Module 8: Current and long-term liabilities

Transcription

1 Module 8: Current and long-term liabilities Module 8: Current and long-term liabilities Overview In previous modules, you learned how to account for assets. Assets are what a business uses or sells to earn revenues. Recall that the accounting equation (A = L + E) tells us that assets are financed by liabilities and/or equity. Modules 8 and 9 will cover the topics of liabilities and equity. Liabilities represent obligations to pay money or deliver goods or services to another party at a later date. Sometimes the amount of a liability is known with certainty (such as a bank loan); other times, the amount must be estimated (for example, the cost of providing a fiveyear warranty on a new car). Test your knowledge Begin your work on this module with a set of test-your-knowledge questions designed to help your gauge the depth of study required. Learning objectives 8.1 Define liabilities, explain the difference between current and long-term liabilities, and describe the uncertainties related to some liabilities. (Level 1) 8.2 Identify and describe known (determinable) liabilities. (Level 2) 8.3 Record and report short-term notes payable. (Level 1) 8.4 Record and report estimated liabilities such as warranties and income taxes, and report contingent liabilities. (Level 2) 8.5 Describe the various characteristics of different bonds. (Level 2) 8.6 Record the issue of bonds at par. (Level 1) 8.7 Describe the time value of money. (Level 2) 8.8 Calculate the price of bonds issued at either a discount or a premium, and describe their effects on the issuer's financial statements. (Level 1) 8.9 Record the retirement of bonds. (Level 2) Assignment reminder: Assignment 3 (see Module 9) is due at the end of week 9 (see Course Schedule). You may wish to take a look at it now in order to familiarize yourself with the requirements and to prepare for any necessary work in advance.

2 8.1 Liabilities 8.1 Liabilities Learning objective Define liabilities, explain the difference between current and long-term liabilities, and describe the uncertainties related to some liabilities. (Level 1) Required reading Chapter 13, pages LEVEL 1 CICA Handbook, paragraphs , defines liabilities as follows: Liabilities are obligations of an entity arising from past transactions or events, the settlement of which may result in the transfer or use of assets, provision of services or other yielding of economic benefits in the future. Liabilities have three essential characteristics: a. They embody a duty or responsibility to others that entails settlement by future transfer or use of assets, provision of services or other yielding of economic benefits, at a specified or determinable date, on occurrence of a specified event, or on demand. b. The duty or responsibility obligates the entity leaving it little or no discretion to avoid it. c. The transaction or event obligating the entity has already occurred. At a very basic level, liabilities represent obligations to deliver money, goods, or services to another party at a later date. However, as you progress through more advanced accounting courses, you will find that in many cases, whether a specific situation gives rise to a liability, as opposed to equity, for example, is not clear cut. For this reason, it is advisable to routinely apply the criteria listed in paragraph to the situation to verify that the item is in fact a liability. See Example 8-1 for an illustration. The example may seem trivial. Everyone knows that a bank loan is a liability. However, as you progress through your program of studies, you will be faced with many instances in which the answers are not obvious. Often, it is only through rigorously applying the criteria to the situation that you can determine the correct classification of the item. Current and long-term liabilities Current liabilities are debts or other obligations that are due within one year of the balance sheet date or within the company s operating cycle, whichever is longer. In other words, current liabilities are expected to be discharged by using current assets or creating other current liabilities. Examples of current liabilities include accounts payable, short-term

3 8.1 Liabilities notes payable, wages payable, dividends payable, product warranty liabilities for repairs expected to be performed within 12 months of the balance sheet date, payroll taxes and other taxes payable, and unearned revenues. Long-term liabilities are obligations that are not expected to be paid within one year or a longer operating cycle. In other words, these obligations do not require the use of a current asset or the creation of a current liability to satisfy the debt. Examples of long-term liabilities include leases, long-term notes payable, product warranty liabilities for repairs expected to be performed more than one year after the balance sheet date, and bonds payable. Long-term liabilities requiring partial repayment in the year immediately following the balance sheet date must be separated on the balance sheet into their current and long-term components. Exhibit 13.3 on page 655 demonstrates the process; Exhibit 13.5 on page 656 illustrates the balance sheet presentation of the current and long-term segments. Textbook activities Checkpoint Questions 1, 2, and 3 on page 656 (Solutions on page 671) Quick Study 13-1 and 13-2 on page 678 (Solutions)

4 8.2 Known (determinable) liabilities 8.2 Known (determinable) liabilities Learning objective Identify and describe known (determinable) liabilities. (Level 2) Required reading Chapter 13, pages Textbook erratum: The Goods and Services Tax was reduced from 6% to 5% effective January 1, The Harmonized Sales Tax was reduced from 14% to 13% effective the same date. You should use these current rates in assignments and other questions. LEVEL 2 Known liabilities are those where the payee, the timing, and the amount are determinable. Examples are trade accounts payable, payroll liabilities, sales taxes payable, unearned revenues, and notes payable. The nature of these liabilities and the accounting are detailed on pages Textbook activities Checkpoint Question 4 on page 661 (Solution on page 671) Quick Study 13-3 to 13-7 on pages (Solutions) Mid-Chapter Demonstration Problem on pages

5 8.3 Short-term notes payable 8.3 Short-term notes payable Learning objective Record and report short-term notes payable. (Level 1) Required reading Chapter 13, pages LEVEL 1 Short-term notes payable are current liabilities supported by a written promissory note. There are two types of short-term notes payable trade notes and short-term promissory notes. Accounting for short-term notes payable is described on pages Trade notes Trade notes are obligations due to suppliers for goods and services used in business operations. For example, on November 23, Weston Holdings secures a payment extension with TechNology Inc. on an account payable, which will be paid by a 60-day, 12%, $6,000 note payable. The following journal entry would be made by Weston Holdings: Suppose a different payment schedule is negotiated, whereby TechNology Inc. agrees to receive $1,000 cash and a 60-day, 12%, $5,000 note payable to replace the account payable. This entry is shown near the bottom of page 663. LEVEL 2 Accrued interest expense An expense that has been incurred during an accounting period but has not been paid or recorded must be accrued at the end of the period. In the previous example, if Weston s year end is December 31, interest for 38 days must be accrued on December 31 (November 23 to 30 = 7 days, plus 31 days in December). The December 31 entry on page 664 shows the interest expense of $62.47 ($5,000 12% 38/365). On January 22, the payment date, an additional 22 days of interest expense, $36.16 ($5,000 12% 22/365), must be recorded as shown in the entry at the bottom of page 664. Exhibit on page 665 clarifies the matching of the interest expense over two accounting periods, 2011 and LEVEL 1

6 8.3 Short-term notes payable Short-term promissory notes Short-term promissory notes are given in exchange for the loan of cash from a bank or other financial institutions. Page 665 shows the journal entry on September 30 to record a loan note that has a face value equal to the amount borrowed, sometimes referred to as an interest-bearing note. The entry includes a debit to Cash and a credit to Notes payable. A discounted bank loan or noninterest-bearing note, however, is one from which interest is deducted at the time of borrowing. This type of note will be covered in FA2. Note that Appendix 13A is not required reading. Textbook activities Checkpoint Questions 5 and 6 on page 665 (Solutions page 671) Quick Study 13-8 and 13-9 on page 679 (Solutions)

7 8.4 Estimated and contingent liabilities 8.4 Estimated and contingent liabilities Learning objective Record and report estimated liabilities such as warranties and income taxes, and report contingent liabilities. (Level 2) Required reading Chapter 13, pages Textbook erratum: On page 670, the second last sentence requires clarification: "For example, a plaintiff in a lawsuit should not disclose any expected gain until the courts settle the matter." Contingent gains like this can be disclosed if the settlement is likely. LEVEL 2 Estimated liabilities In most cases, the amount of liabilities can be easily determined from invoices and contracts, although to whom and when the liability is due may be uncertain. Obligations may exist, however, in which the amount to be paid is uncertain. These liabilities are called estimated liabilities. Estimated liabilities include product warranty liabilities and income taxes payable, which are explained on pages Contingent liabilities Contingencies are uncertainties as to possible gains or losses that will be resolved in the future, when one or more events occur or fail to occur. Examples of these events include lawsuits, notes receivable discounted with recourse, and guaranteeing another company s debt. It is important to distinguish between contingent liabilities and estimated liabilities. A contingent liability may never materialize because it is contingent on the outcome of future events. In contrast, estimated liabilities are actual liabilities that will definitely occur, although the exact amount is not known with certainty.

8 8.4 Estimated and contingent liabilities Contingent liabilities may need to be recorded under some circumstances. The fulldisclosure principle requires financial statements and their accompanying footnotes to contain all relevant information about the operations and financial position of the entity. Therefore, an indication of any contingent liability that would have a material effect is required, and it is typically disclosed by footnotes. Exhibit on page 670 clearly summarizes these disclosure requirements. Note that the illustration includes three primary categories of contingent liabilities compared to two noted on page 669. The addition is the category of contingent liabilities that is likely to become payable but the amount cannot reasonably be estimated. Disclosure for this type of possibility is required in the notes to the financial statements. Textbook activities Checkpoint Questions 7 and 8 on page 667, question 9 on page 668, and questions 10 and 11 on page 670 (Solutions on page 671) Quick Study to on pages (Solutions) Demonstration Problem on pages

9 8.5 Bonds payable and other long-term liabilities 8.5 Bonds payable and other long-term liabilities Learning objective Describe the various characteristics of different bonds. (Level 2) Required reading Chapter 17, pages and 860 (Level 2) Chapter 17, pages , "Installment Notes, Mortgage Notes, and Lease Liabilities" (Level 3) LEVEL 2 Bonds payable Bonds payable are one manner in which large corporations and governments borrow money for longer periods of time. 1 The minimum amount of a bond issue is normally $100 million. The issue is then apportioned and sold in smaller quantities to many different lenders (investors). As such, the issuer of the bond (such as General Motors) is borrowing directly from the investing public. This contrasts sharply with a note payable, which is borrowed from one creditor, such as a bank. The bond is a form of note. This note is a legal contract to pay monies in the future that sets out the terms (the bond indenture) of the loan. The indenture typically includes the principal amount to be repaid and the date of payment, the interest rate and the frequency of payment, the security pledged (if any), undertakings of the issuer (known as restrictive covenants), and any other unique features. The text (pages ) provides a comprehensive coverage on bonds, including the advantages and disadvantages of borrowing in this manner, the types of bonds that are commonly sold, how bonds are sold (issued), and some pricing terminology. Note that the convention for quoting bond prices is as a percentage of face value, but that the percent sign is typically omitted. Thus, if you buy a $1,000 bond at 98, this means that you pay $980 or 98% of the par value of the bond. Bonds are one form of long-term indebtedness. There are many others including some bank loans, interest-bearing long-term notes (see text page 860), and leases. LEVEL 3 Other long-term liabilities The text details various other forms of long-term liabilities, including instalment notes, mortgage notes, and lease liabilities on pages Textbook activities

10 8.5 Bonds payable and other long-term liabilities Checkpoint Questions 1, 2, and 3 on page 840 (Solutions on page 866) Quick Study 17-1, 17-2, and 17-3 on page 874 (Solutions) 1 While there is no legal limitation on the minimum time to maturity of a bond, there are practical ones. Issuing bonds is an expensive process. As such, companies are loath to sell bonds for a short period of time, preferring instead to set a maturity date for periods such as 5, 10, or 15 years hence.

11 8.6 Issuing bonds at par 8.6 Issuing bonds at par Learning objective Record the issue of bonds at par. (Level 1) Required reading Chapter 17, pages LEVEL 1 At the time that bonds are authorized, a memorandum is entered in the Bonds payable account. The interest payment dates are calculated from the date printed on the bonds, not from the date the bonds are actually sold, because they may be sold at a later date. A bond dated October 1, for example, may not be sold until December 1 due to unfavourable market conditions or delays in obtaining the necessary regulatory approvals. Selling bonds at par on a stated date Study the journal entries in the example on pages 840 and 841. On January 1, the date the Barnes Corp. bonds are issued, the cash received and the bonds payable are recorded at par. Bond interest expense and cash paid are recorded on each interest payment date as illustrated for the first interest payment date on June 30, At maturity, January 1, 2031, the par value of the bonds is paid. If an enterprise closes its books between interest payment dates, an adjusting entry will be required to recognize any accrued interest expense. Selling bonds between interest dates When the bond is sold at a later date than that printed on the bond, the purchaser is required to pay any interest that has accrued on the bonds up to the date of sale. The nature of accounting for bonds issued between issue dates is detailed on pages Textbook activities Checkpoint Question 4 on page 842 (Solution on page 866) Quick Study 17-4 and 17-5 on page 875 (Solutions)

12 8.7 Time value of money 8.7 Time value of money Learning objective Describe the time value of money. (Level 2) Textbook erratum: On page 869, the second table incorrectly has the same heading as the first table and reads: Table 17A.1: Present Value of 1 Due in n Periods. It should read: Table 17A.2: Present Value of an Annuity of 1 per n Periods. Required reading Chapter 17, pages Appendix 17A, page 869 Reading 8-1: Present and future values Note: In this module, the solutions to numerical computations are demonstrated using the most common format of data entry for financial calculators. The method of input may differ slightly across brands and models of calculators. Always refer to your owner s manual for specific instructions. This module introduces the following abbreviations: PV present value FV future value PMT the amount of the annuity payment I the interest rate per period N the number of periods PV, FV, PMT, I, or N =? you should solve for the desired variable? = a number the displayed solution Financial calculators generally use the cash flow sign convention. To properly use this

13 8.7 Time value of money convention, you must first determine if the problem is an investment or a loan. An investment will have the initial cash flow as a negative amount because it is an amount paid for the investment. The reverse is true of a loan. So when using a financial calculator, enter a cash outflow as a negative number and a cash inflow as a positive number. LEVEL 2 For supplementary material on present and future values, refer to Reading 8-1. From an accounting perspective, liabilities are initially valued at the present value of the future payment stream. In practice, this is how financial instruments, such as bonds, are valued in the marketplace by investors. When a company issues (sells) a bond, the price it receives is what investors determine that the future payments, consisting of the interest payments over time and the return of principal at maturity, is worth to them, given their alternatives for investing in the financial marketplace. Bond pricing using present value techniques is covered on pages and is supplemented below. Would you rather have a dollar now or a dollar next year? $1 today is worth more than $1 at a later date because the $1 today (the present value) could be invested to grow to a larger sum (the future value). This concept is known as the time value of money. From a bond pricing perspective, we are interested in the present value (what something is worth in today s terms) of the future value (the amount that we will actually receive at a later date) of the payment stream. Single payments Present value of a single amount For a single payment, such as the maturity value of the bond, the relationship between present value (PV) and future value (FV) is expressed as: where PV = FV/(1 + i) n i = interest rate n = number of periods Annuities Present value of an annuity An annuity is a series of equal amounts to be received at equal periodic intervals. For a series of payments, such as the interest payments on a bond, the relationship between the present value of the annuity (PVA) and the periodic payments (PMT) is expressed as PVA = PMT{[1 (1/(1+ i) n ]/i}

14 8.7 Time value of money where i = interest rate n = number of periods PMT = periodic payments Note that to value a bond, two components need to be assessed separately the value of the lump-sum payment at the maturity of the bond and the value of the periodic interest payments. Note: The PV tables in Appendix 17A on page 869 as well as the formula and calculator modes refer to the number of periods and the interest rate per period. The period may or may not be a year. This is important because bonds typically pay interest semi-annually. Therefore, the number of years to maturity needs to be expressed as the number of periods to maturity, the interest rate per year as an interest rate per period, and the interest payment as an interest payment per period. Computing present values using the table method and the calculator method To demonstrate both methods, assume Tech Inc. had an 8%, $600,000 bond available for issue on October 1, 2011, due in four years. Interest at the rate of 4% is to be paid semiannually. Calculate the issue price (the PV) assuming the market interest rate is 6%. Table method Table 17A.1 on page 869 of the text is used when you want to calculate the present value of a single payment; Table 17A.2 is used when you want to calculate the present value of an ordinary annuity. These are the steps to follow when using the table method: 1. There are two cash flows: the principal or lump sum of $600,000 plus the interest annuity. The PV of the principal will be calculated first. Determine the correct table to use: PV of 1, Table 17A.1 on page Determine the interest rate per period (6% annually/2 = 3% semi-annually). Locate this amount in the first row: 3%. 3. Determine the number of periods (4 years 2 payments per year = 8 periods). Locate this amount in the first column: Find the intersect of the specified rate and number of periods and note the number: This is the factor for $1. 5. Multiply the factor of $1 by the value of concern. This yields the solution: $600, = $473, Second, the PV of the interest annuity is calculated by determining the correct table to use: PV of an Annuity of 1 per n Periods, Table 17A.2 on page Determine the interest rate per period (6% annually/2 = 3% semi-annually). Locate this amount in the first row: 3%. 8. Determine the number of periods (4 years 2 payments per year = 8 periods).

15 8.7 Time value of money Locate this amount in the first column: Find the intersect of the specified rate and number of periods and note the number: This is the factor for $ Multiply the factor of $1 by the interest annuity per period ($600,000 4% = $24,000 interest per semi-annual period). This yields the solution: $24, = 168, The total PV is $642,112.80, the sum of $473,640 + $168, This process is summarized as follows: Cash flow Table Table value Amount Present value Par value 17A $600,000 $473, Interest (annuity) 17A , , Total $642, Calculator method Using the same information provided above, the calculations will be repeated using the calculator method. First, confirm that you are in financial mode and that you have fully cleared all the mode registers. Then enter the following data: Future value (FV) Number of periods (N) 8 Payment amount (PMT) Interest rate (I) 3 PV =?? = 642,

16 8.8 Issuing bonds at a discount and premium 8.8 Issuing bonds at a discount and premium Learning objective Calculate the price of bonds issued at either a discount or a premium, and describe their effects on the issuer s financial statements. (Level 1) Required reading Chapter 17, pages "Issuing Bonds at a Discount" and "Issuing Bonds at a Premium" (Level 1) Chapter 17, pages "Amortizing a Bond Discount" and pages (not examinable) LEVEL 1 Bonds sold at a discount If the contract rate on the bond is less than the prevailing market rate, the bonds will sell at a discount, that is, for less than their face value. Accounting for bonds sold at a discount is covered on pages LEVEL 1 Bonds sold at a premium When the market rate of interest is less than the contract rate stated on the bond, the cash received will exceed the face value. This excess (called bond premium) is recorded as a credit, thus increasing the carrying value of the liability. Accounting for bonds sold at a premium is explained on pages Textbook activities Checkpoint Question 5 on page 844, questions 6 and 7 on page 849, and question 10 on page 854 (Solutions on page 866) Quick Study 17-6 and 17-7 on page 875 (Solutions) Mid-Chapter Demonstration Problem, Parts 1 and 2 only, on pages

17 8.9 Retiring bonds 8.9 Retiring bonds Learning objective Record the retirement of bonds. (Level 2) Required reading Chapter 17, pages LEVEL 2 Retiring bonds Bonds providing for early redemption at the issuing corporation s option are callable bonds. If interest rates fall, the company can repurchase the bond and finance the cash redemption by issuing new bonds at a lower interest rate. The text suggests that even if bonds are not callable, the issuing corporation can retire its bonds by purchasing them in the open market. While true, there would be no benefit to doing so if they had to finance the purchase by issuing new bonds. This aspect of bonds is beyond the scope of this course; it is dealt with in FN2. Any remaining discount or premium account must be brought up to date and closed as part of the retirement entry as illustrated in the example on page 855. Textbook activities Checkpoint Question 14 on page 856 (Solution on page 866) Quick Study and on page 878 (Solutions)

18 Module summary Module 8 summary Current and long-term liabilities Define liabilities, explain the difference between current and long-term liabilities, and describe the uncertainties related to some liabilities. Current liabilities are due within one year of the balance sheet date or within one operating cycle, whichever is longer. The liquidation of current liabilities requires the use of existing assets or the creation of other current liabilities. Long-term liabilities do not have to be paid within one year or one operating cycle. In many cases, the amount of liabilities can be easily determined from invoices and contracts, although to whom and when the liability is due may be uncertain. Obligations may exist, however, in which the amount to be paid is uncertain, for example, product warranties and income taxes payable. Identify and describe known (determinable) liabilities. A liability is definite when you know the answer to all three of these questions: Who will be paid? When is payment due? How much will be paid? Short-term notes payable are an example of a known liability. Record and report short-term notes payable. Short-term notes payable are recorded at their face amount when the stated interest rates of the note are a reasonable approximation of the current market rates of interest. When the note is non-interest-bearing, or the stated rate of interest does not reflect the current market rate, the note is recorded at its present value. Record and report estimated liabilities such as warranties and income taxes, and report contingent liabilities. When the amount to be paid is not precisely known, the obligation is called an estimated liability. A liability is established based on our best estimate of the amount to be actually paid. When more information becomes available, the liabilities are adjusted to reflect the amount actually owing. Describe the various characteristics of different bonds.

19 Module summary Serial bonds are bonds that mature at different dates with the result that the entire debt is repaid gradually over a number of years. Registered bonds are bonds whose ownership is recorded by the issuing company. Cheques for interest payments are mailed to the registered owner. Bearer bonds are not registered and the holder, or bearer, of the bond is presumed to be the rightful owner. Coupon bonds are bonds that have interest coupons attached to the bond certificate and do not require that ownership be recorded. When interest is due, the coupons are detached and presented by the bearer for payment. Debenture bonds are unsecured bonds that are supported by only the general credit standing of the issuer. Secured bonds are bonds backed by collateral to protect bondholders in case of default. Callable bonds are bonds that give the borrower the right to redeem the bond at a fixed price prior to maturity. A call provision usually requires the borrower to pay a call premium in addition to the face value of the bond as a penalty for depriving the lender of the right to earn the full interest payments. Record the issue of bonds at par. When bonds are issued for an amount that equals the contract rate, the cash proceeds will equal the face amount of the bond. The Bonds payable account is credited for the par value of the bonds and the Cash account is debited for the sales proceeds. If the market rate for a corporation s bonds is more than the contract rate, the bonds will sell at a discount. When sold at a discount, the Bonds payable account is credited for the par value of the bonds and the difference between the cash proceeds and the par value is debited to Discount on bonds payable. Each time interest is paid, the discount is amortized, the effect being to increase interest expense. If the market rate for a corporation s bonds is less than the contract rate, the bonds will sell at a premium. When sold at a premium, the Bonds payable account is credited for the par value of the bonds and the difference between the cash proceeds and the par value is credited to Premium on bonds payable. Each time interest is paid, the discount is amortized, the effect being to decrease interest expense. Describe the time value of money. A present value is the amount that you need to invest today at the market rate of interest to receive a specified sum at a future date. The present value of a series of payments is the sum of the present values of each payment. A bond embodies two financial instruments: the series of interest payments and the lump-sum payment of the face value at maturity. The present value of a bond is the sum of the value of the two components. They are determined by discounting the series of interest payments and the face value to be received at maturity by the market rate of interest.

20 Module summary Calculate the price of bonds issued at either a discount or a premium, and describe their effects on the issuer s financial statements. If a company issues a $1,000 bond that offers a coupon rate that is less/more than the prevailing market rate, the bond will sell for less/more than $1,000. Investors will pay an amount equal to the present value of the bonds so that they will earn the same return available to them on comparable investments. The face value of the bond less/plus the discount/premium is called the carrying value of the bond. Record the retirement of bonds. Companies sometimes retire their bonds before maturity through open market purchases or exercising a call feature. At the time of retirement, the liability and any remaining discount or premium is removed from the books. The cash outflow from the purchase of the bonds is recorded and compared to the carrying value to determine any gain or loss.

21 Self-test Module 8 Self-test Question 1 Exercise 17-17, page 881 Solution Question 2 Exercise 13-3, pages Solution Question 3 Exercise 17-25, page 883 Solution Question 4 Problem 13-3B, page 688 Solution Question 5 Problem 17-1B, page 889 Solution Question 6 Problem 13-1B, page 687 Solution Complete the Mini Cases to develop your analytic and decision-making skills. Remember the suggested solution is just a guide; there is not a single right answer. Use your own judgement. Refer to the Critical Thinking Model in the front cover of your textbook. Question 7 Critical Thinking Mini Case, Chapter 13, page 691

22 Self-test Solution Question 8 Critical Thinking Mini Case, Chapter 17, page 894 Solution

23 Test your knowledge Module 8 Test your knowledge a. Which of the following statements best describes liabilities? 1. Future obligations for future payments likely to result from future transactions 2. Present obligations for future payments that result from past transactions 3. Past obligations that arose out of past transactions that are paid already 4. Present payments for obligations that might arise from future transactions b. Which of the following statements about carrying value is true? 1. The carrying value of a bond equals its face value plus the discount. 2. The carrying value of a bond equals its face value minus the premium. 3. The carrying value of a bond equals its face value minus the discount. 4. The carrying value of a bond is not affected by the discount or premium. c. Juanita Corporation sold $500,000 of 8%, 7-year bonds at par on April 1, The bonds were dated January 1, 2011 and pay interest semiannually. What is the interest expense for the year ended December 31, 2011? 1. $10, $20, $30, $40,000 d. On January 1, 2011, FNEDC Global Inc. issued 3-year, 7.5% bonds for $20 million, at a premium of $800,000. The bonds pay interest semiannually. On December 31, 2011, the market interest rate increased to 8%, thus making the bond coupon interest rate lower than the current market rate. Which of the following statements best describes the effect on bonds payable and the related accounts on December 31, 2011? 1. On December 31, 2011, the entire premium account will be written off and a bond discount account will be created to reflect the decrease in market value. 2. On December 31, 2011, the entire premium account will decrease in market value. 3. There will be no change in the premium account and it will be $800,000 on December 31, There will be no change in the bonds payable account on December 31, e. Beta Capital Inc. issued $80 million of 4% 10-year coupon bonds to yield 5%. The bonds pay interest quarterly. What is the issue price of the bonds? Solutions 1. $48,673, $73,734, $73,822, $86,566,937

24 Example 8-1 Example 8-1 Assume that you borrowed $10,000 from the bank yesterday. The loan, together with interest at 6% per annum, is to be repaid in one month s time. Is this a liability? In comparing the underlying circumstances to the characteristics, note that 1. you have an obligation to transfer assets (cash) at a determinable date (one month from now); 2. you have little discretion to avoid payment. If you choose not to pay the bank back, it has the right to pursue legal action to enforce payment of the debt; and 3. the transaction has already occurred as you borrowed the money yesterday. Because all three criteria are met, the bank loan is a liability. Note that this is an and situation that is, all three criteria must be met for the item to be classified as a liability. In the example, if you intend to borrow the money one week from now, only two of the criteria are met the transaction has not yet occurred, and as such, you have not yet incurred a liability.

25 IV - 1 Appendix IV Present and Future Values A P P E N D I X IV Learning Objectives LO 1 LO 2 LO 3 LO 4 LO 5 Describe the earning of interest and the concepts of present and future values. Apply present value concepts to a single amount by using interest tables. Apply future value concepts to a single amount by using interest tables. Apply present value concepts to an annuity by using interest tables. Apply future value concepts to an annuity by using interest tables. Present and Future Values Appendix Preview The concepts of present value are described and applied in Chapter 17. This appendix helps to supplement that discussion with added explanations, illustrations, computations, present value tables, and additional assignments. We also give attention to illustrations, definitions, and computations of future values. Present and Future Value Concepts LO 1 Describe the earning of interest and the concepts of present and future values. There s an old saying, time is money. This saying reflects the notion that as time passes, the assets and liabilities we hold are changing. This change is due to interest. Interest is the payment to the owner of an asset for its use by a borrower. The most common example of this type of asset is a savings account. As we keep a balance of cash in our accounts, it earns interest that is paid to us by the financial institution. An example of a liability is a car loan. As we carry the balance of the loan, we accumulate interest costs on this debt. We must ultimately repay this loan with interest. Present and future value computations are a way for us to estimate the interest component of holding assets or liabilities over time. The present value of an amount applies when we either lend or borrow an asset that must be repaid in full at some future date, and we want to know its worth today. The future value of an amount applies when we either lend or borrow an asset that must be repaid in full at some future date, and we want to know its worth at a future date. The first section focuses on the present value of a single amount. Later sections focus on the future value of a single amount, and then both present and future values of a series of amounts (or annuity).

26 Appendix IV Present and Future Values IV - 2 Present Value of a Single Amount We graphically express the present value (p) of a single future amount (f) received or paid at a future date in Exhibit IV.1. f Time p Today Future Exhibit IV.1 Present Value of a Single Amount The formula to compute the present value of this single amount is shown in Exhibit IV.2 where: p present value; ƒ future value; i rate of interest per period; and n number of periods. LO 2 Apply present value concepts to a single amount by using interest tables. f p (1 i) n Exhibit IV.2 Present Value of a Single Amount Formula To illustrate the application of this formula, let s assume we need $220 one period from today. We want to know how much must be invested now, for one period, at an interest rate of 10% to provide for this $ For this illustration the p, or present value, is the unknown amount. In particular, the present and future values, along with the interest rate, are shown graphically as: f $220 (i 0.10) p? Conceptually, we know p must be less than $220. This is obvious from the answer to the question: Would we rather have $220 today or $220 at some future date? If we had $220 today, we could invest it and see it grow to something more than $220 in the future. Therefore, if we were promised $220 in the future, we would take less than $220 today. But how much less? To answer that question we can compute an estimate of the present value of the $220 to be received one period from now using the formula in Exhibit IV.2 as: f $220 p (1 i) n (1.10) 1 $200 1 Interest is also called a discount, and an interest rate is also called a discount rate.

27 IV - 3 Appendix IV Present and Future Values This means we are indifferent between $200 today or $220 at the end of one period. We can also use this formula to compute the present value for any number of periods. To illustrate this computation, we consider a payment of $242 at the end of two periods at 10% interest. The present value of this $242 to be received two periods from now is computed as: f $242 p (1 i) n (1.10) 2 $200 These results tells us we are indifferent between $200 today, or $220 one period from today, or $242 two periods from today. The number of periods (n) in the present value formula does not have to be expressed in years. Any period of time such as a day, a month, a quarter, or a year can be used. But, whatever period is used, the interest rate (i) must be compounded for the same period. This means if a situation expresses n in months, and i equals 12% per year, then we can assume 1% of an amount invested at the beginning of each month is earned in interest per month and added to the investment. In this case, interest is said to be compounded monthly. A present value table helps us with present value computations. It gives us present values for a variety of interest rates (i) and a variety of periods (n). Each present value in a present value table assumes the future value (f) is 1. When the future value (f) is different than 1, we can simply multiply present value (p) by that future amount to give us our estimate. The formula used to construct a table of present values of a single future amount of 1 is shown in Exhibit IV.3. Exhibit IV.3 Present Value of 1 Formula 1 p (1 i) n This formula is identical to that in Exhibit IV.2 except that f equals 1. Table IV.1 at the end of this appendix is a present value table for a single future amount. It is often called a present value of 1 table. A present value table involves three factors 2 : p, i, and n. Knowing two of these three factors allows us to compute the third. To illustrate, consider the three possible cases. Case 1 (solve for p when knowing i and n). Our example above is a case in which we need to solve for p when knowing i and n. To illustrate how we use a present value table, let s again look at how we estimate the present value of $220 (f) at the end of one period (n) where the interest rate (i) is 10%. To answer this we go to the present value table (Table IV.1) and look in the row for 1 period and in the column for 10% interest. Here we find a present value (p) of based on a future value of 1. This means, for instance, that $1 to be received 1 period from today at 10% interest is worth $ today. Since the future value is not $1, but is $220, we multiply the by $220 to get an answer of $ A fourth is f, but as we already explained, we need only multiple the 1 used in the formula by f.

28 Appendix IV Present and Future Values IV - 4 Case 2 (solve for n when knowing p and i). This is a case in which we have, say, a $100,000 future value (f) valued at $13,000 today (p) with an interest rate of 12% (i). In this case we want to know how many periods (n) there are between the present value and the future value. A case example is when we want to retire with $100,000, but have only $13,000 earning a 12% return. How long will it be before we can retire? To answer this we go to Table IV.1 and look in the 12% interest column. Here we find a column of present values (p) based on a future value of 1. To use the present value table for this solution, we must divide $13,000 (p) by $100,000 (f), which equals This is necessary because a present value table defines f equal to 1, and p as a fraction of 1. We look for a value nearest to (p), which we find in the row for 18 periods (n). This means the present value of $100,000 at the end of 18 periods at 12% interest is $13,000 or, alternatively stated, we must work 18 more years. Case 3 (solve for i when knowing p and n). This is a case where we have, say, a $120,000 future value (f) valued at $60,000 (p) today when there are nine periods (n) between the present and future values. Here we want to know what rate of interest is being used. As an example, suppose we want to retire with $120,000, but we only have $60,000 and hope to retire in nine years. What interest rate must we earn to retire with $120,000 in nine years? To answer this we go to the present value table (Table IV.1) and look in the row for nine periods. To again use the present value table we must divide $60,000 (p) by $120,000 (f), which equals Recall this is necessary because a present value table defines f equal to 1, and p as a fraction of 1. We look for a value in the row for nine periods that is nearest to (p), which we find in the column for 8% interest (i). This means the present value of $120,000 at the end of nine periods at 8% interest is $60,000 or, in our example, we must earn 8% annual interest to retire in nine years. 1. A company is considering an investment expected to yield $70,000 after six years. If this company demands an 8% return, how much is it willing to pay for this investment? back Answers p. IV-9 Future Value of a Single Amount We use the formula for the present value of a single amount and modify it to obtain the formula for the future value of a single amount. To illustrate, we multiply both sides of the equation in Exhibit IV.2 by (1 i) n. The result is shown in Exhibit IV.4. f p (1 i) n Future value (f) is defined in terms of p, i, and n. We can use this formula to determine that $200 invested for 1 period at an interest rate of 10% increases to a future value of $220 as follows: f p (1 i) n $200 (1.10) 1 $220 LO 3 Apply future value concepts to a single amount by using interest tables. Exhibit IV.4 Future Value of a Single Amount Formula

29 IV - 5 Appendix IV Present and Future Values This formula can also be used to compute the future value of an amount for any number of periods into the future. As an example, assume $200 is invested for three periods at 10%. The future value of this $200 is $ and is computed as: f p (1 i) n $200 (1.10) 3 $ It is also possible to use a future value table to compute future values (f) for many combinations of interest rates (i) and time periods (n). Each future value in a future value table assumes the present value (p) is 1. As with a present value table, if the future amount is something other than 1, we simply multiply our answer by that amount. The formula used to construct a table of future values of a single amount of 1 is shown in Exhibit IV.5. Exhibit IV.5 Future Value of 1 Formula f (1 i) n Table IV.2 at the end of this appendix shows a table of future values of a single amount of 1. This type of table is called a future value of 1 table. It is interesting to point out some items in Tables IV.1 and IV.2. Note in Table IV.2, for the row where n 0, that the future value is 1 for every interest rate. This is because no interest is earned when time does not pass. Also notice that Tables IV.1 and IV.2 report the same information in a different manner. In particular, one table is simply the inverse of the other. To illustrate this inverse relation let s say we invest $100 for a period of five years at 12% per year. How much do we expect to have after five years? We can answer this question using Table IV.2 by finding the future value (f) of 1, for five periods from now, compounded at 12%. From the table we find f If we start with $100, the amount it accumulates to after five years is $ ($ ). We can alternatively use Table IV.1. Here we find the present value (p) of 1, discounted five periods at 12%, is Recall the inverse relation between present value and future value. 3 This means p 1/f (or equivalently f 1/p). Knowing this we can compute the future value of $100 invested for five periods at 12% as: f $100 (1 / ) $ A future value table involves three factors: f, i, and n. Knowing two of these three factors allows us to compute the third. To illustrate, consider the three possible cases. Case 1 (solve for f when knowing i and n). Our example above is a case in which we need to solve for f when knowing i and n. We found that $100 invested for five periods at 12% interest accumulates to $ Case 2 (solve for n when knowing f and i). This is a case where we have, say, $2,000 (p) and we want to know how many periods (n) it will take to accumulate 3 Proof of this relation is left for advanced courses.

30 Appendix IV Present and Future Values IV - 6 to $3,000 (f) at 7% (i) interest. To answer this, we go to the future value table (Table IV.2) and look in the 7% interest column. Here we find a column of future values (f) based on a present value of 1. To use a future value table, we must divide $3,000 (f) by $2,000 (p), which equals This is necessary because a future value table defines p equal to 1, and f as a multiple of 1. We look for a value nearest to 1.50 (f), which we find in the row for six periods (n). This means $2,000 invested for six periods at 7% interest accumulates to $3,000. Case 3 (solve for i when knowing f and n). This is a case where we have, say, $2,001 (p) and in nine years (n) we want to have $4,000 (f). What rate of interest must we earn to accomplish this? To answer this, we go to Table IV.2 and search in the row for nine periods. To use a future value table, we must divide $4,000 (f) by $2,001 (p), which equals Recall this is necessary because a future value table defines p equal to 1, and f as a multiple of 1. We look for a value nearest to (f), which we find in the column for 8% interest (i). This means $2,001 invested for nine periods at 8% interest accumulates to $4, Assume you are a winner in a $150,000 cash sweepstakes. You decide to deposit this cash in an account earning 8% annual interest and you plan to quit your job when the account equals $555,000. How many years will it be before you can quit working? Answers p. IV-9 back Present Value of an Annuity An annuity is a series of equal payments occurring at equal intervals. One example is a series of three annual payments of $100 each. The present value of an ordinary annuity is defined as the present value of equal payments at equal intervals as of one period before the first payment. An ordinary annuity of $100 and its present value (p) is illustrated in Exhibit IV.6. LO 4 Apply present value concepts to an annuity by using interest tables. $100 $100 $100 Time p Today Future (n 1) Future (n 2) Future (n 3) Exhibit IV.6 Present Value of an Ordinary Annuity One way for us to compute the present value of an ordinary annuity is to find the present value of each payment using our present value formula from Exhibit IV.3. We then would add up each of the three present values. To illustrate, let s look at three, $100 payments at the end of each of the next three periods with an interest rate of 15%. Our present value computations are: p $100 $100 $100 (1.15) 1 (1.15) 2 (1.15) 3 $ This computation also is identical to computing the present value of each payment (from Table IV.1) and taking their sum or, alternatively, adding the values from Table IV.1 for each of the three payments and multiplying their sum by the $100 annuity payment.

31 IV - 7 Appendix IV Present and Future Values A more direct way is to use a present value of annuity table. Table IV.3 at the end of this appendix is one such table. If we look at Table IV.3 where n 3 and i 15%, we see the present value is This means the present value of an annuity of 1 for 3 periods, with a 15% interest rate, is A present value of annuity formula is used to construct Table IV.3. It can also be constructed by adding the amounts in a present value of 1 table. 4 To illustrate, we use Tables IV.1 and IV.3 to confirm this relation for the prior example. From Table IV.1 From Table IV.3 i 15%, n i 15%, n i 15%, n Total i 15%, n We can also use business calculators or spreadsheet computer programs to find the present value of an annuity. back Answers p. IV-9 3. A company is considering an investment paying $10,000 every six months for three years. The first payment would be received in six months. If this company requires an annual return of 8%, what is the maximum amount they are willing to invest? Future Value of an Annuity We can also compute the future value of an annuity. The future value of an ordinary annuity is the accumulated value of each annuity payment with interest as of the date of the final payment. To illustrate, let s consider the earlier annuity of three annual payments of $100. Exhibit IV.7 shows the point in time for the future value (f). The first payment is made two periods prior to the point where future value is determined, and the final payment occurs on the future value date. LO 5 Exhibit IV.7 Future Value of an Ordinary Annuity Apply future value concepts to an annuity by using interest tables. $100 $100 $100 Time f Today Future (n 1) Future (n 2) Future (n 3) One way to compute the future value of an annuity is to use the formula to find the future value of each payment and add them together. If we assume an interest rate of 15%, our calculation is: f $100 (1.15) 2 $100 (1.15) 1 $100 (1.15) 0 $ (1 i) 4 n The formula for the present value of an annuity of 1 is: p i