat from buying power, but nonetheless offers some insights into spending by black consumers. Despite lower average household income levels, African Americans lead in some categories. For example, on average, black households spent more than non-black households on natural gas, electricity, audio equipment, and footwear. Also, blacks spent a significantly 6

7 higher proportion of their money on housing, groceries, phone services, furniture, clothing, car insurance, and gasoline and motor oil. These findings strongly imply that energy utilities, telecom firms, car insurers, gas stations, grocers, clothing stores, and shoe stores would do well to market themselves directly to black consumers. Blacks and non-blacks spent about the same proportion of their income for groceries, housekeeping supplies, appliances, children s clothing, used cars, tobacco products, cash contributions, and life insurance. Compared to non-blacks, however, blacks spent much less of their total outlays on restaurants, alcoholic beverages, new cars, health care, fees and admissions, pets, toys, and pensions and Social Security. The same survey indicates that black households are slightly more likely to have children under 18 (0.7 persons for blacks versus 0.6 persons for whites and others). Blacks have only 1.3 vehicles per household compared to two vehicles for white and other households; and they are more likely to be renters rather than homeowners. n Native American Buying Power n T he Selig Center projects that the nation s Native American buying power will rise from $20 billion in 1990, to $40 billion in 2000, to $83 billion in 2010, to $96 billion in 2013, and to $123 billion in Native American buying power in 2013 will be 139 percent greater than in The percent gain is larger than the increases in buying power estimated for whites (63 percent), for the population as a whole (70 percent), and for blacks (78 percent). It is smaller than those estimated for Asians (160 percent) and Hispanics (142 percent), however. Despite this fast-paced growth, Native Americans will account for only 0.8 percent of all buying power in 2013, up only slightly from their 0.6 percent share in 2000, when they accounted for only $40 billion in buying power. Many forces support the continued growth of Native American buying power, but one of the most important is that the Native American population continues to grow much more rapidly than the total population. From 2000 through 2013, the Native American population grew by 46.4 percent, outpacing the projected gains of 16.3 percent for the black population, 12.3 percent for the total population, and 7.7 percent for the white population. From 2013 to 2018, the nation s Native American population is projected to grow by 7.9 percent, which far exceeds the 4.5 percent gain projected for the total population and the 2.8 percent gain for whites. Historically, entrepreneurial activity has been a force powering the growth of Native American buying power. The 2007 Survey of Business Owners, released by the Census Bureau in July 2010, shows that the number of Native American-owned firms increased by 18 percent from 2002 to 2007, which equals the 18 percent increase in the number of all firms. But, compared to the period, the overall rate of growth in this group dropped sharply even as the rate of growth in the number of all firms accelerated. Between 2002 and 2007, their firms receipts grew by only 28 percent compared to the 34 percent increase in the receipts of all firms. Although comprising only 1.2 percent of the country s population in 2012, Native Americans will control $96 billion in disposable income, which makes this diverse group economically attractive to businesses. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Native American markets are California ($18.4 billion), Oklahoma ($8.7 billion), Texas ($8.2 billion), Arizona ($5.7 billion), New York ($5.3 billion), New Mexico ($3.9 billion), Washington ($3.3 billion), North Carolina ($3.1 billion), Florida ($2.8 billion), and Alaska ($2.7 billion). This market is slightly more focused on a few states than is the total consumer market. In 2013, for example, the five largest Native American markets account for 48 percent of this group s buying power, whereas the five largest total consumer markets account for 38 percent of buying power. Similarly, the ten largest Native American markets account for 64 percent of Native American buying power and the top ten total consumer markets account for 55 percent of total buying power. Ranked by the rate of growth of Native American buying power over , the top ten states are the District of Columbia (302 percent), New York (234 percent), Illinois (210 percent), Texas (209 percent), Hawaii (204 percent), Wyoming (189 percent), Georgia (182 percent), Massachusetts (181 percent), Delaware (180 percent), and Pennsylvania (178 percent). Many of these states have relatively small, flourishing markets, but Texas stands out from the other leading states as the fourth largest Native American consumer market in the nation. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Native American shares of total buying power include Alaska (8.2 percent), Oklahoma (6.1 percent), New Mexico (5.5 percent), South Dakota (3.5 percent), Montana (3.3 percent), North Dakota (2.5 percent), Arizona (2.5 percent), Wyoming (1.6 percent), California (1.2 percent), and Nevada (1.1 percent). From 2000 to 2013, Native Americans share of the market will rise the most in New Mexico, Oklahoma, Wyoming, California, and Arizona. n Asian Buying Power n I n 2013, over 17 million Americans 5.2 percent of the country s population will claim Asian ancestry, which makes the group a powerful force in the consumer market. This racial group s shares of the population were 3 percent, 4 percent, 5.2 percent, and 5.4 percent in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2013, respectively; and their enormous economic clout continues to attract more attention from businesses and advertisers. (The Selig Center s data for Asians combines two race categories, including those who identified themselves as Asian or as Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander.) The Selig Center projects that the nation s Asian buying power will climb from $115 billion in 1990, to $274 billion in 2000, to $599 billion in 2010, to $713 billion in 2013, and to $962 billion in The 160 percent gain from 2000 through 2013 exceeds the increases in buying power projected for whites (63 percent), the as a whole (70 percent), blacks (78 percent), Hispanics (142 percent), and Native Americans (139 percent). At $713 billion in 2013, the Asian Selig Center for Economic Growth 7

8 market already outshines the entire economies of all but twenty-two countries it is smaller than the 2012 GDP of Saudi Arabia and slightly larger than the GDP of the Netherlands. The group s fast-paced growth in buying power demonstrates the increasing importance of Asian consumers and should create opportunities for businesses that pay attention to their needs. Because the group includes consumers of so many national ancestries, languages, and such diverse cultures, firms that target specific subgroups Chinese or Filipino, for example may find niche markets particularly rewarding. Despite the severity of the Great Recession, employment gains can still be cited as one of the forces supporting the growth of Asian buying power. From January 2000 throughapril 2013 (the most recent data available at this writing), the number of jobs held by Asians increased by 2,296,000, or 40 percent. That cumulative gain is impressive when compared to the 1,264,000 jobs gains realized by whites (a The Multicultural Dollar Where Asians Spend More food housing clothing education personal insurance Where Asians Spend Less utilities used vehicles alcohol and tobacco health care entertainment much larger racial group). But, even though the number of jobs held by Asians is up considerably from where it was at the beginning of the decade, the Great Recession took its toll. From the peak in November 2007 (when Asians held 6,960,000 jobs) to its trough in January 2010 (when Asians held 6,431,000 jobs) the number of employed Asians dropped by 529,000. In April 2013, the employment-to-population ratio for Asians stood at 60.6 percent it was 63 percent in January Meanwhile, the number of unemployed Asians has more than doubled: 7.5 percent of Asians were jobless in January 2010 compared to 3.2 percent in Nonetheless, in terms of jobs, Asians as a group are still well ahead of where they were at the beginning of the millennium. Demographics are a key, too. The Asian population is growing more rapidly than the total population, mostly because of strong immigration, a trend that is expected to continue. In 2013, the Asian population will be 17.2 million, or 53.9 percent higher than its 2000 base of 11.2 million. This 55.9 percent gain in population exceeds that projected for any other racial group and it nearly equals the 54.3 percent gain estimated for the Hispanics. From 2013 to 2018, the Asian population will grow by 14.9 percent, just slightly lower than the 15.1 percent gain expected for Hispanics. Moreover, the Asian population of the is younger than the overall population: The 2010 Current Population Survey indicates that the median age of Asians is 35.4 years compared to 36.7 years for the total population and 38.2 years for whites. Compared to whites, larger proportions of Asians are either entering the workforce for the first time or are moving up on their career ladders. Also, a much smaller proportion of Asians are of traditional retirement age. For example, in 2010, only 9.6 percent of Asians were over 65, compared to 13.8 percent of whites. Another factor contributing to Asian buying power is that nearly all Asians are urbanites. The economic rewards of education also provide a big boost. Asians are much better educated than is the average American, and thus hold many top-level jobs in management, professional, and scientific specialties. Compared to the overall population, Asians are much less likely to hold jobs in agriculture, forestry, construction, and government. According to the 2012 Current Population Survey, 51 percent of Asians over 25 had a bachelor s or advanced degree compared to 31 percent of whites. The increasing number of successful Asian entrepreneurs also helps to increase the group s buying power. The 2007 Survey of Business Owners (released in 2011) shows that the number of Asian-owned firms increased by 40 percent from 2002 to 2007, which is more than double the 18 percent increase in the number of all firms. Compared to the period, the overall rate of growth in the number of Asian-owned firms accelerated as it did for all firms. Between 2002 and 2007, the receipts of Asian-owned firms grew by 55 percent compared to the 34 percent increase in the receipts of all firms. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Asian consumer markets, in order, are California ($230 billion), New York ($66 billion), Texas ($51 billion), New Jersey ($34 billion), Illinois ($28 billion), Hawaii ($27 billion), Washington ($24 billion), Virginia ($23 billion), Florida ($22 billion), and Massachusetts ($18 billion). Compared to the overall consumer market, the group s spending is much more focused geographically. In 2013, the five and the ten states with the largest Asian consumer markets account for 59 percent and 75 percent of Asian buying power, respectively. In contrast, the five and the ten largest total consumer markets account for 38 percent and 55 percent of buying power, respectively. One positive implication of this extreme geographic concentration is lower marketing costs. Still, zip-code mailings, the use of selective media, the Internet, and other techniques can be used to reduce the costs of reaching Asians in states where the group s market share is slim. In 2013, California stands out as the largest Asian consumer market. Despite the geographic focus, Asian buying power is attaining critical mass in more states. In 2000, only six states had over $10 billion in Asian buying power. In 2013, fourteen states have reached this mark, and by 2018, twenty states will have done so. Ranked by the rate of growth of Asian buying power over

9 2013, the top ten states are the District of Columbia (294 percent), Wyoming (289 percent), Arkansas (280 percent), South Dakota (269 percent), Arizona (253 percent), Nevada (248 percent), Virginia (234 percent), Texas (230 percent), North Carolina (225 percent), and Alabama (214 percent). Texas (ranks 3) and Virginia (ranks 8) are the only two of these states that are among the nation s ten largest Asian consumer markets. North Carolina (ranks 16), Arizona (at 17), and Nevada (ranks 18) are among the nation s rapidly emerging Asian markets, however. Nationally, Asian consumers share of the nation s total buying power will increase from 2.7 percent in 1990, to 3.8 percent in 2000, to 5.4 percent in 2010, to 5.7 percent in 2013, and to 6.3 percent in In order, the ten states with the largest shares of total buying power that is Asian in 2013 are Hawaii, where Asians account for 46.8 percent of the state s buying power, California (14.8 percent), New Jersey (10 percent), Nevada (8.7 percent), Washington (8.1 percent), New York (7.3 percent), Virginia (6.6 percent), Maryland (6.4 percent), Massachusetts (5.6 percent), and Illinois (5.4 percent). Except for Hawaii, where Asians market shares dropped by 3.8 percent, the share of buying power controlled by Asian consumers rose in every state from 2000 to The 4.7 percent gain in Asians share of California s consumer market (10.1 percent in 2000 to 14.8 percent in 2013) will be the largest share increase in the nation, followed by the 4.2 percent increase in market share in Nevada (4.5 percent to 8.7 percent). Asians share of New Jersey s total buying power rose by 4.1 percent, from 5.9 percent in 2000 to 10 percent in Also noteworthy are the 3 percent increase in share estimated for Washington (5.2 percent to 8.1 percent) and the 2.9 percent gain in share estimated for Virginia (3.7 percent to 6.6 percent). The Consumer Expenditure Survey indicates that Asian households spent 21 percent more than the average household, reflecting their higher median household incomes. Asian households spent dramatically more than the average household on groceries, restaurants, housing, clothing, shoes, new cars, public transportation, education, and pensions and Social Security. Asians also spent more than the average household on auto insurance and health insurance. Asian households spent less than average on alcoholic beverages, utilities, housekeeping supplies, used vehicles, health care, TVs, pets, toys, tobacco products, and cash contributions. The same survey indicates that there are 2.8 persons per Asian household compared to 2.5 persons for the average household. Asians have only 1.6 vehicles per household compared to 1.9 vehicles for the average household. n Hispanic Buying Power n T he immense buying power of the nation s Hispanic consumers continues to energize the nation s consumer market, and Selig Center projections reveal that Hispanics will control $1.2 trillion in spending power in One out of every six people who lives in the is of Hispanic origin, and the Hispanic population continues to grow much more rapidly than the non-hispanic population. Over the 29-year period, , the nation s Hispanic buying power will grow dramatically. In sheer dollar power, Hispanics economic clout rose from $210 billion in 1990, to $491 billion in 2000, to $1 trillion in 2010, to $1.2 trillion in 2013, and to $1.6 trillion in The 2013 value will exceed the 2000 value by 142 percent a gain that is far greater than either the 64 percent increase in non- Hispanic buying power or the 70 percent increase in the buying power of all consumers. Hispanic buying power will grow faster than African-American buying power (78 percent), and Native American buying power (78 percent), but more slowly than Asian buying power (160 percent). In 2013, Hispanics account for 9.6 percent of all buying power, up from 9 percent in 2010, from 6.7 percent in 2000, The Multicultural Dollar Where Hispanics Spend More groceries phone services apparel and footware used vehicles Where Hispanics Spend Less tobacco health care entertainment new vehicles personal insurance and from 5 percent in In 2018, Hispanics will account for 10.6 percent of total buying power. Of the myriad forces supporting this substantial and continued growth, by far the most important is favorable demographics. Because of both higher rates of natural increase and strong immigration, the Hispanic population is growing more rapidly than the total population, a trend that is projected to continue. Between 2000 and 2013, the Hispanic population increased by 54.3 percent compared to 6.2 percent for the non-hispanic population and the 12.3 percent gain for the total population. The relatively young Hispanic population, with proportionally more of them either entering the workforce for the first time or advanc- Selig Center for Economic Growth 9

10 ing in their careers, also argues for additional gains in buying power. Hispanics spending patterns already help to determine the success or failure of many youth-oriented products and services. According to the 2010 Current Population Survey, 34.9 percent of the Hispanic population is under age 18 compared to 20.8 percent of the non-hispanic population. Also, in 2010, only 5.8 percent of Hispanics were over 65, compared to 15.6 percent of the non-hispanic population. The increasing number of Hispanic business owners is another potent force powering this consumer market. Estimates from the 2007 Survey of Business Owners show that the number of Hispanic-owned firms increased by 44 percent from 2002 to 2007, which is more than double the 15 percent increase in the number of non-hispanic firms. Compared to the period, the overall rate of growth in the number of Hispanic-owned firms accelerated as it did for all firms. Between 2002 and 2007, the receipts of Hispanic-owned firms grew by 56 percent compared to the 24 percent increase in the receipts of non-hispanic firms. Increases in entrepreneurial activity and the rising level of educational attainment illustrate Hispanics upward mobility. The 2012 Current Population Survey shows that 65 percent of Hispanics over 25 were high school graduates (up from 57 percent in 2000 and 51 percent in 1990). The proportion with a bachelor s degree or above increased from 9.2 percent in 1990 to 10.6 percent in 2000 to 14.5 percent in The Census Bureau cautions, however, that levels of educational attainment for Hispanics are lower than those for non-hispanic whites, blacks, and Asians largely because of the vast number of less educated foreign-born Hispanics. As is the case for Asians, despite the recession s severity, employment gains can still be cited as one of the key forces supporting the growth of Hispanic buying power. From January 2000 through April 2013, the number of jobs held by Hispanics increased by an impressive 6,681,000 jobs, or 43 percent. But, even though the number of jobs held by Hispanics is up considerably from where it stood at the beginning of the decade, the recession hurt. For example, from its peak in November 2007 (when Hispanics held 20,574,000 jobs) to its trough in August 2009 (when Hispanics held 19,426,000 jobs) the number of employed Hispanics dropped by 1,148,000. That signifies the loss of three out of every ten of the jobs (held by Hispanics) created between 2000 and November The heavy concentration of Hispanics in the construction and hospitality industries undoubtedly accounts for many of those lost jobs. Nonetheless, in terms of the overall job count, Hispanics are still well ahead of where they were at the start of the twenty-first century. Hispanic refers to a person of Mexican, Puerto Rican, Cuban or other Spanish/Hispanic/Latino culture or origin, and is considered an ethnic category rather than a racial group. Persons of Hispanic origin therefore may be of any race, and since their culture varies with the country of origin, the Spanish language often is the uniting factor. Three out of every five Hispanics living in the are born here, and among the foreign born the majority are of Mexican origin, which suggests that many Hispanics share similar backgrounds and cultures. Nonetheless, spending patterns differ significantly based on country of origin, and the composition of the nation s Hispanic population is changing. Hispanics will comprise 17.4 percent of the country s population in 2013, and will have disposable income of $1.2 trillion. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Hispanic markets, in order, are California ($304 billion), Texas ($224 billion), Florida ($122 billion), New York ($91 billion), Illinois ($45 billion), New Jersey ($44 billion), Arizona ($38 billion), New Mexico ($23 billion), Colorado ($23 billion), and Virginia ($20 billion). Hispanics and their buying power are much more geographically concentrated than non-hispanics. California alone accounts for 26 percent of Hispanic buying power. In 2013, the five states and the ten states with the largest Hispanic markets account for 66 percent and 79 percent of Hispanic buying power, respectively. In contrast, the five states with the largest non-hispanic markets account for only 36 percent of total buying power and the ten largest non-hispanic markets account for only 53 percent of total buying power. The top ten states, as ranked by the rate of growth of Hispanic buying power between 2000 and 2013, are Arkansas (288 percent), South Dakota (282 percent), North Dakota (269 percent), Alabama (267 percent), South Carolina (263 percent), Tennessee (261 percent), Maryland (243 percent), Virginia (241 percent), Oklahoma (241 percent), and Mississippi (238 percent). Only Virginia (ranks 10), Maryland (ranks 17), and Oklahoma (ranks 23) are among the nation s 25 largest Hispanic consumer markets in 2013, however. The share of buying power controlled by Hispanic consumers will rise from 5 percent in 1990 to 6.7 percent in 2000, to 9 percent in 2010, to 9.6 percent in 2013, and to 10.6 percent in Their share will rise in every state. In 2013, the ten states with the largest Hispanic market shares will be New Mexico (32.3 percent), Texas (21.6 percent), California (19.6 percent), Arizona (16.7 percent), Florida (16.5 percent), Nevada (15.6 percent), Colorado (10.5 percent), New Jersey (10.2 percent), New York (10.1 percent), and Illinois (8.7 percent). New Mexico s 5.3 percentage point shift in Hispanic market share, from 27 percent in 2000 to 32.3 percent in 2013, is the nation s largest. Texas will see its Hispanic market share climb from 16.5 percent to 21.6 percent, a gain of 5.1 percentage points. Nevada s Hispanic population will claim 15.6 percent of that state s buying power, a 4.9 percent advance over their 10.7 percent share in Hispanics share of California s consumer market will rise by 4.8 percent, from 14.8 percent to 19.6 percent, which is remarkable for a state with such a large, established market. Hispanics share of Florida s market also will rise by 4.8 percent (from 11.7 percent in 2000 to 16.5 percent in 2013). Arizona s Hispanics will claim 16.7 percent of that state s buying power in 2013, up 4.2 percent from their 12.4 percent share in Because of differences in per capita income, wealth, demographics, and culture, the spending habits of Hispanics as a group are not the same as those of the average consumer. The Consumer Expenditure Survey indicates that Hispanic households spent in total only about 82 percent as much as the average non-hispanic household. Despite markedly lower average income levels, Hispanic households spent more on groceries, phone services, apparel, footwear, 10

11 gasoline and motor oil, and car insurance. Also, Hispanics spent a higher proportion of their money on housing, utilities, and eating out. They spent about the same proportion of their total outlays as non- Hispanics on alcoholic beverages, housekeeping supplies, household textiles, floor coverings, furniture, appliances, public transportation, and personal care products. Hispanics spent substantially smaller proportions of total outlays (and substantially less money) on new cars, health care, tobacco products, entertainment, education, cash contributions, and personal insurance and pensions. The same survey found that Hispanic households are substantially larger than non-hispanic households (3.3 persons per household versus 2.4 persons for non-hispanics), and have nearly twice as many children under 18. On average, there are 1.6 vehicles per Hispanic household compared to two vehicles per non-hispanic household. n Selig Center for Economic Growth 11

12 METHODOLOGY Because there are no direct measures of the buying power of African Americans, Native Americans, Asians, Whites, and Hispanics, these estimates were calculated using national and regional economic models, univariate forecasting techniques, and data from various government sources. The model developed by the Selig Center integrates statistical methods used in regional economics with those of market research. In general, the estimation process has two parts: estimating disposable personal income and allocating that estimate by race or ethnicity based on both population estimates and variances in per capita income. The Selig Center s estimates of disposable personal income (the total buying power of all groups, regardless of race or ethnicity) are reported in Table 5. Total buying power for 1990, 2000, and 2010 equals disposable personal income as reported in the National Income and Product Accounts tables by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Regional Economic Information System in September Based on the data provided by the Commerce Department, the Selig Center prepared projections of total buying power for Defined as the share of total personal income that is available for spending on personal consumption, personal interest payments, and savings, disposable personal income measures the total buying power held by residents of an area. In 2010, 90.3 percent of disposable personal income was used to purchase goods and services (personal consumption expenditures); the remaining 9.7 percent represents personal savings, non-mortgage interest paid by persons, or personal transfer payments to either government or to persons living abroad. The Selig Center s estimates are consistent with the concepts and definitions used in the National Income and Product Accounts (NIPA). Readers should note that buying power is not the equivalent of aggregate money income as defined by the Census Bureau. Because the Selig Center s estimates are based on disposable personal income data obtained from the BEA, rather than money income values issued by the Census Bureau, the result is significantly higher estimates of buying power. There are several reasons for this lack of correspondence. First, the income definition used by the BEA is not the same as the definition used by the Census Bureau. Second, Census income data are gathered through a nationwide survey sample of households, and respondents tend to underreport their income, which accounts for much of the discrepancy. Finally, the population universe for the Census money income estimates differs from the universe used by the BEA. It should also be emphasized that the Selig Center s estimates are not equivalent to aggregate consumer expenditures as reported in the Consumer Expenditure Survey that is conducted each year by the Bureau of Labor Statistics. The Selig Center s estimates of total buying power were allocated to each racial group and Hispanics based on population estimates and variances in per capita personal income by race or ethnicity. For 2000 and 2010, the Selig Center relied upon the population distributions provided by the Census Bureau s intercensal estimates of the resident population by race, sex, and Hispanic origin for the states and the United States. For 1990, the Selig Center used the U. S. Census Bureau s time series of intercensal population estimates that were revised in August The Census Bureau indicates that these estimates were developed to take into account differences between the postcensal time series population estimates for the 1990s and Census 2000 results. Because there are differences between the data series, there is a series break, which limits the comparability of the race-based estimates for 1990 to those for 2000 and The main difference is that the multiracial category first appears in There is no corresponding series break for Hispanics, however. Based on trends in the historical data, the Selig Center prepared independent population projections for A relative income adjustment factor was estimated for each group for each geographic area to compensate for the variation in per capita personal income (and by extension, in per capita disposable personal income) that is accounted for by race or ethnicity. These factors were calculated on an annual basis using Summary File 3 (SF 3) data regarding income by race 12

13 and Hispanic origin from Census 2000 and per capita money income data by race for local areas that were gathered during the 1990 Census of Population and Housing. For more recent years, the Selig Center relied on data obtained from the Census Bureau s American Community Survey 3-year estimates. The 2010 expenditures data by item for African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and the comparison groups were obtained directly from the Consumer Expenditure Survey that was released by the Bureau of Labor Statistics on September 27, The amounts are direct out-of-pocket expenditures, and do not include reimbursements, such as for medical care or car repairs covered by insurance. Selig Center for Economic Growth 13

14 Table 1 Buying Power Statistics by Race, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Buying Power (billions of dollars) Total 4, , , , ,193.6 White 3, , , , ,538.6 Black , ,333.4 American Indian Asian Multiracial NA Percentage Change in Buying Power Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial NA Market Share (percent) Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial NA

15 Table 2 Population Statistics by Race, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Population Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial 249,622, ,162, ,330, ,903, ,204, ,366, ,530, ,256, ,154, ,138,144 30,648,345 35,814,706 40,353,468 41,665,907 44,111,217 2,058,726 2,684,491 3,754,693 3,930,784 4,240,553 7,549,082 11,173,178 15,922,304 17,190,730 19,760,118 NA 3,959,557 7,043,236 7,961,120 9,954,414 Percentage Change in Population Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial NA Share of Population (percent) Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial NA Selig Center for Economic Growth 15

16 Table 3 Hispanic Market Statistics, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Buying Power (billions of dollars) Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic 4, , , , , , , , , , , , ,585.7 Percentage Change in Buying Power Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic Market Share (percent) Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic

17 Table 4 Hispanic Population Statistics, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Population Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic 249,622, ,162, ,330, ,903, ,204,447 22,572,838 35,661,885 50,790,485 55,010,588 63,342, ,049, ,500, ,539, ,892, ,861,993 Percentage Change in Population Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic Share of Population (percent) Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 17

18 Table 5 Total Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 4,239,944 7,323,689 11,114,876 12,417,821 15,193,580 Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming 56,468 95, , , ,732 11,031 17,006 28,685 32,444 41,109 55, , , , ,224 30,467 53,656 87,190 97, , , ,429 1,389,654 1,555,140 1,866,305 56, , , , ,113 75, , , , ,448 12,227 20,782 31,833 35,205 42,415 13,559 19,130 38,431 44,045 59, , , , , , , , , , ,743 21,046 30,889 51,243 58,539 75,526 14,040 28,037 45,794 51,579 64, , , , , ,706 85, , , , ,981 42,634 70, , , ,415 39,506 66,892 99, , ,244 50,034 87, , , ,083 57,781 94, , , ,860 18,749 29,666 44,456 49,354 58,960 93, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,220 75, , , , ,130 30,788 55,516 85,148 94, ,803 79, , , , ,880 10,957 18,771 31,203 35,550 45,036 25,300 42,953 65,961 75,309 93,316 21,438 54,253 88,813 97, ,375 20,041 36,312 52,993 58,063 68, , , , , ,979 20,256 36,781 63,115 70,657 89, , , , ,092 1,108, , , , , ,134 9,170 14,825 26,225 34,923 49, , , , , ,569 44,618 75, , , ,295 44,932 84, , , , , , , , ,686 17,558 26,625 40,156 43,839 51,855 49,172 89, , , ,451 10,265 18,047 30,180 35,557 46,563 73, , , , , , , ,469 1,038,131 1,363,613 22,733 48,150 81,700 94, ,318 8,769 14,957 22,817 25,384 30, , , , , ,301 85, , , , ,273 23,138 35,805 54,190 60,246 72,730 77, , , , ,864 7,284 12,512 23,377 26,709 35,439 18

19 Table 6 White Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 3,788,694 6,348,911 9,348,810 10,376,652 12,538,607 Alabama 47,872 77, , , ,927 Alaska 9,501 13,974 23,150 26,048 32,652 Arizona 51, , , , ,833 Arkansas 27,514 47,275 75,782 84, ,483 California 482, ,808 1,082,526 1,197,739 1,413,146 Colorado 53, , , , ,032 Connecticut 70, , , , ,655 Delaware 10,738 17,268 25,338 27,736 32,613 District of Columbia 7,673 11,492 25,066 29,374 40,861 Florida 207, , , , ,259 Georgia 83, , , , ,186 Hawaii 8,408 10,721 17,573 20,441 26,512 Idaho 13,774 27,166 43,991 49,399 61,439 Illinois 184, , , , ,412 Indiana 79, , , , ,469 Iowa 41,841 68, , , ,776 Kansas 37,409 62,204 91, , ,127 Kentucky 47,278 81, , , ,480 Louisiana 47,515 73, , , ,607 Maine 18,553 29,111 43,380 48,060 57,094 Maryland 74, , , , ,230 Massachusetts 111, , , , ,791 Michigan 136, , , , ,638 Minnesota 72, , , , ,006 Mississippi 24,611 41,920 63,521 70,238 85,239 Missouri 72, , , , ,421 Montana 10,579 17,874 29,554 33,599 42,433 Nebraska 24,492 40,931 62,199 70,798 87,096 Nevada 19,770 47,821 73,302 79,398 95,780 New Hampshire 19,762 35,413 50,911 55,534 65,163 New Jersey 144, , , , ,490 New Mexico 18,970 33,646 56,377 62,791 79,099 New York 315, , , , ,902 North Carolina 85, , , , ,812 North Dakota 8,937 14,234 25,013 33,227 47,234 Ohio 163, , , , ,532 Oklahoma 39,888 64, , , ,643 Oregon 43,159 78, , , ,266 Pennsylvania 188, , , , ,834 Rhode Island 16,857 25,052 36,974 40,153 46,942 South Carolina 40,293 71, , , ,916 South Dakota 9,920 17,192 28,419 33,372 43,381 Tennessee 65, , , , ,094 Texas 239, , , ,338 1,137,445 Utah 22,118 46,168 77,567 89, ,241 Vermont 8,700 14,686 22,264 24,712 29,945 Virginia 94, , , , ,085 Washington 79, , , , ,593 West Virginia 22,409 34,364 51,750 57,386 68,991 Wisconsin 74, , , , ,979 Wyoming 7,148 12,111 22,459 25,576 33,825 Selig Center for Economic Growth 19

20 Table 7 Black Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 316, , ,492 1,070,926 1,333,396 Alabama 8,139 15,857 25,607 28,300 34,879 Alaska ,023 1,273 Arizona 1,191 2,861 6,484 7,845 11,319 Arkansas 2,673 5,249 8,645 9,696 12,113 California 28,111 44,904 68,786 76,749 90,368 Colorado 1,636 3,544 5,465 6,272 7,892 Connecticut 3,669 6,379 10,734 11,926 14,903 Delaware 1,280 2,787 4,712 5,319 6,741 District of Columbia 5,636 6,893 10,865 11,563 13,698 Florida 16,069 35,585 65,876 75,264 97,241 Georgia 16,102 39,344 66, ,794 Hawaii ,154 1,408 Idaho Illinois 17,943 32,544 43,729 46,427 53,365 Indiana 4,465 9,016 12,636 14,301 17,601 Iowa ,748 2,168 3,119 Kansas 1,460 2,653 4,065 4,656 5,818 Kentucky 2,414 4,727 7,073 8,071 10,090 Louisiana 9,621 18,458 30,843 34,420 43,040 Maine Maryland 16,266 32,413 56,717 64,199 81,738 Massachusetts 3,974 7,519 12,907 14,753 19,189 Michigan 13,899 25,235 29,063 31,740 35,329 Minnesota 998 2,912 5,430 6,511 9,316 Mississippi 5,988 12,761 19,927 22,343 27,683 Missouri 5,664 10,786 15,430 17,027 20,647 Montana Nebraska 583 1,141 1,827 2,126 2,812 Nevada 878 2,759 5,693 6,528 8,870 New Hampshire New Jersey 13,859 24,442 36,828 40,521 48,260 New Mexico ,260 1,520 2,040 New York 38,918 60,639 91, , ,595 North Carolina 13,770 28,084 44,368 50,312 62,809 North Dakota Ohio 12,326 22,302 29,600 33,171 39,757 Oklahoma 2, ,077 7,047 9,066 Oregon ,656 1,936 2,475 Pennsylvania 12,274 21,475 32,180 36,202 45,414 Rhode Island ,631 1,866 2,444 South Carolina 8,471 16,510 24,633 27,319 32,994 South Dakota Tennessee 7,184 15,394 23,831 26,937 33,380 Texas 18,938 41,941 77,662 91, ,533 Utah ,025 Vermont Virginia 12,556 24,604 40,992 45,988 57,552 Washington 1,874 4,152 6,681 7,865 10,400 West Virginia ,354 1,561 1,952 Wisconsin 2,066 4,378 6,526 7,277 9,076 Wyoming Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, June 2013s. 20

21 Table 8 American Indian Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 19,557 40,217 83,193 96, ,287 Alabama ,156 Alaska 904 1,492 2,402 2,664 3,267 Arizona 1,128 2,520 5,051 5,673 6,871 Arkansas California 3,533 6,717 15,753 18,396 23,283 Colorado ,704 1,954 2,461 Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida 484 1,144 2,418 2,799 3,554 Georgia ,167 1,361 1,789 Hawaii Idaho Illinois ,931 2,207 2,937 Indiana Iowa Kansas ,081 Kentucky Louisiana ,025 1,344 Maine Maryland ,007 1,158 1,571 Massachusetts ,213 Michigan 616 1,081 1,557 1,745 2,002 Minnesota ,255 1,410 1,726 Mississippi Missouri ,147 Montana ,021 1,156 1,445 Nebraska Nevada ,104 1,318 New Hampshire New Jersey ,197 1,374 1,862 New Mexico 798 1,678 3,424 3,851 4,784 New York 804 1,572 4,516 5,251 7,237 North Carolina 769 1,621 2,734 3,054 3,809 North Dakota ,290 Ohio ,006 Oklahoma 2,225 3,933 7,503 8,706 11,283 Oregon ,259 1,439 1,776 Pennsylvania ,053 1,445 Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota ,057 1,241 1,629 Tennessee Texas 878 2,648 6,738 8,181 11,233 Utah ,033 Vermont Virginia ,128 1,294 1,747 Washington 897 1,574 2,893 3,313 4,145 West Virginia Wisconsin ,240 1,381 1,674 Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 21

22 Table 9 Asian Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 115, , , , ,532 Alabama ,095 2,529 3,736 Alaska ,284 1,543 2,218 Arizona 743 2,449 7,036 8,652 12,744 Arkansas ,292 1,641 2,539 California 43,196 94, , , ,593 Colorado 763 2,536 5,325 6,342 8,372 Connecticut 1,061 2,821 6,558 7,736 10,827 Delaware ,324 1,601 2,252 District of Columbia ,601 1,974 2,779 Florida 2,355 6,926 17,826 21,592 30,661 Georgia 1,112 4,312 10,762 13,154 18,624 Hawaii 12,199 15,633 24,649 27,422 34,707 Idaho Illinois 5,103 12,550 24,612 28,066 36,356 Indiana 696 1,658 3,714 4,568 6,450 Iowa ,726 2,166 3,057 Kansas 404 1,094 2,403 2,911 4,008 Kentucky ,120 2,597 3,700 Louisiana 478 1,188 2,864 3,422 4,706 Maine Maryland 2,542 6,032 14,668 17, ,676 Massachusetts 2,113 6,350 15,078 18,112 24,646 Michigan 1,849 5,184 9,294 11,028 13,752 Minnesota 769 2,778 6,591 8,085 11,048 Mississippi ,079 1,485 Missouri 631 1,718 3,926 4,696 6,528 Montana Nebraska ,076 1,328 1,869 Nevada 553 2,451 7,114 8,529 12,431 New Hampshire ,141 1,388 1,975 New Jersey 5,596 16,181 36,272 42,993 58,180 New Mexico ,214 1,450 2,017 New York 12,241 27,266 56,569 65,967 89,634 North Carolina 704 2,903 7,577 9,427 13,688 North Dakota Ohio 1,860 4,078 8,137 9,807 13,049 Oklahoma ,440 3,037 4,326 Oregon 898 2,538 4,996 5,951 7,796 Pennsylvania 2,262 5,784 13,946 16,966 23,894 Rhode Island ,045 1,351 South Carolina ,264 2,773 3,899 South Dakota Tennessee 471 1,541 3,809 4,668 6,565 Texas 4,562 15,379 40,481 50,688 74,751 Utah ,104 2,560 3,537 Vermont Virginia 2,577 7,002 19,080 23,367 33,761 Washington 2,960 8,520 19,843 24,155 33,457 West Virginia ,020 Wisconsin 527 1,667 3,841 4,583 6,091 Wyoming

23 Table 10 Multiracial Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 59, , , ,757 Alabama 520 1,146 1,377 2,034 Alaska ,167 1,699 Arizona 841 2,323 2,893 4,458 Arkansas ,048 1,548 California 12,135 26,467 32,077 44,916 Colorado 1,092 2,447 3,015 4,357 Connecticut 671 1,397 1,643 2,383 Delaware District of Columbia ,470 Florida 2,630 6,554 8,038 12,094 Georgia 1,171 2,765 3,466 5,349 Hawaii 3,932 7,989 9,262 12,557 Idaho Illinois 1,862 3,917 4,631 6,636 Indiana 735 1,464 1,789 2,627 Iowa ,074 Kansas 513 1,195 1,484 2,210 Kentucky ,405 Louisiana 515 1,130 1,386 2,164 Maine Maryland 1,214 3,102 3,826 5,953 Massachusetts 1,186 2,551 3,104 4,527 Michigan 1,850 2,888 3,413 4,499 Minnesota 812 1,681 2,062 3,034 Mississippi Missouri 959 1,849 2,198 3,137 Montana Nebraska Nevada 708 1,706 2,039 2,976 New Hampshire New Jersey 1,643 3,561 4,309 6,188 New Mexico ,045 1,569 New York 4,131 9,426 11,366 16,733 North Carolina 952 2,446 3,080 5,016 North Dakota Ohio 1,658 3,029 3,662 5,225 Oklahoma 2,006 3,969 4,831 6,978 Oregon 1,039 2,174 2,648 3,700 Pennsylvania 1,376 3,170 3,922 6,100 Rhode Island South Carolina ,113 1,768 South Dakota Tennessee 773 1,616 1,974 3,000 Texas 3,054 8,581 11,204 17,651 Utah ,483 Vermont Virginia 1,589 4,215 5,230 8,156 Washington 2,430 5,393 6,624 9,678 West Virginia Wisconsin 620 1,182 1,411 2,044 Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 23

24 Table 11 Hispanic Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 210, ,081 1,004,120 1,188,845 1,607,904 Alabama 276 1,094 3,195 4,019 6,678 Alaska ,068 1,330 1,882 Arizona 5,387 14,713 32,052 37,572 49,992 Arkansas ,967 3,789 6,096 California 68, , , , ,098 Colorado 3,936 11,078 19,546 22,734 29,565 Connecticut 2,312 4,861 10,828 12,695 17,191 Delaware ,361 1,663 2,437 District of Columbia ,420 2,934 3,936 Florida 19,746 47, , , ,419 Georgia 1,325 6,270 13,791 16,845 24,570 Hawaii 950 1,334 2,971 3,631 5,062 Idaho 394 1,111 2,708 3,281 4,631 Illinois 8,830 22,525 39,956 45,144 57,572 Indiana 1,045 3,224 6,530 7,970 11,451 Iowa 310 1,090 2,622 3,394 5,213 Kansas 876 2,513 5,351 6,520 9,282 Kentucky ,175 2,749 4,362 Louisiana 1,195 2,023 5,325 6,601 10,243 Maine Maryland 1,784 4,174 11,452 14,307 22,439 Massachusetts 2,533 5,999 12,815 15,275 20,832 Michigan 2,153 5,092 7,802 9,086 11,344 Minnesota 506 2,084 4,505 5,519 8,003 Mississippi ,623 2,058 3,253 Missouri 726 1,886 4,303 5,246 7,586 Montana Nebraska 337 1,275 2,903 3,636 5,445 Nevada 1,333 5,779 13,043 15,177 20,728 New Hampshire ,001 1,436 New Jersey 8,935 19,285 37,501 43,678 57,396 New Mexico 4,933 9,945 19,920 22,851 29,828 New York 23,757 43,324 79,624 90, ,189 North Carolina 836 4,963 12,074 14,954 22,866 North Dakota Ohio 1,550 3,460 6,897 8,418 11,708 Oklahoma 717 2,155 5,725 7,356 11,533 Oregon 917 3,212 7,093 8,631 11,924 Pennsylvania 2,110 5,395 13,462 16,755 24,892 Rhode Island ,268 2,706 3,681 South Carolina 371 1,353 3,873 4,911 8,018 South Dakota Tennessee 394 1,845 5,218 6,655 10,725 Texas 32,779 86, , , ,337 Utah 739 2,583 5,904 7,221 10,534 Vermont Virginia 2,167 5,801 15,936 19,807 30,094 Washington 2,022 5,968 14,151 17,527 25,504 West Virginia Wisconsin 778 2,607 5,844 7,044 10,032 Wyoming ,281 1,553 2,313 24

25 Table 12 Non-Hispanic Buying Power by Place of Residence for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (millions of dollars) Area United States 4,029,843 6,832,608 10,110,756 11,228,976 13,585,676 Alabama 56,192 93, , , ,054 Alaska 10,801 16,546 27,617 31,114 39,227 Arizona 49, , , , ,232 Arkansas 30,303 52,679 84,223 93, ,543 California 489, ,110 1,128,309 1,250,838 1,481,206 Colorado 52, , , , ,548 Connecticut 72, , , , ,257 Delaware 12,046 20,243 30,471 33,541 39,978 District of Columbia 13,087 18,234 36,012 41,111 55,172 Florida 207, , , , ,390 Georgia 99, , , , ,172 Hawaii 20,095 29,556 48,271 54,908 70,464 Idaho 13,645 26,926 43,086 48,298 59,837 Illinois 199, , , , ,134 Indiana 84, , , , ,530 Iowa 42,323 69, , , ,202 Kansas 38,629 64,378 94, , ,962 Kentucky 49,806 87, , , ,721 Louisiana 56,587 92, , , ,617 Maine 18,672 29,505 44,153 48,981 58,410 Maryland 91, , , , ,730 Massachusetts 115, , , , ,534 Michigan 150, , , , ,876 Minnesota 74, , , , ,128 Mississippi 30,632 54,909 83,524 92, ,550 Missouri 78, , , , ,294 Montana 10,872 18,545 30,688 34,901 44,096 Nebraska 24,963 41,677 63,058 71,673 87,871 Nevada 20,104 48,473 75,770 82, ,647 New Hampshire 19,896 35,948 52,175 57,061 67,315 New Jersey 155, , , , ,583 New Mexico 15,324 26,836 43,195 47,806 59,681 New York 343, , , , ,912 North Carolina 100, , , , ,268 North Dakota 9,138 14,705 25,940 34,478 49,226 Ohio 175, , , , ,860 Oklahoma 43,901 72, , , ,762 Oregon 44,015 80, , , ,090 Pennsylvania 201, , , , ,795 Rhode Island 17,159 25,635 37,887 41,133 48,174 South Carolina 48,800 87, , , ,434 South Dakota 10,221 17,896 29,759 34,981 45,606 Tennessee 73, , , , ,307 Texas 230, , , ,803 1,054,276 Utah 21,994 45,567 75,795 86, ,784 Vermont 8,724 14,854 22,566 25,070 30,459 Virginia 108, , , , ,207 Washington 83, , , , ,770 West Virginia 23,046 35,603 53,716 59,642 71,826 Wisconsin 76, , , , ,832 Wyoming 7,022 11,998 22,096 25,155 33,126 Selig Center for Economic Growth 25

26 Table 13 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, American Area Total White Black Indian Asian United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

27 Table 14 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, American Area Total White Black Indian Asian United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 27

28 Table 15 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Multiracial United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

29 Table 16 Percentage Change in Buying Power by Race, American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Multiracial United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 29

30 Table 17 White Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

31 Table 18 Black Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 31

32 Table 19 American Indian Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

33 Table 20 Asian Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 33

34 Table 21 Multiracial Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

35 Table 22 Hispanic Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 35

36 Table 23 Non-Hispanic Share of Buying Power, for and the States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 (percent) Area United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

37 Table 24 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 37

38 Table 25 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

39 Table 26 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 39

40 Table 27 Percentage Change in Total, Hispanic, and Non-Hispanic Buying Power for and the States, Area Total Hispanic Non-Hispanic United States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

41 Table 28 Total Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 249,622, ,162, ,330, ,903, ,204,447 Alabama 4,050,055 4,452,173 4,785,401 4,865,450 5,029,774 Alaska 553, , , , ,000 Arizona 3,684,097 5,160,586 6,413,158 6,737,442 7,434,533 Arkansas 2,356,586 2,678,588 2,921,588 2,984,314 3,106,325 California 29,959,515 33,987,977 37,338,198 38,299,238 39,911,302 Colorado 3,307,618 4,326,921 5,047,692 5,257,580 5,631,204 Connecticut 3,291,967 3,411,777 3,575,498 3,612,868 3,701,387 Delaware 669, , , , ,679 District of Columbia 605, , , , ,904 Florida 13,033,307 16,047,515 18,838,613 19,615,338 21,104,520 Georgia 6,512,602 8,227,303 9,712,157 10,115,166 10,926,597 Hawaii 1,113,491 1,213,519 1,363,359 1,400,758 1,468,631 Idaho 1,012,384 1,299,430 1,571,102 1,639,617 1,785,988 Illinois 11,453,316 12,434,161 12,841,980 12,944,629 13,149,864 Indiana 5,557,798 6,091,866 6,490,622 6,593,882 6,798,862 Iowa 2,781,018 2,929,067 3,050,202 3,086,380 3,152,010 Kansas 2,481,349 2,693,681 2,859,143 2,902,285 2,984,700 Kentucky 3,694,048 4,049,021 4,347,223 4,426,605 4,577,335 Louisiana 4,221,532 4,471,885 4,545,343 4,588,548 4,626,021 Maine 1,231,719 1,277,072 1,327,379 1,338,505 1,367,317 Maryland 4,799,770 5,311,034 5,785,681 5,920,995 6,172,759 Massachusetts 6,022,639 6,361,104 6,555,466 6,626,901 6,739,202 Michigan 9,311,319 9,952,450 9,877,143 9,863,984 9,840,989 Minnesota 4,389,857 4,933,692 5,310,658 5,420,212 5,626,294 Mississippi 2,578,897 2,848,353 2,970,072 3,001,101 3,060,190 Missouri 5,128,880 5,607,285 5,995,715 6,084,116 6,276,882 Montana 800, , ,958 1,014,357 1,056,576 Nebraska 1,581,660 1,713,820 1,830,141 1,864,626 1,923,083 Nevada 1,220,695 2,018,741 2,704,283 2,870,312 3,284,399 New Hampshire 1,112,384 1,239,882 1,316,807 1,333,356 1,374,130 New Jersey 7,762,963 8,430,621 8,799,593 8,892,070 9,090,563 New Mexico 1,521,574 1,821,204 2,065,913 2,127,094 2,245,202 New York 18,020,784 19,001,780 19,395,206 19,535,776 19,740,617 North Carolina 6,664,016 8,081,614 9,560,234 9,951,831 10,748,104 North Dakota 637, , , , ,402 Ohio 10,864,162 11,363,543 11,537,968 11,579,945 11,679,474 Oklahoma 3,148,825 3,454,365 3,760,184 3,843,540 3,979,980 Oregon 2,860,375 3,429,708 3,838,332 3,949,056 4,152,581 Pennsylvania 11,903,299 12,284,173 12,717,722 12,829,625 13,072,062 Rhode Island 1,005,995 1,050,268 1,052,528 1,052,259 1,056,581 South Carolina 3,501,155 4,024,223 4,637,106 4,800,526 5,123,280 South Dakota 697, , , , ,141 Tennessee 4,894,492 5,703,719 6,357,436 6,529,671 6,862,279 Texas 17,056,755 20,944,499 25,253,466 26,541,284 28,865,932 Utah 1,731,223 2,244,502 2,775,479 2,926,203 3,220,576 Vermont 564, , , , ,275 Virginia 6,216,884 7,105,817 8,023,953 8,276,957 8,762,943 Washington 4,903,043 5,910,512 6,742,950 6,990,554 7,419,701 West Virginia 1,792,548 1,807,021 1,854,368 1,864,432 1,888,557 Wisconsin 4,904,562 5,373,999 5,691,659 5,771,417 5,928,713 Wyoming 453, , , , ,027 Selig Center for Economic Growth 41

42 Table 29 White Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 209,366, ,530, ,256, ,154, ,138,144 Alabama 2,987,764 3,196,875 3,363,900 3,399,143 3,477,962 Alaska 423, , , , ,310 Arizona 3,293,186 4,542,461 5,435,296 5,661,226 6,137,778 Arkansas 1,956,611 2,186,443 2,345,859 2,384,218 2,460,960 California 24,354,238 26,421,365 27,681,921 28,118,092 28,714,179 Colorado 3,077,815 3,924,356 4,464,169 4,622,348 4,898,536 Connecticut 2,949,149 2,936,355 2,950,534 2,949,296 2,955,697 Delaware 543, , , , ,379 District of Columbia 191, , , , ,540 Florida 11,042,189 13,084,373 14,833,745 15,300,988 16,190,448 Georgia 4,659,378 5,556,989 6,156,430 6,313,767 6,611,790 Hawaii 377, , , , ,512 Idaho 985,151 1,244,029 1,478,956 1,535,557 1,659,974 Illinois 9,422,280 9,926,774 10,033,202 10,061,582 10,109,986 Indiana 5,072,268 5,435,770 5,641,646 5,693,810 5,789,878 Iowa 2,700,752 2,793,299 2,841,794 2,856,538 2,878,751 Kansas 2,282,199 2,417,833 2,504,595 2,526,237 2,566,643 Kentucky 3,407,136 3,672,766 3,869,984 3,919,030 4,012,392 Louisiana 2,859,186 2,894,096 2,907,353 2,920,583 2,926,595 Maine 1,214,008 1,242,070 1,268,631 1,272,585 1,284,761 Maryland 3,439,866 3,498,455 3,545,813 3,570,014 3,591,682 Massachusetts 5,533,629 5,610,140 5,528,476 5,524,226 5,487,897 Michigan 7,844,171 8,143,698 7,937,896 7,888,669 7,798,338 Minnesota 4,163,468 4,484,113 4,627,393 4,671,926 4,738,532 Mississippi 1,640,316 1,762,713 1,789,777 1,792,835 1,805,171 Missouri 4,516,213 4,811,076 5,041,491 5,091,122 5,199,460 Montana 746, , , , ,200 Nebraska 1,499,293 1,587,253 1,651,960 1,672,687 1,703,041 Nevada 1,077,497 1,697,938 2,108,387 2,200,128 2,425,528 New Hampshire 1,093,515 1,199,618 1,248,327 1,256,352 1,279,062 New Jersey 6,386,168 6,593,966 6,547,895 6,531,416 6,510,842 New Mexico 1,336,983 1,555,012 1,726,673 1,768,643 1,854,023 New York 14,159,914 14,162,802 13,902,374 13,863,986 13,748,691 North Carolina 5,058,613 6,019,940 6,912,155 7,142,030 7,600,635 North Dakota 605, , , , ,271 Ohio 9,588,185 9,752,216 9,660,815 9,637,539 9,596,788 Oklahoma 2,619,987 2,721,397 2,855,286 2,897,969 2,961,297 Oregon 2,700,987 3,132,686 3,407,174 3,481,059 3,615,206 Pennsylvania 10,636,478 10,670,718 10,671,010 10,673,093 10,673,224 Rhode Island 939, , , , ,669 South Carolina 2,423,347 2,745,477 3,170,284 3,282,714 3,502,429 South Dakota 640, , , , ,048 Tennessee 4,069,981 4,635,849 5,062,867 5,171,648 5,380,923 Texas 14,596,281 17,525,167 20,474,158 21,359,490 22,909,161 Utah 1,659,462 2,109,989 2,556,491 2,680,124 2,922,164 Vermont 558, , , , ,258 Virginia 4,864,381 5,291,975 5,737,041 5,857,399 6,074,252 Washington 4,441,089 5,089,730 5,546,062 5,685,561 5,909,640 West Virginia 1,727,452 1,721,633 1,747,120 1,749,798 1,761,408 Wisconsin 4,561,903 4,871,484 5,038,578 5,079,281 5,156,967 Wyoming 437, , , , ,268 42

43 Table 30 Black Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 30,648,345 35,814,706 40,353,468 41,665,907 44,111,217 Alabama 1,024,198 1,161,454 1,262,803 1,290,568 1,338,985 Alaska 22,665 22,843 24,539 26,214 27,054 Arizona 115, , , , ,391 Arkansas 375, , , , ,989 California 2,322,371 2,384,908 2,489,825 2,523,846 2,572,123 Colorado 136, , , , ,969 Connecticut 283, , , , ,368 Delaware 114, , , , ,790 District of Columbia 400, , , , ,214 Florida 1,794,796 2,439,447 3,084,430 3,274,467 3,631,049 Georgia 1,763,068 2,384,774 3,003,001 3,170,895 3,509,862 Hawaii 27,844 22,938 22,342 27,316 27,002 Idaho 3,330 5,929 10,978 13,539 17,772 Illinois 1,711,998 1,904,071 1,906,312 1,906,125 1,907,111 Indiana 435, , , , ,850 Iowa 48,262 63,677 92, , ,023 Kansas 144, , , , ,229 Kentucky 264, , , , ,324 Louisiana 1,302,816 1,459,999 1,468,824 1,483,577 1,487,516 Maine 5,111 7,231 16,265 19,394 27,753 Maryland 1,203,347 1,504,746 1,736,185 1,793,784 1,910,433 Massachusetts 328, , , , ,482 Michigan 1,302,647 1,429,866 1,416,832 1,414,797 1,409,108 Minnesota 96, , , , ,838 Mississippi 918,137 1,037,743 1,104,879 1,124,196 1,155,648 Missouri 551, , , , ,184 Montana 2,200 2,797 4,237 5,812 6,980 Nebraska 57,861 70,299 86,280 90,326 98,856 Nevada 81, , , , ,826 New Hampshire 7,350 9,980 16,397 18,837 23,451 New Jersey 1,080,360 1,214,799 1,283,966 1,301,923 1,334,045 New Mexico 31,537 38,255 49,177 54,191 60,532 New York 3,075,556 3,352,839 3,384,498 3,406,387 3,420,503 North Carolina 1,471,373 1,761,665 2,095,614 2,187,104 2,360,883 North Dakota 3,366 4,167 8,319 10,279 13,951 Ohio 1,163,105 1,321,574 1,429,304 1,452,850 1,503,842 Oklahoma 236, , , , ,229 Oregon 47,386 58,647 74,613 79,682 88,600 Pennsylvania 1,110,238 1,261,602 1,435,785 1,476,922 1,563,473 Rhode Island 43,674 60,320 75,203 78,554 86,570 South Carolina 1,046,915 1,194,520 1,307,306 1,336,137 1,390,276 South Dakota 3,090 4,985 10,578 13,162 18,354 Tennessee 782, ,527 1,071,133 1,107,785 1,172,517 Texas 2,055,356 2,461,903 3,081,413 3,265,371 3,604,796 Utah 12,085 19,465 34,058 39,383 50,415 Vermont 1,890 3,251 6,463 7,696 10,426 Virginia 1,174,876 1,416,671 1,585,142 1,631,825 1,714,588 Washington 154, , , , ,681 West Virginia 56,068 57,767 64,114 67,045 70,193 Wisconsin 248, , , , ,044 Wyoming 3,586 3,940 5,164 6,318 7,118 Selig Center for Economic Growth 43

44 Table 31 American Indian Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 2,058,726 2,684,491 3,754,693 3,930,784 4,240,553 Alabama 16,224 23,262 32,995 34,300 36,940 Alaska 87,214 98, , , ,991 Arizona 215, , , , ,122 Arkansas 12,356 18,311 26,245 28,437 30,694 California 290, , , , ,537 Colorado 31,030 50,135 78,711 83,827 92,270 Connecticut 6,996 10,891 16,781 17,733 19,441 Delaware 2,064 3,071 5,947 6,416 7,391 District of Columbia 1,547 1,974 3,271 3,550 3,953 Florida 37,187 59,690 89,479 96, ,274 Georgia 12,817 24,509 48,842 53,163 61,626 Hawaii 5,407 3,684 4,955 5,983 6,371 Idaho 14,568 18,599 25,898 27,217 29,196 Illinois 23,384 37,313 74,149 79,683 92,310 Indiana 12,202 16,850 24,577 25,754 27,903 Iowa 6,921 9,540 13,621 14,474 15,610 Kansas 22,457 26,173 33,198 34,471 36,249 Kentucky 4,907 9,008 12,128 12,873 13,710 Louisiana 18,276 26,224 33,161 34,308 36,054 Maine 5,950 7,226 8,768 9,015 9,391 Maryland 13,149 17,161 31,028 33,087 37,549 Massachusetts 12,952 17,822 30,091 31,854 35,617 Michigan 57,434 60,595 68,528 69,588 71,416 Minnesota 50,315 56,350 67,536 69,466 72,173 Mississippi 7,898 11,964 16,887 17,748 19,094 Missouri 19,470 25,897 30,715 31,727 32,890 Montana 47,757 56,528 63,600 64,710 66,337 Nebraska 12,211 15,767 23,500 24,687 26,871 Nevada 21,280 28,597 43,048 45,724 49,876 New Hampshire 2,082 3,088 3,534 3,710 3,817 New Jersey 15,899 24,509 50,137 54,279 63,280 New Mexico 138, , , , ,492 New York 66, , , , ,980 North Carolina 80, , , , ,214 North Dakota 25,507 31,455 37,091 38,057 39,404 Ohio 20,327 25,652 29,785 30,653 31,634 Oklahoma 258, , , , ,187 Oregon 40,743 47,926 67,061 70,434 75,634 Pennsylvania 14,940 20,164 39,937 42,858 49,614 Rhode Island 4,207 5,994 9,196 9,565 10,476 South Carolina 8,182 14,589 24,776 26,112 29,234 South Dakota 50,595 62,763 73,062 74,231 76,648 Tennessee 9,587 16,125 26,345 27,964 31,047 Texas 71, , , , ,245 Utah 25,315 31,370 40,976 43,126 45,635 Vermont 1,588 2,490 2,322 2,357 2,323 Virginia 14,835 23,233 41,745 44,780 50,750 Washington 87,942 97, , , ,894 West Virginia 1,944 3,672 3,985 4,114 4,186 Wisconsin 40,255 48,554 60,270 62,244 65,153 Wyoming 9,506 11,429 14,502 15,075 15,853 44

45 Table 32 Asian Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 7,549,082 11,173,178 15,922,304 17,190,730 19,760,118 Alabama 21,869 34,152 60,878 68,075 84,684 Alaska 20,135 29,497 46,944 51,702 61,606 Arizona 59, , , , ,431 Arkansas 12,249 23,086 44,462 51,210 65,608 California 2,992,240 3,994,168 5,242,504 5,550,403 6,148,463 Colorado 62, , , , ,943 Connecticut 52,382 89, , , ,068 Delaware 9,282 17,257 30,187 33,927 41,903 District of Columbia 11,686 16,317 22,616 25,082 28,363 Florida 159, , , , ,675 Georgia 77, , , , ,178 Hawaii 702, , , , ,064 Idaho 9,335 14,030 23,002 25,759 31,041 Illinois 295, , , , ,167 Indiana 37,989 64, , , ,791 Iowa 25,083 39,178 57,369 62,894 72,614 Kansas 32,012 50,459 73,236 79,105 91,024 Kentucky 17,534 32,496 53,869 59,937 72,531 Louisiana 41,254 58,019 75,268 80,469 88,747 Maine 6,650 9,841 14,209 15,506 17,807 Maryland 143, , , , ,195 Massachusetts 147, , , , ,790 Michigan 107, , , , ,088 Minnesota 79, , , , ,231 Mississippi 12,546 19,999 28,434 31,271 35,703 Missouri 41,583 67, , , ,914 Montana 3,835 5,371 7,259 8,006 8,967 Nebraska 12,295 23,828 35,719 39,253 45,723 Nevada 40, , , , ,829 New Hampshire 9,437 16,967 29,619 33,050 40,789 New Jersey 280, , , , ,994 New Mexico 15,043 23,453 34,565 37,850 43,806 New York 718,591 1,132,653 1,511,815 1,610,841 1,795,755 North Carolina 53, , , , ,937 North Dakota 3,157 3,985 7,460 8,524 10,803 Ohio 92, , , , ,091 Oklahoma 34,450 51,250 73,524 79,697 91,302 Oregon 71, , , , ,521 Pennsylvania 141, , , , ,807 Rhode Island 19,097 26,757 33,475 35,206 38,301 South Carolina 22,711 39,475 65,661 73,789 89,410 South Dakota 2,886 4,779 8,382 9,688 11,978 Tennessee 32,094 61, , , ,259 Texas 334, ,076 1,038,564 1,160,780 1,414,548 Utah 34,361 55,409 84,951 93, ,239 Vermont 3,186 5,611 8,351 9,207 10,695 Virginia 162, , , , ,403 Washington 219, , , , ,297 West Virginia 7,084 10,156 13,357 14,578 16,161 Wisconsin 54,377 94, , , ,802 Wyoming 2,692 3,259 5,221 5,922 7,075 Selig Center for Economic Growth 45

46 Table 33 Multiracial Population Statistics for the and States, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 3,959,557 7,043,236 7,961,120 9,954,414 Alabama 36,430 64,825 73,364 91,203 Alaska 30,186 49,672 54,725 66,039 Arizona 71, , , ,811 Arkansas 29,055 49,564 56,462 69,074 California 780,384 1,298,876 1,446,391 1,753,000 Colorado 72, , , ,487 Connecticut 39,794 70,879 79,457 98,813 Delaware 9,095 20,062 23,137 31,217 District of Columbia 7,400 14,475 16,942 21,834 Florida 170, , , ,074 Georgia 74, , , ,142 Hawaii 245, , , ,682 Idaho 16,843 32,268 37,545 48,005 Illinois 118, , , ,290 Indiana 56, , , ,440 Iowa 23,373 45,400 52,137 67,013 Kansas 41,440 74,046 83, ,556 Kentucky 34,837 67,549 76,589 98,376 Louisiana 33,547 60,737 69,611 87,109 Maine 10,704 19,506 22,005 27,604 Maryland 69, , , ,900 Massachusetts 71, , , ,416 Michigan 132, , , ,038 Minnesota 62, , , ,520 Mississippi 15,934 30,095 35,052 44,575 Missouri 65, , , ,434 Montana 13,618 23,318 26,195 32,092 Nebraska 16,673 32,682 37,673 48,591 Nevada 45,601 97, , ,340 New Hampshire 10,229 18,930 21,407 27,012 New Jersey 91, , , ,401 New Mexico 25,659 46,266 53,104 66,349 New York 250, , , ,688 North Carolina 71, , , ,436 North Dakota 6,022 11,026 12,710 15,973 Ohio 123, , , ,119 Oklahoma 140, , , ,965 Oregon 76, , , ,619 Pennsylvania 99, , , ,944 Rhode Island 13,805 24,844 27,686 34,566 South Carolina 30,162 69,079 81, ,931 South Dakota 8,722 16,048 18,357 23,113 Tennessee 48,670 97, , ,533 Texas 202, , , ,183 Utah 28,269 59,003 69,734 92,123 Vermont 6,235 10,249 11,253 13,574 Virginia 97, , , ,951 Washington 163, , , ,190 West Virginia 13,793 25,792 28,898 36,609 Wisconsin 49,474 89, , ,746 Wyoming 5,797 9,855 11,224 13,713 46

47 Table 34 Hispanic Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 22,572,838 35,661,885 50,790,485 55,010,588 63,342,454 Alabama 24,107 77, , , ,175 Alaska 17,228 25,963 39,594 44,880 52,619 Arizona 697,660 1,309,389 1,907,866 2,063,070 2,377,416 Arkansas 19,208 87, , , ,448 California 7,779,607 11,054,553 14,083,086 14,892,252 16,312,216 Colorado 429, ,292 1,046,656 1,126,752 1,280,460 Connecticut 214, , , , ,410 Delaware 16,031 37,834 73,672 84, ,364 District of Columbia 32,878 45,266 55,266 60,534 65,251 Florida 1,597,237 2,717,081 4,251,095 4,659,745 5,516,535 Georgia 109, , , ,545 1,269,066 Hawaii 81,378 87, , , ,861 Idaho 52, , , , ,459 Illinois 911,704 1,544,165 2,038,087 2,168,412 2,407,112 Indiana 98, , , , ,793 Iowa 31,923 83, , , ,474 Kansas 93, , , , ,268 Kentucky 21,180 60, , , ,495 Louisiana 92, , , , ,601 Maine 6,597 9,421 17,019 19,637 24,552 Maryland 126, , , , ,628 Massachusetts 289, , , , ,444 Michigan 202, , , , ,022 Minnesota 53, , , , ,759 Mississippi 14,801 40,032 82,010 95, ,197 Missouri 60, , , , ,319 Montana 11,520 18,191 28,771 32,686 38,855 Nebraska 36,465 95, , , ,667 Nevada 127, , , ,564 1,005,440 New Hampshire 11,286 20,697 36,912 42,082 52,359 New Jersey 754,012 1,128,903 1,563,908 1,681,227 1,900,748 New Mexico 584, , ,411 1,005,779 1,092,499 New York 2,230,090 2,894,316 3,436,617 3,586,543 3,825,651 North Carolina 77, , , ,790 1,230,679 North Dakota 4,174 7,834 13,613 16,651 20,514 Ohio 139, , , , ,518 Oklahoma 85, , , , ,857 Oregon 114, , , , ,703 Pennsylvania 233, , , ,453 1,029,824 Rhode Island 46,250 91, , , ,810 South Carolina 30,367 96, , , ,028 South Dakota 4,617 10,995 22,297 26,732 34,929 Tennessee 32, , , , ,184 Texas 4,380,366 6,739,868 9,532,865 10,316,586 11,755,573 Utah 85, , , , ,233 Vermont 3,512 5,556 9,288 10,555 12,813 Virginia 160, , , , ,093 Washington 217, , , ,092 1,045,371 West Virginia 7,775 12,347 22,419 26,154 32,765 Wisconsin 93, , , , ,469 Wyoming 25,524 31,999 50,599 55,464 65,927 Selig Center for Economic Growth 47

48 Table 35 Non-Hispanic Population Statistics for the and States, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2013, and 2018 Area United States 227,049, ,500, ,539, ,892, ,861,993 Alabama 4,025,948 4,375,157 4,598,698 4,643,722 4,719,599 Alaska 536, , , , ,381 Arizona 2,986,437 3,851,197 4,505,292 4,674,372 5,057,117 Arkansas 2,337,378 2,590,784 2,734,282 2,765,528 2,814,877 California 22,179,908 22,933,424 23,255,112 23,406,987 23,599,085 Colorado 2,878,047 3,581,629 4,001,036 4,130,828 4,350,744 Connecticut 3,077,161 3,087,925 3,093,891 3,088,107 3,091,977 Delaware 653, , , , ,316 District of Columbia 572, , , , ,653 Florida 11,436,070 13,330,434 14,587,518 14,955,592 15,587,985 Georgia 6,403,316 7,785,727 8,852,608 9,128,621 9,657,531 Hawaii 1,032,113 1,125,530 1,241,855 1,268,044 1,318,770 Idaho 959,470 1,196,392 1,393,959 1,442,012 1,543,529 Illinois 10,541,612 10,889,996 10,803,893 10,776,217 10,742,752 Indiana 5,459,197 5,874,540 6,098,384 6,152,404 6,247,070 Iowa 2,749,095 2,845,653 2,897,624 2,913,267 2,934,536 Kansas 2,388,017 2,503,048 2,556,943 2,570,064 2,589,432 Kentucky 3,672,868 3,988,291 4,213,574 4,270,458 4,366,839 Louisiana 4,129,519 4,362,888 4,350,958 4,367,844 4,351,421 Maine 1,225,122 1,267,651 1,310,360 1,318,868 1,342,765 Maryland 4,673,420 5,079,879 5,311,921 5,373,988 5,455,131 Massachusetts 5,733,324 5,927,493 5,923,775 5,938,323 5,945,758 Michigan 9,109,073 9,625,400 9,438,229 9,395,783 9,317,967 Minnesota 4,336,153 4,788,391 5,058,843 5,138,462 5,279,534 Mississippi 2,564,096 2,808,321 2,888,062 2,905,654 2,934,992 Missouri 5,067,931 5,487,426 5,781,925 5,842,756 5,976,563 Montana 788, , , ,670 1,017,721 Nebraska 1,545,195 1,618,315 1,661,567 1,674,470 1,687,416 Nevada 1,092,944 1,618,481 1,984,546 2,064,748 2,278,960 New Hampshire 1,101,098 1,219,185 1,279,895 1,291,274 1,321,771 New Jersey 7,008,951 7,301,718 7,235,685 7,210,842 7,189,815 New Mexico 937,008 1,051,216 1,106,502 1,121,315 1,152,704 New York 15,790,694 16,107,464 15,958,589 15,949,233 15,914,966 North Carolina 6,586,898 7,696,405 8,754,440 9,021,041 9,517,425 North Dakota 633, , , , ,888 Ohio 10,724,760 11,144,045 11,181,152 11,184,901 11,204,956 Oklahoma 3,063,362 3,273,270 3,425,768 3,462,154 3,499,123 Oregon 2,746,163 3,151,449 3,385,595 3,447,464 3,549,878 Pennsylvania 11,669,572 11,885,799 11,992,986 12,008,172 12,042,238 Rhode Island 959, , , , ,771 South Carolina 3,470,788 3,927,753 4,399,916 4,518,955 4,727,252 South Dakota 692, , , , ,212 Tennessee 4,862,081 5,578,147 6,065,529 6,185,213 6,388,094 Texas 12,676,389 14,204,631 15,720,601 16,224,698 17,110,359 Utah 1,645,689 2,040,146 2,413,896 2,519,720 2,716,343 Vermont 561, , , , ,462 Virginia 6,056,181 6,771,549 7,387,394 7,548,641 7,833,850 Washington 4,685,210 5,463,559 5,981,881 6,135,461 6,374,330 West Virginia 1,784,773 1,794,674 1,831,949 1,838,278 1,855,793 Wisconsin 4,811,028 5,178,628 5,353,443 5,393,055 5,463,244 Wyoming 428, , , , ,100 48

49 Table 36 The Nation s Largest Consumer Markets in 2013 (billions of dollars) Rank Total Buying Power 1 California 1, Texas 1, New York Florida Illinois Pennsylvania New Jersey Ohio Virginia Georgia White Black American Indian Rank Buying Power Buying Power Buying Power 1 California 1,197.7 New York California Texas Texas 91.7 Oklahoma New York California 76.7 Texas Florida Georgia 75.5 Arizona Pennsylvania Florida 75.3 New York Illinois Maryland 64.2 New Mexico Ohio North Carolina 50.3 Washington New Jersey Illinois 46.4 North Carolina Michigan Virginia 46.0 Florida Massachusetts New Jersey 40.5 Alaska 2.7 Asian Multiracial Hispanic Rank Buying Power Buying Power Buying Power 1 California California 32.1 California New York 66.0 New York 11.4 Texas Texas 50.7 Texas 11.2 Florida New Jersey 43.0 Hawaii 9.3 New York Illinois 28.1 Florida 8.0 Illinois Hawaii 27.4 Washington 6.6 New Jersey Washington 24.2 Virginia 5.2 Arizona Virginia 23.4 Oklahoma 4.8 New Mexico Florida 21.6 Illinois 4.6 Colorado Massachusetts 18.1 New Jersey 4.3 Virginia 19.8 Selig Center for Economic Growth 49

50 Table 37 The Nation s Fast-Growing Consumer Markets in (percent) Percentage Change Percentage Change Percentage Change in in in Rank Total Buying Power White Buying Power Black Buying Power 1 North Dakota 33.2 North Dakota 32.8 North Dakota South Dakota 17.8 South Dakota 17.4 Montana Texas 16.5 District of Columbia 17.2 South Dakota Iowa 16.2 Hawaii 16.3 Hawaii Oklahoma 15.6 Iowa 15.9 Wyoming Utah 15.2 Texas 15.6 Idaho District of Columbia 14.6 Oklahoma 15.1 Vermont Wyoming 14.3 Utah 14.9 Maine Hawaii 14.2 Wyoming 13.9 Iowa Nebraska 14.2 Nebraska 13.8 New Hampshire 23.5 Percentage Change Percentage Change Percentage Change in in in Rank American Indian Buying Power Asian Buying Power Hispanic Buying Power 1 Hawaii 35.6 North Dakota 42.8 North Dakota North Dakota 33.6 South Dakota 33.6 South Dakota Texas 21.4 Wyoming 27.8 Iowa Iowa 20.0 Arkansas 27.1 Oklahoma District of Columbia 19.1 Iowa 25.5 Arkansas Arkansas 18.2 Texas 25.2 Tennessee Wyoming 17.4 Oklahoma 24.5 West Virginia South Dakota 17.4 North Carolina 24.4 South Carolina Nebraska 17.3 Nebraska 23.4 Mississippi California 16.8 District of Columbia 23.3 Kentucky

51 Table 38 The Nation s Most Concentrated Consumer Markets in 2013 (percent) White Black American Indian Share of Share of Share of Rank Total Buying Power Total Buying Power Total Buying Power 1 Maine 97.4 District of Columbia 26.3 Alaska Vermont 97.4 Mississippi 23.6 Oklahoma Idaho 95.8 Maryland 23.1 New Mexico Wyoming 95.8 Georgia 22.1 South Dakota Iowa 95.7 Louisiana 19.8 Montana New Hampshire 95.6 South Carolina 17.7 North Dakota West Virginia 95.3 Alabama 17.4 Arizona North Dakota 95.1 Delaware 15.1 Wyoming Utah 94.7 North Carolina 14.8 California Montana 94.5 Virginia 13.0 Nevada 1.1 Asian Multiracial Hispanic Share of Share of Share of Rank Total Buying Power Total Buying Power Total Buying Power 1 Hawaii 46.8 Hawaii 15.8 New Mexico California 14.8 Alaska 3.6 Texas New Jersey 10.0 Oklahoma 3.4 California Nevada 8.7 Washington 2.2 Arizona Washington 8.1 Nevada 2.1 Florida New York 7.3 District of Columbia 2.1 Nevada Virginia 6.6 California 2.1 Colorado Maryland 6.4 Oregon 1.9 New Jersey Massachusetts 5.6 New Mexico 1.5 New York Illinois 5.4 Virginia 1.5 Illinois 8.7 Selig Center for Economic Growth 51

52 Table 39 States Ranked by the Dollar Value of Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, in 2013 American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

53 Table 40 States Ranked by Percentage Change in Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, American Area Total White Black Indian Asian Hispanic Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Selig Center for Economic Growth 53

54 Table 41 States Ranked by Market Share, by Race and Hispanic Origin, in 2013 American Area White Black Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware District of Columbia Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming

55 Table 42 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for All Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Average Spending Per Consumer Unit Share of Total Item (dollars) (percent) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES 50, FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 3, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Source: Shares were calculated by the Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data obtained from the Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter 2012, released March Selig Center for Economic Growth 55

56 Table 43 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for Black and Non-Black Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Black Consumers Non-Black Consumers Average Average Difference in Spending Per Spending Per Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total (percentage Item (dollars) (percent) (dollars) (percent) points) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 37, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter

57 Table 44 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for Asian and All Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Asian Consumers All Consumers Average Average Difference in Spending Per Spending Per Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total (percentage Item (dollars) (percent) (dollars) (percent) points) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 61, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter Selig Center for Economic Growth 57

58 Table 45 Average Annual Spending and Item Share for Hispanic and Non-Hispanic Consumers, Third Quarter 2011-Second Quarter 2012 Hispanic Consumers Non-Hispanic Consumers Average Average Difference in Spending Per Spending Per Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total Consumer Unit Share of Total (percentage Item (dollars) (percent) (dollars) (percent) points) TOTAL ANNUAL EXPENDITURES FOOD AT HOME FOOD AWAY FROM HOME ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES HOUSING Shelter Utilities, fuels, and public services Natural gas Electricity Fuel oil and other fuels Telephone services Water and other public services Household operations Housekeeping supplies Household furnishings and equipment Household textiles Furniture Floor coverings Major appliances Small appliances & misc. housewares Miscellaneous household equipment APPAREL & SERVICES Men and boys Women and girls Children under 2 Footwear Other apparel products and services TRANSPORTATION Vehicle purchases (net outlay) Cars and trucks, new Cars and trucks, used Other vehicles Gasoline and motor oil Other vehicle expenses Finance charges Maintenance, repairs Insurance Rental, leases, licenses, other Public transportation HEALTH CARE Health insurance Medical services Drugs Medical supplies ENTERTAINMENT Fees and admissions Television, radios, sound equipment Pets, toys, and playground equipment Other PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS & SERVICES READING EDUCATION TOBACCO PRODUCTS & SMOKING SUPPLIES MISCELLANEOUS CASH CONTRIBUTIONS PERSONAL INSURANCE & PENSIONS Life and other personal insurance Pensions and Social Security 42, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, based on data from the Consumer Expenditure Survey, third quarter 2011-second quarter

59 Buying Power by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, 2013 (billions of dollars) Buying Power by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, , Selected Years (trillions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 59

60 Projected Change in Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States, Projected Change in Buying Power, by Race and Hispanic Origin, United States,

61 Total Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 61

62 White Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) 62

63 Black Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollats) Selig Center for Economic Growth 63

64 American Indian Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) 64

65 Asian Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 65

66 Multiracial Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) 66

67 Hispanic Buying Power, 2013 (billions of dollars) Selig Center for Economic Growth 67

68 68

69 Part 2 MULTICULTURAL ECONOMY State Statistics

70 ALABAMA Alabama Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Alabama State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,041, White 10,376,652, ,932, Black 1,070,926,059 28,300, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 2,528, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,377, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 4,018, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,022, Alabama Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Alabama State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,762, White 9,348,810, ,109, Black 951,491,757 25,607, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 2,095, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,145, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 3,195, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,566,

71 Alabama Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank ALABAMA Alabama Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Alabama Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Alabama Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 71

72 ALASKA Alaska Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Alaska State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 32,444, White 10,376,652,411 26,048, Black 1,070,926,059 1,022, American Indian 96,112,351 2,663, Asian 712,805,021 1,542, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,166, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,330, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 31,114, Alaska Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Alaska State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 28,684, White 9,348,810,060 23,149, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193,037 2,402, Asian 599,262,629 1,284, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,068, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 27,616,

73 Alaska Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Alaska Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic ALASKA Alaska Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Alaska Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 73

74 ARIZONA Arizona Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Arizona State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,437, White 10,376,652, ,374, Black 1,070,926,059 7,844, American Indian 96,112,351 5,672,999 4 Asian 712,805,021 8,651, Multiracial 161,324,789 2,893, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 37,572,403 7 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,865, Arizona Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Arizona State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,007, White 9,348,810, ,114, Black 951,491,757 6,483, American Indian 83,193,037 5,051,276 4 Asian 599,262,629 7,035, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,322, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 32,051,723 7 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,956,

75 Arizona Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Arizona Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic ARIZONA Arizona Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Arizona Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 75

76 ARKANSAS Arkansas Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Arkansas State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 97,748, White 10,376,652,411 84,628, Black 1,070,926,059 9,696, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,641, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,047, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,789, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 93,958, Arkansas Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Arkansas State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 87,189, White 9,348,810,060 75,782, Black 951,491,757 8,644, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 1,291, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,966, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 84,222,

77 Arkansas Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Arkansas Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Arkansas Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Akansas Race ARKANSAS Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 77

78 CALIFORNIA California Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race California State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 1,555,139,729 1 White 10,376,652,411 1,197,738,898 1 Black 1,070,926,059 76,748,854 3 American Indian 96,112,351 18,396,427 1 Asian 712,805, ,178,963 1 Multiracial 161,324,789 32,076,588 1 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, ,302,154 1 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 1,250,837,575 1 California Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race California State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 1,389,653,925 1 White 9,348,810,060 1,082,526,315 1 Black 951,491,757 68,786,306 3 American Indian 83,193,037 15,752,945 1 Asian 599,262, ,121,311 1 Multiracial 132,118,517 26,467,048 1 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, ,344,625 1 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 1,128,309,

79 California Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank California Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic California Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) California Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic CALIFORNIA Selig Center for Economic Growth 79

80 COLORADO Colorado Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Colorado State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,325, White 10,376,652, ,743, Black 1,070,926,059 6,271, American Indian 96,112,351 1,953, Asian 712,805,021 6,342, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,014, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 22,733,668 9 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,591, Colorado Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Colorado State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,595, White 9,348,810, ,654, Black 951,491,757 5,465, American Indian 83,193,037 1,703, Asian 599,262,629 5,325, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,446, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 19,545,524 9 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,050,

81 Colorado Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank COLORADO Colorado Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Colorado Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Colorado Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 81

82 CONNECTICUT Connecticut Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Connecticut State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,130, White 10,376,652, ,292, Black 1,070,926,059 11,925, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 7,736, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,643, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 12,694, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,435, Connecticut Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Connecticut State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,739, White 9,348,810, ,577, Black 951,491,757 10,734, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 6,558, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,396, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 10,828, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,910,

83 Connecticut Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Connecticut Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic CONNECTICUT Connecticut Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Connecticut Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 83

84 DELAWARE Delaware Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Delaware State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 35,204, White 10,376,652,411 27,735, Black 1,070,926,059 5,318, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,601, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,663, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 33,541, Delaware Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Delaware State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 31,832, White 9,348,810,060 25,338, Black 951,491,757 4,712, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 1,324, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,361, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 30,471,

85 Delaware Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Delaware Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic DELAWARE Delaware Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Delaware Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 85

86 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA District of Columbia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race District of Columbia State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 44,045, White 10,376,652,411 29,374, Black 1,070,926,059 11,563, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,974, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,933, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 41,111, District of Columbia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race District of Columbia State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 38,431, White 9,348,810,060 25,065, Black 951,491,757 10,864, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 1,601, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,419, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 36,011, Source: Selig Center for Economic Growth, Terry College of Business, The University of Georgia, June

87 District of Columbia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank District of Columbia Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic District of Columbia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) District of Columbia Race DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 87

88 FLORIDA Florida Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Florida State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,209,554 4 White 10,376,652, ,515,669 4 Black 1,070,926,059 75,264,275 5 American Indian 96,112,351 2,799,271 9 Asian 712,805,021 21,592,175 9 Multiracial 161,324,789 8,038,164 5 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, ,100,482 3 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,109,072 4 Florida Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Florida State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,739,664 4 White 9,348,810, ,065,216 4 Black 951,491,757 65,875,830 5 American Indian 83,193,037 2,418,443 9 Asian 599,262,629 17,826,172 9 Multiracial 132,118,517 6,554,003 5 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, ,002,669 3 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,736,

89 Florida Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Florida Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Florida Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Florida Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic FLORIDA Selig Center for Economic Growth 89

90 GEORGIA Georgia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Georgia State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,104, White 10,376,652, ,596, Black 1,070,926,059 75,527,248 4 American Indian 96,112,351 1,361, Asian 712,805,021 13,154, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,465, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 16,845, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,259, Georgia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Georgia State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,560, White 9,348,810, ,763, Black 951,491,757 66,103,305 4 American Indian 83,193,037 1,166, Asian 599,262,629 10,762, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,764, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 13,790, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,770,

91 Georgia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank GEORGIA Georgia Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Georgia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Georgia Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 91

92 HAWAII Hawaii Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Hawaii State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 58,538, White 10,376,652,411 20,441, Black 1,070,926,059 1,153, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 27,421,989 6 Multiracial 161,324,789 9,261,706 4 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,631, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 54,907, Hawaii Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Hawaii State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 51,242, White 9,348,810,060 17,572, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 24,648,580 5 Multiracial 132,118,517 7,988,520 4 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,971, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 48,271,

93 Hawaii Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Hawaii Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic HAWAII Hawaii Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Hawaii Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 93

94 IDAHO Idaho Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Idaho State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 51,578, White 10,376,652,411 49,398, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,280, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 48,297, Idaho Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Idaho State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 45,794, White 9,348,810,060 43,991, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,708, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 43,085,

95 Idaho Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Idaho Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic IDAHO Idaho Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Idaho Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 95

96 ILLINOIS Illinois Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Illinois State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,893,475 5 White 10,376,652, ,562,934 6 Black 1,070,926,059 46,427,288 8 American Indian 96,112,351 2,206, Asian 712,805,021 28,065,861 5 Multiracial 161,324,789 4,630,789 9 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 45,144,467 5 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,749,008 6 Illinois Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Illinois State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,346,752 5 White 9,348,810, ,158,048 6 Black 951,491,757 43,729,475 8 American Indian 83,193,037 1,930, Asian 599,262,629 24,611,769 6 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,916,900 9 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 39,956,109 5 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,390,

97 Illinois Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Illinois Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Illinois Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Illinois Race ILLINOIS Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 97

98 INDIANA Indiana Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Indiana State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,474, White 10,376,652, ,147, Black 1,070,926,059 14,300, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 4,567, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,788, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,969, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,504, Indiana Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Indiana State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,168, White 9,348,810, ,771, Black 951,491,757 12,635, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 3,714, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,464, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 6,530, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,638,

99 Indiana Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Indiana Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Indiana Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Indiana Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic INDIANA Selig Center for Economic Growth 99

100 IOWA Iowa Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Iowa State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,803, White 10,376,652, ,490, Black 1,070,926,059 2,168, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 2,165, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,393, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,409, Iowa Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Iowa State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,659, White 9,348,810, ,407, Black 951,491,757 1,748, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 1,726, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,621, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,037,

101 Iowa Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank IOWA Iowa Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Iowa Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Iowa Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 101

102 KANSAS Kansas Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Kansas State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,827, White 10,376,652, ,918, Black 1,070,926,059 4,655, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 2,910, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,483, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 6,519, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,307, Kansas Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Kansas State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 99,966, White 9,348,810,060 91,558, Black 951,491,757 4,065, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 2,402, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,195, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,351, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 94,615,

103 Kansas Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Kansas Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic KANSAS Kansas Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Kansas Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 103

104 KENTUCKY Kentucky Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Kentucky State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,238, White 10,376,652, ,314, Black 1,070,926,059 8,071, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 2,597, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,748, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,489, Kentucky Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Kentucky State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,935, White 9,348,810, ,685, Black 951,491,757 7,073, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 2,120, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,174, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,760,

105 Kentucky Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Kentucky Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic KENTUCKY Kentucky Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Kentucky Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 105

106 LOUISIANA Louisiana Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Louisiana State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,573, White 10,376,652, ,320, Black 1,070,926,059 34,420, American Indian 96,112,351 1,025, Asian 712,805,021 3,421, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,386, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 6,601, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,972, Louisiana Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Louisiana State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,092, White 9,348,810, ,359, Black 951,491,757 30,843, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 2,864, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,129, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,324, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,768,

107 Louisiana Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Louisiana Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Louisiana Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Louisiana Race LOUISIANA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 107

108 MAINE Maine Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Maine State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 49,354, White 10,376,652,411 48,059, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, , Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 48,980, Maine Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Maine State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 44,456, White 9,348,810,060 43,380, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 44,152,

109 Maine Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Maine Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Maine Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Maine Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic MAINE Selig Center for Economic Growth 109

110 MARYLAND Maryland Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Maryland State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,290, White 10,376,652, ,423, Black 1,070,926,059 64,198,567 6 American Indian 96,112,351 1,158, Asian 712,805,021 17,684, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,825, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 14,307, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,983, Maryland Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Maryland State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,346, White 9,348,810, ,852, Black 951,491,757 56,716,764 6 American Indian 83,193,037 1,006, Asian 599,262,629 14,668, Multiracial 132,118,517 3,102, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 11,452, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,894,

111 Maryland Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank MARYLAND Maryland Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Maryland Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Maryland Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 111

112 MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Massachusetts State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,328, White 10,376,652, ,442, Black 1,070,926,059 14,752, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 18,112, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,104, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 15,275, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,053, Massachusetts Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Massachusetts State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,361, White 9,348,810, ,031, Black 951,491,757 12,906, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 15,078, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,551, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 12,815, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,546,

113 Massachusetts Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Massachusetts Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic MASSACHUSETTS Massachusetts Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Massachusetts Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 113

114 MICHIGAN Michigan Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Michigan State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,964, White 10,376,652, ,038,234 9 Black 1,070,926,059 31,740, American Indian 96,112,351 1,745, Asian 712,805,021 11,028, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,412, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 9,086, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,878, Michigan Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Michigan State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,478, White 9,348,810, ,676,343 9 Black 951,491,757 29,062, American Indian 83,193,037 1,557, Asian 599,262,629 9,294, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,887, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 7,802, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,675,

115 Michigan Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Michigan Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic MICHIGAN Michigan Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Michigan Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 115

116 MINNESOTA Minnesota Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Minnesota State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,290, White 10,376,652, ,222, Black 1,070,926,059 6,510, American Indian 96,112,351 1,410, Asian 712,805,021 8,085, Multiracial 161,324,789 2,061, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 5,519, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,771, Minnesota Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Minnesota State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,076, White 9,348,810, ,119, Black 951,491,757 5,430, American Indian 83,193,037 1,255, Asian 599,262,629 6,591, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,680, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 4,505, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,571,

117 Minnesota Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Minnesota Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Minnesota Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Minnesota Race MINNESOTA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 117

118 MISSISSIPPI Mississippi Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Mississippi State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 94,633, White 10,376,652,411 70,238, Black 1,070,926,059 22,343, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,079, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,057, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 92,576, Mississippi Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Mississippi State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 85,147, White 9,348,810,060 63,520, Black 951,491,757 19,927, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,623, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 83,524,

119 Mississippi Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Mississippi Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Mississippi Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Mississippi Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic MISSISSIPPI Selig Center for Economic Growth 119

120 MISSOURI Missouri Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Missouri State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,867, White 10,376,652, ,994, Black 1,070,926,059 17,026, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 4,696, Multiracial 161,324,789 2,198, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 5,246, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,621, Missouri Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Missouri State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,467, White 9,348,810, ,423, Black 951,491,757 15,429, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 3,926, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,848, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 4,303, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,164,

121 Missouri Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank MISSOURI Missouri Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Missouri Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Missouri Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 121

122 MONTANA Montana Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Montana State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 35,549, White 10,376,652,411 33,599, Black 1,070,926,059 98, American Indian 96,112,351 1,156, Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, , Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 34,900, Montana Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Montana State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 31,203, White 9,348,810,060 29,553, Black 951,491,757 67, American Indian 83,193,037 1,020, Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 30,688,

123 Montana Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Montana Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic MONTANA Montana Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Montana Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 123

124 NEBRASKA Nebraska Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Nebraska State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 75,309, White 10,376,652,411 70,798, Black 1,070,926,059 2,126, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,327, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 3,636, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 71,673, Nebraska Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Nebraska State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 65,961, White 9,348,810,060 62,199, Black 951,491,757 1,827, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 1,076, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,903, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 63,057,

125 Nebraska Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Nebraska Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic NEBRASKA Nebraska Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Nebraska Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 125

126 NEVADA Nevada Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Nevada State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 97,597, White 10,376,652,411 79,397, Black 1,070,926,059 6,527, American Indian 96,112,351 1,104, Asian 712,805,021 8,529, Multiracial 161,324,789 2,038, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 15,177, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 82,420, Nevada Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Nevada State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 88,812, White 9,348,810,060 73,302, Black 951,491,757 5,693, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 7,113, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,706, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 13,042, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 75,770,

127 Nevada Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Nevada Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Nevada Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Nevada Race NEVADA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 127

128 NEW HAMPSHIRE New Hampshire Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New Hampshire State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 58,062, White 10,376,652,411 55,533, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,388, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,001, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 57,061, New Hampshire Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New Hampshire State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 52,992, White 9,348,810,060 50,910, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 1,141, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 52,175,

129 New Hampshire Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank New Hampshire Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic New Hampshire Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New Hampshire Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic NEW HAMPSHIRE Selig Center for Economic Growth 129

130 NEW JERSEY New Jersey Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New Jersey State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,670,775 7 White 10,376,652, ,474,503 8 Black 1,070,926,059 40,520, American Indian 96,112,351 1,374, Asian 712,805,021 42,992,541 4 Multiracial 161,324,789 4,308, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 43,677,915 6 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,992,860 8 New Jersey Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New Jersey State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,384,125 7 White 9,348,810, ,526,313 8 Black 951,491,757 36,827, American Indian 83,193,037 1,197, Asian 599,262,629 36,271,731 4 Multiracial 132,118,517 3,561, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 37,501,355 6 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,882,

131 New Jersey Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank NEW JERSEY New Jersey Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic New Jersey Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New Jersey Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 131

132 NEW MEXICO New Mexico Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New Mexico State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 70,656, White 10,376,652,411 62,790, Black 1,070,926,059 1,519, American Indian 96,112,351 3,851,151 6 Asian 712,805,021 1,450, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,044, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 22,850,975 8 Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 47,805, New Mexico Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New Mexico State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 63,115, White 9,348,810,060 56,376, Black 951,491,757 1,260, American Indian 83,193,037 3,424,180 6 Asian 599,262,629 1,214, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 19,920,176 8 Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 43,195,

133 New Mexico Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank New Mexico Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic NEW MEXICO New Mexico Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New Mexico Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 133

134 NEW YORK New York Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race New York State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,092,493 3 White 10,376,652, ,524,074 3 Black 1,070,926, ,984,817 1 American Indian 96,112,351 5,250,528 5 Asian 712,805,021 65,967,343 2 Multiracial 161,324,789 11,365,731 2 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 90,907,501 4 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,184,992 3 New York Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race New York State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,049,776 3 White 9,348,810, ,551,689 3 Black 951,491,757 91,987,118 1 American Indian 83,193,037 4,516,359 5 Asian 599,262,629 56,569,042 2 Multiracial 132,118,517 9,425,568 2 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 79,623,648 4 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,426,

135 New York Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank New York Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic NEW YORK New York Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) New York Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 135

136 NORTH CAROLINA North Carolina Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race North Carolina State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,536, White 10,376,652, ,662, Black 1,070,926,059 50,312,087 7 American Indian 96,112,351 3,053,840 8 Asian 712,805,021 9,427, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,079, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 14,953, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,582, North Carolina Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race North Carolina State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,232, White 9,348,810, ,108, Black 951,491,757 44,367,626 7 American Indian 83,193,037 2,733,732 8 Asian 599,262,629 7,577, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,445, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 12,073, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,158,

137 North Carolina Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank North Carolina Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic North Carolina Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) North Carolina Race NORTH CAROLINA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 137

138 NORTH DAKOTA North Dakota Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race North Dakota State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 34,922, White 10,376,652,411 33,227, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, , Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 34,477, North Dakota Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race North Dakota State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 26,224, White 9,348,810,060 25,012, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 25,939,

139 North Dakota Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank North Dakota Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic North Dakota Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) North Dakota Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic NORTH DAKOTA Selig Center for Economic Growth 139

140 OHIO Ohio Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Ohio State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,279,098 8 White 10,376,652, ,797,043 7 Black 1,070,926,059 33,171, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 9,806, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,662, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 8,418, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,860,910 7 Ohio Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Ohio State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,818,274 8 White 9,348,810, ,319,537 7 Black 951,491,757 29,600, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 8,137, Multiracial 132,118,517 3,028, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 6,897, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,921,

141 Ohio Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank OHIO Ohio Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Ohio Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Ohio Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 141

142 OKLAHOMA Oklahoma Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Oklahoma State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,174, White 10,376,652, ,553, Black 1,070,926,059 7,047, American Indian 96,112,351 8,706,280 2 Asian 712,805,021 3,036, Multiracial 161,324,789 4,830,840 8 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,356, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,818, Oklahoma Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Oklahoma State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,031, White 9,348,810, ,042, Black 951,491,757 6,076, American Indian 83,193,037 7,503,451 2 Asian 599,262,629 2,439, Multiracial 132,118,517 3,968,559 8 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,725, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,306,

143 Oklahoma Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Oklahoma Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic OKLAHOMA Oklahoma Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Oklahoma Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 143

144 OREGON Oregon Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Oregon State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,489, White 10,376,652, ,516, Black 1,070,926,059 1,935, American Indian 96,112,351 1,438, Asian 712,805,021 5,950, Multiracial 161,324,789 2,647, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 8,631, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,858, Oregon Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Oregon State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,979, White 9,348,810, ,894, Black 951,491,757 1,656, American Indian 83,193,037 1,259, Asian 599,262,629 4,996, Multiracial 132,118,517 2,173, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 7,093, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,885,

145 Oregon Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Oregon Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic OREGON Oregon Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Oregon Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 145

146 PENNSYLVANIA Pennsylvania Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Pennsylvania State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,850,252 6 White 10,376,652, ,706,388 5 Black 1,070,926,059 36,202, American Indian 96,112,351 1,053, Asian 712,805,021 16,966, Multiracial 161,324,789 3,922, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 16,755, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,094,782 5 Pennsylvania Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Pennsylvania State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,742,614 6 White 9,348,810, ,541,540 5 Black 951,491,757 32,180, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 13,945, Multiracial 132,118,517 3,169, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 13,461, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,280,

147 Pennsylvania Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Pennsylvania Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Pennsylvania Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Pennsylvania Race PENNSYLVANIA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 147

148 RHODE ISLAND Rhode Island Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Rhode Island State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 43,838, White 10,376,652,411 40,152, Black 1,070,926,059 1,865, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 1,044, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 2,705, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 41,133, Rhode Island Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Rhode Island State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 40,155, White 9,348,810,060 36,974, Black 951,491,757 1,630, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 2,268, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 37,887,

149 Rhode Island Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Rhode Island Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Rhode Island Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Rhode Island Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic RHODE ISLAND Selig Center for Economic Growth 149

150 SOUTH CAROLINA South Carolina Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race South Carolina State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,548, White 10,376,652, ,671, Black 1,070,926,059 27,318, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 2,772, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,112, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 4,911, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,637, South Carolina Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race South Carolina State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,802, White 9,348,810, ,417, Black 951,491,757 24,633, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 2,264, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 3,873, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,928,

151 South Carolina Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank South Carolina Race State Rank SOUTH CAROLINA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic South Carolina Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) South Carolina Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 151

152 SOUTH DAKOTA South Dakota Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race South Dakota State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 35,557, White 10,376,652,411 33,372, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112,351 1,240, Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, , Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 34,981, South Dakota Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race South Dakota State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 30,179, White 9,348,810,060 28,419, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193,037 1,057, Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 29,758,

153 South Dakota Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank South Dakota Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic SOUTH DAKOTA South Dakota Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) South Dakota Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 153

154 TENNESSEE Tennessee Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Tennessee State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,725, White 10,376,652, ,381, Black 1,070,926,059 26,937, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 4,668, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,973, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 6,654, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,070, Tennessee Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Tennessee State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,151, White 9,348,810, ,225, Black 951,491,757 23,830, American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 3,808, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,615, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,217, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,933,

155 Tennessee Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Tennessee Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic TENNESSEE Tennessee Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Tennessee Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 155

156 TEXAS Texas Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Texas State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 1,038,131,025 2 White 10,376,652, ,338,086 2 Black 1,070,926,059 91,720,298 2 American Indian 96,112,351 8,180,947 3 Asian 712,805,021 50,688,140 3 Multiracial 161,324,789 11,203,554 3 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, ,327,963 2 Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,803,063 2 Texas Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Texas State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,469,005 2 White 9,348,810, ,006,525 2 Black 951,491,757 77,662,361 2 American Indian 83,193,037 6,738,195 3 Asian 599,262,629 40,480,514 3 Multiracial 132,118,517 8,581,409 3 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, ,619,331 2 Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,849,

157 Texas Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Texas Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Texas Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) TEXAS Texas Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 157

158 UTAH Utah Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Utah State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 94,114, White 10,376,652,411 89,089, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805,021 2,560, Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,220, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 86,893, Utah Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Utah State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 81,699, White 9,348,810,060 77,567, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262,629 2,103, Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,904, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 75,795,

159 Utah Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Utah Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Utah Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Utah Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic UTAH Selig Center for Economic Growth 159

160 VERMONT Vermont Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Vermont State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 25,384, White 10,376,652,411 24,712, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112,351 78, Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, , Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 25,070, Vermont Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Vermont State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 22,816, White 9,348,810,060 22,263, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193,037 68, Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 22,566,

161 Vermont Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank VERMONT Vermont Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Vermont Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Vermont Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 161

162 VIRGINIA Virginia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Virginia State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,454,657 9 White 10,376,652, ,575, Black 1,070,926,059 45,987,723 9 American Indian 96,112,351 1,294, Asian 712,805,021 23,366,638 8 Multiracial 161,324,789 5,230,004 7 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 19,806, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,648,107 9 Virginia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Virginia State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,000,887 9 White 9,348,810, ,585, Black 951,491,757 40,991,899 9 American Indian 83,193,037 1,127, Asian 599,262,629 19,080,009 8 Multiracial 132,118,517 4,215,461 7 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 15,935, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,065,

163 Virginia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Virginia Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic VIRGINIA Virginia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Virginia Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 163

164 WASHINGTON Washington Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Washington State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,864, White 10,376,652, ,907, Black 1,070,926,059 7,864, American Indian 96,112,351 3,313,318 7 Asian 712,805,021 24,154,777 7 Multiracial 161,324,789 6,624,178 6 Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 17,527, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,336, Washington Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Washington State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,160, White 9,348,810, ,350, Black 951,491,757 6,680, American Indian 83,193,037 2,893,293 7 Asian 599,262,629 19,843,123 7 Multiracial 132,118,517 5,393,372 6 Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 14,151, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,009,

165 Washington Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Washington Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic WASHINGTON Washington Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Washington Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 165

166 WEST VIRGINIA West Virginia Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race West Virginia State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 60,246, White 10,376,652,411 57,385, Black 1,070,926,059 1,560, American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845, , Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 59,641, West Virginia Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race West Virginia State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 54,190, White 9,348,810,060 51,749, Black 951,491,757 1,353, American Indian 83,193,037 96, Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120, , Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 53,715,

167 West Virginia Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank West Virginia Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic West Virginia Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) West Virginia Race WEST VIRGINIA Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 167

168 WISCONSIN Wisconsin Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Wisconsin State Rank Total 12,417,820, ,565, White 10,376,652, ,912, Black 1,070,926,059 7,277, American Indian 96,112,351 1,381, Asian 712,805,021 4,583, Multiracial 161,324,789 1,411, Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 7,043, Non Hispanic 11,228,975, ,521, Wisconsin Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Wisconsin State Rank Total 11,114,876, ,585, White 9,348,810, ,795, Black 951,491,757 6,526, American Indian 83,193,037 1,239, Asian 599,262,629 3,841, Multiracial 132,118,517 1,182, Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 5,843, Non Hispanic 10,110,755, ,741,

169 Wisconsin Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Wisconsin Race State Rank Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Wisconsin Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Wisconsin Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic WISCONSIN Selig Center for Economic Growth 169

170 WYOMING Wyoming Table 1 Buying Power for 2013 Race Wyoming State Rank Total 12,417,820,630 26,708, White 10,376,652,411 25,576, Black 1,070,926, , American Indian 96,112, , Asian 712,805, , Multiracial 161,324, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,188,845,023 1,553, Non Hispanic 11,228,975,607 25,155, Wyoming Table 2 Buying Power for 2010 Race Wyoming State Rank Total 11,114,876,000 23,377, White 9,348,810,060 22,458, Black 951,491, , American Indian 83,193, , Asian 599,262, , Multiracial 132,118, , Hispanic/ Latino 1,004,120,101 1,281, Non Hispanic 10,110,755,899 22,096,

171 Wyoming Table 3 Percentage Change in Buying Power, , and State Rank Wyoming Race State Rank WYOMING Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Wyoming Table 4 Market Share in Buying Power, 2010 and 2013 (percentage) Wyoming Race Total White Black American Indian Asian Multiracial Hispanic/ Latino Non Hispanic Selig Center for Economic Growth 171

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