FATCA Regulations Training Session #3

Transcription

1 Transaction Services July 2013 FATCA Regulations Training Session #3 Update on Changes to New Account Due Diligence Based on Final Regulations Debbie Mercer-Miller Director and U.S. Securities Country Manager Nicole Tanguy Director and Corporate Tax Counsel Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

2 Table of Contents 1. FATCA Statuses 2 2. Account Onboarding Procedures 8 3. Validity Periods Document Specifications 45 1 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

3 1. FATCA Statuses

4 Basic Principles For new accounts opened on/after January 1, 2014, a withholding agent must: Identify the payee Determine the FATCA status of the payee based on documentation If no appropriate documentation is provided, apply the presumptions to determine the payee s FATCA status Manage changes in circumstances For FFIs that maintain financial accounts, all payees, both individual and entity, will have a FATCA status. For USFIs, all entity payees will have a FATCA status. Individuals will not be subject to FATCA withholding; however, they still must be classified as U.S. or non- U.S. persons. The FATCA status of the payee will determine whether or not a payment is subject to FATCA withholding 3 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

5 Determining Who is the Payee General Rule: The payee is the person to whom a payment is made, whether or not that person is the beneficial owner Example: The holder of a financial account is the payee Exceptions: If the account holder is a foreign agent or intermediary, treat the person on whose behalf the agent/intermediary collects the payment as the payee, unless The agent/intermediary is a QI that assumed primary withholding responsibility, Or Is a U.S. branch of a foreign bank that is treated as a U.S. person (i.e., has certified it will perform withholding when required) If the account holder is a foreign flow-through entity Treat the partner, beneficiary or owner as the payee (looking through all flowthrough entities), unless The flow-through entity is an NPFFI, a WP or WT, an excepted NFFE or is receiving effectively connected income 4 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

6 Additional Exceptions If the account holder is a U.S. intermediary or an agent of a foreign person, Treat the foreign person as the payee, unless the intermediary is a U.S. financial institution If the account holder is a disregarded entity (i.e., an entity that is disregarded as separate from its single owner) Treat the single owner as the payee A U.S. branch of a foreign bank that is treated as a U.S. person (a certified participating FFI or registered deemed-compliant FFI that acts as an intermediary and agrees to perform withholding) is a payee A foreign branch of a U.S. bank is treated as a U.S. payee, unless The branch is a QI, then the branch is treated as an FFI 5 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

7 Individual U.S. Tax Statuses An individual is foreign person only if he/she cannot be identified as a U.S. person U.S. person U.S. citizen (by birth or naturalization). A dual citizen where one country of citizenship is the U.S. Non-U.S. citizen that is a U.S. permanent resident (i.e. green card holder). Non-U.S. citizen with substantial presence in U.S. (greater than 183 days). 31 days during current calendar year, AND 183 days during 3-year period including current year and 2 prior years All of the days present during current calendar year. 1/3 days present during 1 year before current year. 1/6 days present during 2 years before current year. 6 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

8 Recalcitrant Individuals FATCA withholding applies only to accounts of individuals maintained by PFFIs. Recalcitrant payee: any individual that fails to comply with a request for documentation or information required to determine whether the account is a U.S. account A U.S. person who fails to provide valid Form W-9 or waiver (if required under local law to permit reporting). An individual fails to provide required documentation in response to B Notice (incorrect TIN notice). Individual failing to provide appropriate cure documentation when U.S. indicia is identified on an account. 7 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

9 FFI FATCA Statuses Foreign Financial Institutions Participating FFIs (PFFIs). Non-participating FFIs (NPFFIs). Registered Deemed Compliant FFIs (RDCFFIs). Includes Model 1 Reporting FFIs, Local FFIs, Qualified Collective Investment Vehicles, Restricted Funds, Non-Reporting Member of PFFI Group, Qualified Credit Card Issuers, and Sponsored Investment Entities. Certified Deemed Compliant FFIs (CDCFFIs). Includes Non-registering Local Banks, FFIs with Low-Value Accounts, Sponsored Closely-Held Investment Vehicles, Owner-Documented FFIs, and Limited Life Debt Investment Entities (transitional rule). Territory FFIs. 8 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

10 Other Entity FATCA Statuses Exempt Beneficial Owners (EBOs) Includes Exempt Beneficial Owners per Model 1 or Model 2 IGAs, Foreign Governments, Government of U.S. Territories, International Organizations, Foreign Central Banks, Retirement Funds, and Entities Wholly Owned by Exempt Beneficial Owners. Non-financial Foreign Entities (NFFEs) Includes non-financial group entities, non-financial start-up entities, entities in bankruptcy or liquidation, Section 501(c) organization, non-profit organization, publicly traded corporation, affiliate of a publicly traded corporation, territory NFFEs, active NFFEs, and passive NFFEs. A PFFI is required to treat a passive NFFE which fails to either certify that it has no substantial U.S. owners or provide detail on those substantial U.S. owners as a recalcitrant account holder. 9 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

11 2. Account On-boarding Procedures

12 Due Diligence Process Step 1: Document Payee. Step 2: Validate Documentation. Step 3: Verify Chapter 4 FATCA Status. Step 4: Manage Changes in Circumstance. Step 5: Apply Presumptions in Absence of Valid Tax Documentation. 11 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

13 Step 1: Document Payee Obtain the appropriate documentation from each payee. For onshore accounts: Obtain Form W-9 or Form W-8. For offshore accounts: Relaxed documentation rules may apply. Obtain Forms W-8 / W-9, documentary evidence, written statements, or self-certifications. CAUTION: Forms W-8 remain the only way to make a claim for reduced withholding pursuant to a treaty under Chapter 3 U.S. non-resident reporting and withholding. Do not become FATCA compliant at the expense of becoming non-compliant with existing regulatory regimes. Alternative documentation collected for offshore accounts or offshore payments may not be relied upon for payments made to accounts maintained in the United States 12 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

14 U.S. Persons Treat payee as a U.S. person if a valid Form W-9 is provided For new accounts, the Form W-9, as revised for FATCA, must be provided. This Form is expected during the second half of calendar year A PFFI must treat a payee providing a valid Form W-9 as a specified U.S. person unless the Form W-9 indicates that the payee is other than a specified U.S. person. If a PFFI knows or has reason to know a payee s claim of status as other than a specified U.S. person is incorrect, must treat payee as a specified U.S. person subject to FATCA reporting e.g., an individual is always a specified U.S. person. If withholding agent is a Model 1 / Model 2 FFI, can treat payee as a U.S. person based on self certification, and must obtain U.S. TIN. For ease of administration and consistency, Citi will likely require Form W-9 globally from all U.S. persons 13 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

15 Specified U.S. Persons Specified U.S. persons is any person OTHER THAN: A publicly traded corporation or member of its expanded affiliated group; Organization exempt from tax under Section 501(a) or an individual retirement plan; The U.S., the District of Columbia, any state, any U.S. territory, any political subdivision the foregoing, or any wholly-owned agency or instrumentality thereof; Banks; REITS; RICs, Common trust fund or trust exempt from tax; A U.S. registered dealer in securities, commodities or derivatives; or A broker. Above list is similar to list of exempt recipients used to identify persons exempt from Form 1099 reporting, except that certain private corporations are specified U.S. persons 14 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

16 Waiver If foreign law will prevent a participating FFI from complying with FFI reporting requirements for U.S. persons absent a waiver, the FFI must request a waiver. If payee does not provide the waiver, participating FFI is required to treat the account as recalcitrant or nonparticipating. If waiver not obtained in reasonable amount of time, FFI is required to CLOSE the account. 15 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

17 Non-U.S. Persons Treat as a non-u.s. person if the payee provides: A valid Form W-8. Required for payments made onshore or to onshore accounts Alternative documentation may be permitted (but may not be practical) for offshore accounts However, certain FATCA statuses will require a Form W-8 (regardless of whether onshore or offshore obligation): CDCFFI non-registering local bank, CDCFFI low-value FFI, CDCFFI limited life debt investment entity. For offshore accounts, alternative types of documentation may be permitted a valid written statement contains the same recitals for a particular FATCA status as does a Form W-8 difficult to administer separate written statements for each FATCA status Specified types of documentary evidence. As specified in FATCA regulations to establish FATCA status, and As specified in a country attachment to a QI agreement to establish foreign status. For accounts maintained by a Model 1 Reporting FI Self certifications may be used (may be developed by local tax authorities) 16 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

18 Forms W-8 Forms W-8. Obtain Form W-8BEN-E from a non-u.s. entity that is a beneficial owner (i.e. is acting for its own account). Obtain Form W-8ECI from a non-u.s. person claiming that the U.S. source income is effectively connected with the conduct of a trade or business in the U.S. Obtain Form W-8EXP from a non-u.s. person that is a beneficial owner and that is exempt from U.S. taxation under the Internal Revenue Code (e.g. international organization, foreign government, or tax-exempt organization.). Obtain Form W-8IMY and withholding statement (if applicable) from a non-u.s. person that acts as an intermediary (e.g., QI, NQI) or an agent on behalf of another person, or is a flow thru entity (partnership, simple trust, grantor trust). 17 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

19 Written Statements Written statements can be used for offshore obligations only. A written statement is a statement made by the payee that provides the payee s FATCA status and any other information required, such as whether person receiving payment is a beneficial owner, intermediary, etc. Must include signed and dated certification that the information is accurate and will be updated within 30 days of any change in circumstance. Certification not required to be under penalties of perjury unless receiving U.S. source income. Can be obtained in any format acceptable to withholding agent including via account onboarding documentation. 18 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

20 Self-Certifications Self-certifications can only be used to document payees of IGA jurisdiction financial institutions. Open question as to whether self-certifications will evolve as a global standard, vary country to country, or even be Partner FI specific? Given only four countries have executed IGA Agreements, there has not been a considerable amount of guidance regarding self-certification. U.K. guidance indicates there will be a U.S. centric approach e.g., it is not sufficient to just indicate U.K. tax residency, payee must certify it is not a U.S. citizen or tax resident. 19 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

21 Documentary Evidence of Foreign Status Documentary evidence can be used for offshore obligations only. Documentary evidence includes: Certificate of tax residence. For individuals - valid identification issued by government body that is typically used for identification purposes. For entities documentation from government body indicating name of entity, address of principal office in country or country in which incorporated. For offshore accounts maintained in a QI jurisdiction appropriate documentary evidence pursuant to QI Agreement. For individuals with offshore accounts only - third party credit report. 20 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

22 Documentary Evidence of FATCA Status Documentary evidence can be used for offshore obligations only. General documentary evidence for entities other than PFFIs or RDCFFIs. Examples include organizational documents, financial statements, third-party credit reports, letter from government agencies, statements from government websites, etc. Payee specific documentary evidence. Examples include letter from a U.S. based auditor or attorney with that is not related to the withholding agent or payee and is subject to the authority of a regulatory body, a bankruptcy filing, corporate resolution, stock market index, etc. Documentation rules will vary depending on whether payee is receiving U.S. source or non-u.s. source income. 21 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

23 Reliance on Documentary Evidence Utilizing documentary evidence collected under AML or KYC regimes to classify a payee in lieu of a Form W-8 / W-9 or written statement can alleviate some due diligence burdens; however, it can also pose challenges for FFIs. It is considered a material failure for a PFFI to have a criminal or civil penalty or sanction imposed by a regulator or government agency based on a failure of the PFFI to comply with its AML due diligence procedures. Will existing AML processes meet requirements for ongoing verification e.g. active NFFE status requires annual verification. 22 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

24 Step 2: Validate Documentation Citi must perform due diligence to validate the payee s Form W-9, Form W-8, documentary evidence, or self-certification. This requires confirming that the documentation is complete and reviewing the documentation against all other information pertaining to the account to make sure the tax claim is consistent with the other information e.g. account on-boarding documentation, AML/KYC documentation, etc. A Form W-8 or documentary evidence that contains indicia of U.S. status is not valid unless cure documentation supports non-u.s. status. Reviewing for U.S. indicia is part of document validation; however, reviewing for U.S. indicia alone will not meet validation requirements. Clients should be aware that Citi may be required to collect additional documentation or information to support a claimed FATCA status 23 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

25 Validation Standard A payee is validly documented if it provides a valid Form W-9 or Form W-8 or other acceptable documentation. The withholding agent may rely upon claims made in the documentation, unless it knows or has reason to know that the documentation is incorrect or inconsistent with other information in the possession of the withholding agent. The payee is responsible for determining its own FATCA status. Citi may not advise the payee on what the payee s FATCA status is or should be. Citi is not in the business of giving tax advice to its clients. 24 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

26 Curing U.S. Indicia If any U.S. indicia is present, Citi must obtain the documentation required to cure the U.S. indicia. Each type of U.S. indicia that appears in account documentation must be cured. If indicia can be cured using the same documentation (e.g. Certificate of Incorporation), Citi will not need to collect such documentation twice. Citi is likely to request documentation at the time of account opening pursuant to anti-money laundering or know-your-customer laws that may be sufficient to cure U.S. indicia that may be present or added to the account, including: a Certificate of Incorporation or other formation document from entities, or an identification document, such as a passport, a national identity card or a driver s license from individuals. 25 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

27 U.S. Indicia Entity Accounts 26 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

28 Cures for U.S. Indicia Individual Accounts held by a PFFI 27 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

29 Step 3: Verifying Chapter 4 FATCA Status If an entity claims that it is a PFFI or a Registered Deemed Compliant FFI (RDCFFI), it must: Provide a GIIN, or State that a GIIN has been Applied For. Citi must obtain a GIIN from the PFFI or RDCFFI within 90 days after the claim is made. Once Citi has received the GIIN, it must validate against IRS list within 90 days of its receipt. This check must be repeated annually. Citi must validate that the PFFI or the branch submitting the form is not located within a limited jurisdiction. For payments made before January 1, 2015, a reporting Model 1 FFI may be treated as such if it provides a Form W-8 to that effect even if it does not provide a GIIN. 28 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

30 Owner Documented FFIs An owner documented FFI ( ODFFI ) is an entity primarily engaged in the business of investing or trading in securities. As a practical matter, the ODFFI will apply to closely held trusts or personal investment corporations that are professionally managed. If Citi decides to act as a withholding agent for an ODFFI, it will require the following documentation: Form W-8 or written statement (offshore obligation only) for owner documented FFI; and Documentation (either Form W-9, W-8, or documentary evidence) for all owners of the owner documented FFI. 29 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

31 Passive NFFEs Passive NFFEs are NFFEs which are not otherwise excluded from FATCA requirements. Based on the final regulations, closely held trusts or personal investment companies which are not professionally managed will be treated as passive NFFEs. Professionally managed means managed by a group or entity responsible for providing professional management or financial services. Having an individual managing investments does not meet the professionally managed threshold. In order to avoid 30% FATCA withholding, passive NFFEs must either certify that they do not have any substantial U.S. owners, or provide the name, address, taxpayer identification number, and ownership percentage of each substantial U.S. owner. 30 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

32 Passive NFFEs (cont d.) A substantial U.S. owner is generally any U.S. person owning a greater than 10% interest in the entity. However, in the case of a grantor trust, a substantial U.S. owner is any U.S. owner (e.g. even a.01% ownership interest qualifies as a substantial U.S. owner). Passive NFFEs are only required to provide identifying information on substantial U.S. owners they are not required to provide Forms W-9 or W Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

33 Step 4: Managing Changes in Circumstance A change in circumstance is any change impacting the Chapter 4 status of the payee. Withholding Agent Responsibilities: Can rely on tax certification without inquiry into changes of circumstance unless withholding agent knows or has reason to know circumstances have changed. Documentation becomes invalid as of date notified or if withholding agent has reason to know of change. CAN provide a grace period equal to the shorter of 90 days or until a withholdable payment is made to the account. May require new withholding certificate at any point regardless of knowledge or reason to know. 32 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

34 Changes in Circumstance Payee Responsibility: Must notify withholding agent within 30 days and provide new withholding certificate, written statement, and / or documentary evidence as required. Forms W-8 include this as a provision and written statements must also include this certification. 33 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

35 Step 5: Apply Presumptions Apply presumptions in the absence of valid documentation for a payee. For individuals: General rule: Presume an undocumented individual to be a U.S. person. Exception: Presume an undocumented individual to be a non-u.s. person, if payment is made outside the U.S. with respect to an offshore obligation and the withholding agent does not know the individual is a U.S. person. FATCA withholding impact: PFFI must treat undocumented individuals as recalcitrant account holders subject to 30% FATCA withholding. 34 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

36 Presumption Rule for Entities: Presume undocumented entities to be specified U.S. persons, unless an exception applies: Presume non-u.s. entity if there are foreign indicia: The withholding agent has actual knowledge of the person s EIN and that number begins with the two digits 98 ; or The withholding agent s communications with the person are mailed to an address in a foreign country; or The withholding agent has a telephone number for the person outside of the United States; or The name of the entity indicates that it is a per se foreign corporation. Presume non-u.s. entity if payment is made outside the U.S. on an offshore obligation and the withholding agent does not know the payee is a U.S. person. Presume non-u.s. entity if payment is made to an certain types of exempt recipients (e.g., corporation, foreign government, international organization, foreign central bank, securities, commodities or NPC dealer, financial institution, nominee or custodian, broker or swap dealer.). FATCA Withholding Impact: Withholding agent must treat an undocumented non-u.s. entity as an NPFFI subject to 30% FATCA withholding. 35 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

37 Modified Eyeball Test If the payment is made to an entity that: Can be identified as a certain type of exempt recipient under the eyeball test (e.g., taxexempt organization, individual retirement plan, U.S. government, state government, securities, commodities or NPC dealer, real estate investment trust, regulated investment company, common trust fund or certain tax-exempt trusts), and The withholding agent also has documentary evidence (typically an organizational document) to support the U.S. status of the account, The account will be presumed a U.S. non-specified exempt recipient. 36 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

38 3. Validity Periods

39 Validity Period of Forms W-8 Generally, a Form W-8 remains valid until the last day of the third calendar year after the year in which it is signed. The Final Regulations have introduced the concept of indefinite validity, in some circumstances. However, certain additional requirements must be met in order to grant indefinite validity and there must be ongoing monitoring for changes in circumstance. 38 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

40 Validity Period for Documentary Evidence Documentary Evidence of Foreign Status: Valid until later of last day of third calendar year following year in which provided (i.e. same as Form W-8 expiration date); OR Valid until change in circumstance makes unreliable; OR If later, the date the documentation expires. Example Passport provided as documentary evidence for Form W-8BEN expiring 12/31/2016. Passport expires 06/30/2016. Can be used as documentary evidence until 12/31/ Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

41 Indefinite Validity Period Withholding certificates, written statements, or documentary evidence, to the extent applicable, remain valid indefinitely, unless there is a change in circumstances, when provided in the following circumstances: PFFI or RDCFFI with a verified GIIN (subject to annual monitoring). Individual beneficial owner claiming foreign status if the withholding certificate is furnished with documentary evidence supporting the individual s claim of foreign status and the withholding agent does not have a current U.S. residence or U.S. mailing address for the payee and does not have one or more current U.S. telephone numbers that are the only telephone numbers the withholding agent has for the payee. 40 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

42 More Indefinite Validity A withholding certificate, written statement or documentary evidence provided for an offshore obligation by one of the following types of entities: Section 501(c) entity. Non-profit organization. Nonreporting IGA FFI. Territory financial institution that agrees to be treated as a U.S. person. NFFE the stock of which is regularly traded on an established exchange. An NFFE that is an affiliate of an NFFE the stock of which is regularly traded. An active NFFE (provided ongoing AML monitoring does not indicate the determination is incorrect). A sponsored FFI. A beneficial owner withholding certificate provided by any of the above types of entities, along with documentary evidence of foreign status, has indefinite duration for onshore obligations 41 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

43 More Indefinite Validity A intermediary, flow-through entity, or U.S. branch Form W-8 (not including the underlying documentation or withholding statement). A withholding certificate, written statement, or documentary evidence of a foreign government, central bank, international organization, or entity wholly owned by such an organization. Documentary evidence in support of that is not generally renewed or amended (e.g., certificate of incorporation). 42 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

44 Indefinite Validity for Offshore Obligations Additional Indefinite validity period rules for offshore obligations. A Form W-8BEN or documentary evidence provided by an individual claiming non-u.s. status if there is no current U.S. indicia. A withholding certificate of an ODFFI. A withholding statement of an ODFFI if the account balance is $ 1 million or less (and there are no contingent or designated classes with unidentified beneficiaries). A withholding certificate of a passive NFFE if the account balance is $ 1 million or less and the withholding agent does not know or have reason to know the entity does not have contingent beneficiaries or designated classes of beneficiaries). 43 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

45 Situations Without Indefinite Validity Indefinite validity does not currently apply to documentation obtained for purposes of Chapter 3 U.S. non-resident reporting and withholding. Indefinite validity will not apply to documentation used to claim treaty benefits on payments of U.S. source income for purposes of Chapter 3. The IRS has indicated this will NOT change as part of the coordination rules. 44 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

46 4. Document Specifications

47 Form Specifications Forms can be either official IRS forms or substitute forms which meet detailed requirements. Citi will be using official IRS tax forms and does not accept substitute forms The Final FATCA Regulations allow both Forms W-9 and Forms W-8BEN to be submitted electronically. Citi expects to establish procedures for accepting tax forms that are submitted electronically through facsimile machines or Requires being able to identify that the sender of form is the person identified on the form or an authorized representative 46 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

48 Documenting Multiple Accounts A withholding agent must collect documentation on an account-by-account basis, unless an exception applies. Citi is exploring the requirements in the Final FATCA Regulations for sharing tax documentation among multiple accounts of the same payee, including a single branch system where multiple accounts held at the same branch are treated as consolidated obligations, a universal account system where multiple accounts at different branch locations or different members of the expanded affiliated group can be retrieved systemically through the use of a customer identifier, and A shared account system where the accounts are treated as consolidated accounts and each member can easily access the information and documentation on the shared system. Each of these methods compel the sharing of all information relevant to the determination of the validity of the shared tax form, including any changes in circumstance. 47 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

49 Sunset Rule The Final FATCA Regulations contain a six-month sunset period for new tax forms; Withholding agents have six months following the issuance of a new form to transition to the new form. A withholding agent cannot accept a previous version of a form more than six months after a new form is issued. 48 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

50 Recap of Due Diligence Procedures Payee identification. Obtain tax certification, written statement, or other documentation required to meet offshore account exception. Confirm tax certification is valid. Review all account documentation for U.S. indicia. Cure U.S. indicia as applicable. Manage changes in circumstance. Maintain records in accordance with IRS requirements. 49 Important: This presentation does not constitute tax advice, but is for information purposes only.

51 IRS Circular 230 Disclosure: Citigroup Inc. and its affiliates do not provide tax or legal advice. Any discussion of tax matters in these materials (i) is not intended or written to be used, and cannot be used or relied upon, by you for the purpose of avoiding any tax penalties and (ii) may have been written in connection with the "promotion or marketing" of any transaction contemplated hereby ("Transaction"). Accordingly, you sh ou ld seek advice based on your particular circumstances from an independent tax advisor. In any instance where distribution of this communication is subject to the rules of the US Commodity Futures Trading Commission ( CFTC ), this communication constitutes an invitation to consider entering into a derivatives transaction under U.S. CFTC Regulations 1.71 and , where applicable, but is not a binding offer to buy/sell any financial instrument. However, this is not a recommendation to enter into any swap with any counterparty or a recommendation of a trading strategy involving a swap. Prior to recommending a swap or a trading strategy involving a swap to you, Citigroup would need to undertake diligence in order to have a reasonable basis to believe that the recommended swap or swap trading strategy is suitable for you, obtain written representations from you that you are exercising independent judgment in evaluating any such recommendation, and make certain disclosures to you. Furthermore, nothing in this pitch book is, or should be construed to be, an offer to enter into a swap. Any terms set forth herein are intended for discussion purposes only and are subject to the final terms as set forth in separate definitive written agreements. This presentation is not a commitm ent to lend, syndicate a financing, underwrite or purchase securities, or com mit capital nor does it obligate us to enter into such a com mitment, nor are we acting as a fiduciary to you. By accepting this presentation, subject to applicable law or regulation, you agree to k eep confidential the information contained herein and the existence of and proposed terms for any Transaction. Prior to entering into any Transaction, you should determine, without reliance upon us or our affiliates, the economic risks and merits (and independently determine that you are able to assume these risks) as well as the legal, tax and accounting characterizations and consequences of any such Transaction. In this regard, by accepting this presentation, you acknowledge that (a) we are not in the business of providing (and you are not relying on us for) legal, tax or accounting advice, (b) there may be legal, tax or accounting risks associated with any Transaction, (c) you should receive (and rely on) separate and qualified legal, tax and accounting advice and (d) you should apprise senior management in your organization as to such legal, tax and accounting advice (and any risks associated with any Transaction) and our disclaimer as to these matters. By acceptance of these materials, you and we hereby agree that from the commencement of discussions with respect to any Transaction, and notwithstanding any other provision in this presentation, we hereby confirm that no participant in any Transaction shall be limited from disclosing the U.S. tax treatment or U.S. tax structure of such Transaction. W e are required to obtain, verify and record certain information that identifies each entity that enters into a formal business relationship with us. W e will ask for your complete name, street address, and taxpayer ID number. We m ay also request corporate formation documents, or other forms of identification, to verify information provided. Any prices or levels contained herein are preliminary and indicative only and do not represent bids or offers. T hese indications are provided solely for your information and consideration, are subject to change at any time without notice and are not intended as a solicitation with respect to the purchase or sale of any instrument. The information contained in this presentation may include results of analyses from a quantitative model which represent potential future events that may or may not be realized, and is not a complete analysis of every material fact representing any product. Any estimates included herein constitute our judgment as of the date hereof and are subject to change without any notice. W e and/or our affiliates may make a market in these instruments for our cus tomers and for our own account. Accordingly, we may have a position in any such instrument at any time. Although this material m ay contain publicly available information about Citi corporate bond research, fixed income strategy or economic and market analysis, Citi policy (i) prohibits employees from offering, directly or indirectly, a favorable or negative research opinion or offering to change an opinion as consideration or inducement for the receipt of business or for compensation; and (ii) prohibits analysts from being compensated for specific recomm endations or views contained in research reports. So as to reduce the potential for conflicts of interest, as well as to reduce any appearance of conflicts of interest, Citi has enacted policies and procedures designed to lim it comm unications between its investment banking and research personnel to specifically prescribed circumstances Citibank, N.A. All rights reserved. Citi and Citi and Arc Design are trademarks and service marks of Citigroup Inc. or its affiliates and are used and registered throughout the world. Citi believes that sustainability is good business practice. We work closely with our clients, peer financial institutions, NGOs and other partners to finance solutions to climate change, develop industry standards, reduce our own environmental footprint, and engage with stakeholders to advance shared learning and solutions. Highlights of Citi s unique role in promoting sustainability include: (a) releasing in 2007 a Climate Change Position Statement, the first US financial institution to do so; (b) targeting $50 billion over 10 years to address global climate change: includes significant increases in investment and financing of renewable energy, clean technology, and other carbon-emission reduction activities; (c) committing to an absolute reduction in GHG emissions of all Citi owned and leased properties around the world by 10% by 2011; (d) purchasing more than 234,000 MWh of carbon neutral power for our operations over the last three years; (e) establishing in 2008 the Carbon Principles; a framework for banks and their U.S. power clients to evaluate and address carbon risks in the financing of electric power projects; (f) producing equity research related to climate issues that helps to inform investors on risks and opportunities associated with the issue; and (g) engaging with a broad range of stakeholders on the issue of climate change to help advance understanding and solutions. Citi works with its clients in greenhouse gas intensive industries to evaluate emerging risks from climate change and, where appropriate, to mitigate those risks. 50