HUNTING CAMPS IN PREHISTORY

Transcription

1 LABORATOIRE TRAVAUX ET RECHERCHES ARCHÉOLOGIQUES SUR LES CULTURES, LES ESPACES ET LES SOCIÉTÉS Proceedins of the International Symposium, May University Toulouse II - Le Mirail 2011 # 3 ISSN edited by François BON Sandrine COSTAMAGNO Nicolas VALDEYRON Revue bilinue de Préhistoire HUNTING CAMPS IN PREHISTORY Current Archaeoloical Approaches Bilinual review of prehistory

2 Bilinual review of prehistory Review published by the association, created and Editorial office supported by the TRACES laboratory, the Ethnoloie Préhistorique Karim GERNIGON laboratory, the University of Lièe and the Ministry of Culture and Céline THIÉBAUT Communication. Translation Director Karim GERNIGON Vanessa LEA Hazel KING Maen O FARRELL Editorial committee François BON Layout, raphics Sandrine COSTAMAGNO Fabien TESSIER Karim GERNIGON Vanessa LEA Monique OLIVE Marcel OTTE Michel VAGINAY Nicolas VALDEYRON The contributions should be addressed to: Scientific committee Michel BARBAZA, university of Toulouse, France REVUE P@LETHNOLOGIE Laurent BRUXELLES, INRAP, France Vanessa LEA, Research associates Jacques CHABOT, university of Laval, Canada Jesús GONZÁLEZ URQUIJO, university of Cantabria, Spain TRACES - UMR 5608 of the CNRS Dominique HENRY-GAMBIER, CNRS, France Maison de la recherche Jacques JAUBERT, university of Bordeaux, France 5 allées Antonio Machado Béatrix MIDANT-REYNES, CNRS, France Toulouse cedex 9, FRANCE Karim SADR, university of Witwatersrand, South Africa Boris VALENTIN, university Paris I, France Phone: +33 (0) Jean VAQUER, CNRS, France Fax: +33 (0) Randall WHITE, university of New York, USA vanessa.lea@univ-tlse2.fr This event and its proceedins received support from UE ETHNOLOGIE PREHISTORIQUE ETHNOLOGIE PREHISTORIQUE

3 Huntin Camps in Prehistory. Current Archaeoloical Approaches. Proceedins of the International Symposium, May University Toulouse II - Le Mirail Article outline FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS: Determinin Attribution Critera Félicie FOUGÈRE 1 - Introduction Decomposition of the annual cycle of three ethnoraphic cases The residential roup Areation of residential roups Division of the residential roup The application of a theoretical model to an archaeoloical reality and the associated difficulties The application of an interpretative scheme to a set of archaeoloical sites A few Madalenian sites in the Paris Basin Interpretation of mobility strateies 55 Acknowledements 57 Biblioraphic references 58 To cite this article Fouère F., From the Ethnoraphic Modellin of Nomadic Behaviours to Archaeoloical Site Functions: Determinin Attribution Critera, in Bon F., Costamano S., Valdeyron N. (eds.), Huntin Camps in Prehistory. Current Archaeoloical Approaches, Proceedins of the International Symposium, May , University Toulouse II - Le Mirail, P@lethnoloy, 3, P@lethnoloy 2011 p

4 Huntin Camps in Prehistory. Current Archaeoloical Approaches. Proceedins of the International Symposium, May University Toulouse II - Le Mirail FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS: Determinin Attribution Critera Félicie FOUGÈRE Abstract Based on a study of the camp types of three populations of nomadic hunter-atherers, we have defined three cateories of habitation which are differentiated on an essentially socioloical basis, but which may also reflect an economic oranisation that chanes throuhout the year. The huntin camp is one of the occupation types that composes the division of the residential roup, and has a specific economic role (base camp provisionin). Archaeoloy, which essentially attributes functions to sites on the basis of the remains of economic activities, may attempt to reconstruct the socioloical composition of sites. However, the necessarily incomplete aspect of archaeoloical data requires us to compare information from several sites close in space and time in order to determine site function and mobility type. The modellin of camp types based on comparative ethnoraphic data allows us to clarify the relationships between site function and mobility type; when applied to the Madalenian sites of the Paris Basin, it helps to support the interpretations made by researchers. Keywords Loistic mobility, residential mobility, site function, residential camp, areation camp, loistic expeditions, ethnoarchaeoloical modelin, nomadic hunter-atherers, Madalenian, Paris Basin, resource distribution, spatial analysis. 1 - Introduction Is it possible to decompose the annual cycle of a nomadic population into occupation cateories referrin both to the economic activities and the specific composition of the occupyin roup? To attempt to answer this first question, we have selected three populations of nomadic hunteratherers livin in different environments and practisin equally distinct types of mobility. Our second query relates to the archaeoloical perception that we miht have of these nomadic populations, from both a theoretical point of view and based on the example of the Madalenian sites of the Paris Basin. The oal of this interation of ethnoloical modellin and archaeoloical research is to clarify the criteria used to attribute site function and to contribute to interpretations of mobility strateies. 43

5 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE 2 - Decomposition of the annual cycle of three ethnoraphic cases The residential roup The residential roup occupies a residential camp from which resource procurement activities occur and within which the treatment and consumption of these resources is carried out. The residential roup is composed of domestic units occupyin a distinct shelter (Aka huts) or sharin a divided part of a shared space (the Ammassalimiut winter house, fiure 1) (Mauss, Beuchat, 1906; Gessain, 1969; Bahuchet, 1985; Thomas, 1991). The members of a domestic unit have relationships of blood or alliance with the members of other domestic units sharin the same camp (fiure 2a-b). The residential roup is thus composed of interlinkin domestic units. Amon the Aka, the nomadic residential roup sets up its camps from March to the end of June, from Auust to the end of September, and in November and December (fiure 3a) (Bahuchet, 1985). The Ammassalimiut residential roup is nomadic in summer and sedentary in winter (fiure 3b) (Gessain, 1969); that of the Nunamiut is also sedentary in winter, as they are nomadic in the sprin (fiure 3c) (Binford, 1991). bench lamp bases bench corridor bench Location of the domestic units Fiure 1 - Locations of the domestic units within the winter house of the Ammassalimiuts (after Mauss, Beuchat, 1906, fi. 2: Plan de la maison d Anmassalik). 44

6 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS Schoolteacher site - Tuluak Lake, Alaska 0 adoption 45 m I family that came for the school school H G limits of scatter F C do yards displacement of the chief of family C A tent rins B E D Fiure 2a - Family relations within the Schoolteacher site (after L. R. Binford, 1991, Fi. 4: Schoolteacher site Tuluak Lake, Alaska, p. 33). Fiure 2b - Family relations within an Aka camp (after Bahuchet, 1985, fi. 12: Exemple de camp Aka, roupe de Nata, rivière Akana, septembre 1978). 45

7 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE p ou n net huntin J F M D A M O N Central Africa s e a s o r y J sp ear h u nt i n ential nomadic roup resid reside ntia l no ma dic r d J A S ca r lla ne y te pi re si d en Fiure 3a - Base camp durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Akas (after S. Bahuchet, 1985, fi. 105: Cycle annuel des mouvements de campements, p. 333). tia ln om rs adi ho s p ear h u nt i n c ro up b hu ird nti n e hin as e n fis salmo ph exploitation at reserv o f me es seal huntin athin hol (in bre e) y tar en kh un tin Fiure 3b - Base camp durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Ammassalimiuts (after P.-Y. Demars et al., 2007, fi. 1: Cycle annuel des Eskimos d Ammassalik, p. 101). c di ma no no ic ad se y tar en er wint the residential roup f o ase ph m d mid-september caribou huntin durin sprin miration caribou huntin durin fall miration small prey huntin, fishin, collection huntin expedition for skins huntin expedition consumption of stocks sprin idential rou the res p of ase ph consumption of fall stocks 46 up tial ro iden res family tents ar sh sed ph as Fiure 3c - Base camp durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Nunamiuts (after Binford, 1980, 1982, 1991). plant and e collection collective houses ntin l hu k) sea a kaya (in amas s (with la ats fi ndi shi n n ne amassa ts) and s ts dr tor yin a e tent campin in unt helf ) s al h se e ice h nt (o n i sew crafts d an res i de nt ial june p ou r

8 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS It seems that the sedentary nature of the residential roup is linked to the exploitation of a principal resource which is irreular in space and time but localised (Newell, 1997). This is the case in winter for the Ammassalimiut, who hunt seals around their breathin holes and for the Nunamiut who consume caribou stocks. The nomadic phase of the residential roup appears to be linked to the exploitation of resources that are reularly distributed throuh space (ubiquitous), reardless of whether they are otherwise reular or irreular in time (this phenomenon bein compensated for by the seasonal succession of resources). This is the case in the Aka hunt for monkey, bush pi and porcupine, and for the Ammassalimiut sprintime hunt for seal (Fouère, 2011) Areation of residential roups Durin areation, residential roups become the units comprisin the areation camp. The links between residential roups can be materialised by the installation of a domestic unit halfway between the roups (Nunamiut, fiure 4a) or the creation of forest paths (Aka, fiure 4b). Fiure 4a - Nunamiut areation site (after Binford, 1991, fi. 12: Amalamation site Tuluak Lake, Alaska, p. 52). The head of the family of unit G is the son of the head of the family of unit C, while his wife is the dauhter of the head of the family of unit 1. H Tuluakmiut camp Killikmiut camp G I C tent rin B A limits of scatter J D N K 0 45 m summer 1949 E F Fiure 4b - Aka areation site (after S. Bahuchet, 1985, Campement de chasse aux filets, fi. 72, p. 245). Forest trails link the base camps toether, called Lánò. The ensemble forms the areation site, called mò-sàmbà. Residential camp Trails between residential camps Limit of the areation camp 47

9 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE The areation exceeds the sum of the units composed by the residential roups because it is also constituted of the relationships (economic, ritual, matrimonial, etc.) which they maintain between them. Areation takes place durin the dry season amon the Aka (fiure 5a). It occurs at the start of the summer amon the Ammassalimiut (fiure 5b) and durin the whole of the summer for the Numamiut (fiure 5c). It can take advantae of resources concentrated in time and space, which are predictable and abundant. The distribution of ammassats durin the areation of the Ammassalimiut corresponds to this cateory. The areation of the Nunamiut clearly takes place durin a period of scarcity (Binford, 1991). This is also what appears to take place amon the! Kun (Lee, 1968), the Guayaki (Clastres, 1967) and certain Eskimo roups (Damas, quoted in Conkey, 1980). Areation is above all a period of intensity in social relationships. The assumption that it corresponds to the necessity to come toether to acquire and treat a periodically and locally abundant resource is to ive it a utilitarian character, which is simplistic at best Division of the residential roup The phenomenon of division occurs durin the departure of a class of individuals of a particular ae and often a particular ender. A modification of the socioloical composition of the residential roup takes place which transforms the residential camp, deprived of a class of individuals, into a base camp. This third occupation cateory is materialised in two forms: the loistical expedition camp(s) of those who depart, and, in parallel, a base camp. The former are intended to provision the latter. For the Aka, this division occurs durin hunts with a spear, carried out only by men (fiure 6a). The Ammassalimiut do not have this type of oranisation. Amon the Nunamiut (fiure 6b) it is predominant in the summer for provisionin the areation camp and in the autumn to create stocks of caribou meat. The division of the residential roup is a response to the difficulty of access to their principal resource, caribou. The capture of mirant herds implies a hih deree of unpredictability and the division of the residential roup thereby enables a lare territory to be covered. This is also the stratey adopted by the Aka to hunt lare ame (orilla or elephant). Huntin camps belon to this cateory: they intervene durin the pursuit of ame for the Aka and at the huntin site for the Nunamiut. In the first case, they are characterised by a lack of activities other than sleepin and the partakin of an evenin snack (Bahuchet, 1985); in the second by the activities of primary butchery intended to facilitate the transport of the fleshy parts of the ame and by the initial staes of the treatment of skins (Anavik Sprins sites, Binford, 1991). The criteria for distinuishin between the occupations correspondin to our three cateories are above all socioloical in nature. The areation camp is characterised by the presence of several residential roups, the residential camp by the presence of a sinle residential roup and a loistical occupatin by the division of the residential roup (Fouère, 2009). These socioloical criteria are not directly accessible throuh archaeoloy. However, archaeoloy may perceive habitats differentiated by their economic specificity. 48

10 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS tion of residential ro rea ups a e a s s o r y n d et huntin n J F M D A M O N Central Africa J sp ear h u nt i n adic residential roup nom noma dic res ide nt ial r p ou J A S ca r lla ne y te id e n ti a up plant and e collection collective houses mass (with l ats fis and in hin ne amass ts) ats and s dr tor yin a e tent campin family tents b hu ird nti n sh se d ar kh en ta ry ph as un ti n sal m o e n fi shi n no Fiure 5b - Areation site of the residential roups durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Ammassalimiuts (after P.-Y. Demars et al., 2007, fi. 1: Cycle annuel des Eskimos d Ammassalik, p. 101). m ad ic tar en er wint the residential roup f o e has yp se d y tar en se d mid-september caribou huntin durin sprin miration caribou huntin durin fall miration small prey huntin, fishin, collection huntin expedition for skins huntin expedition consumption of stocks 49 er ro s u m m n ti al e a r e a t i o n o f re s i d up s sprin en the resid tial roup of ase ph consumption of fall stocks Fiure 5c - Areation site of the residential roups durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Nunamiuts (after Binford, 1980, 1982, 1991). ential roup resid ntin l hu shelf ) sea he ice nt (o in sewd crafts an a of resid rea ent tion ial june ro up s a seal huntin athin hol (in bre e) p ou r l ro e res n unti ) k al h Se a kaya (in res ide nt ial ic ho s p ear h u nt i n as m ad exploitation t of mea reserves no Fiure 5a - Areation site of residential roups durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Akas (after S. Bahuchet, 1985, fi. 105: Cycle annuel des mouvements de campements, p. 333). rs ph pi

11 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE tion of residential ro rea ups a s e a s y o r n d et huntin n J F A M sp ear huntin n of divisio roup al residenti O N M D J J A S te y ca pi r lla ne Central Africa no m ad ic res id e ar y nt de rs s p ear h u nt i n n ti a as ph l ro up n of divisio oup l r a i t n e d i s re r winte the residential roup f o e se ion huntin of small prey, fishin, collectin sprin e residential roup of th caribou huntin durin sprin miration caribou huntin durin fall miration vis di d as e ph consumption of fall stocks fall idential roup e res h t of ho y tar en se Fiure 6a - Division of the residential roups durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Akas (after S. Bahuchet, 1985, fi. 105: Cycle annuel des mouvements de campements, p. 333). Fiure 6b - Division of the residential roups durin the annual nomadic cycle of the Nunamiuts (after Binford, 1980, 1982, 1991). adic residential roup nom noma dic res ide nt ial r p ou huntin expedition for skins huntin expedition consumption of stocks ps er rou s u mm ic d a areation of nom 3 - The application of a theoretical model to an archaeoloical reality and the associated difficulties The sites may reveal links in the chaîne opératoire of acquisition, treatment, consumption, conservation or transport of resources. Spatial analysis and the study of artefacts reveal the variety of economic activities and the deree of sequencin of chaîne opératoires. A dynamic vision of the occupation may be obtained throuh microstratiraphic analysis of concentrations and refittins, which can indicate an occupation period and possible modifications in the oranisation of the camp space (Olive, 1988; Pieot et al., 2004). We can also attempt to identify, thouh somewhat perilously, the intensity of social activity throuh the material culture (Taborin, 1987). 50

12 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS This data makes it possible to infer the socioloical composition of the installations and therefore to attribute a function to the site. The comparative study of the three societies presented at the start of the article, associated with archaeoloical observations from the field, enables the establishment of an interpretive scheme applicable to archaeoloical sites (fiure 7). complementarity spatial analysis: medium surface area daily modifications spatial analysis: Small size ephemeral modifications artifact analysis: varied economic activities complete chaîne opératoires or absence of procurement phase artifact analysis: varied economic activities complete chaîne opératoires or absence of procurement phase artifact analysis: specialized economic activities incomplete chaînes opératoires (procurement, processin, transport) intensity of social intra/interroup activities social activities within the roup social activities limited to specialized activities several residential roups: reional band residential roup part of the residential roup areation site residential site loistical site function spatial analysis: lare surface area intensive modifications induction Fiure 7 - Theoretical attribution of site functions. If we eliminate taphonomic biases, it is possible to consider that the sites produced by the division of the residential roup, such as huntin camps, would be more leible than the other occupation types: the short duration of the occupation and the practice of a specialised activity would ive them instant value and rule out a mixture of deposits due to maintenance or displacement of activity zones (Binford 1978; O Connell, 1987). However, when there is no reoccupation, the brevity of the occupation may become a complicatin factor. Successive reoccupations of a different nature may also create confusion. To the differential conservation which excludes whole areas of activities must be added the fact that the sites are most often palimpsests which project an averae imae; in other words a condensation of successive occupations (Olive, Valentin, 2006: 668). Archaeoloy is therefore equipped with theoretical concepts that enable if to attribute functions to sites; however, the reality in the field often prevents interpretation. One way to reduce the marin for error is to add support to hypotheses of site function throuh comparisons with other eoraphically close and culturally related occupation. 51

13 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE 4 - The application of an interpretative scheme to a set of archaeoloical sites A few Madalenian sites in the Paris Basin The epistemoloical orientation of the teams that have succeeded each other since LeroiGourhan, toether with the sites radually discovered on the fluvial network of the Seine and their often exceptional conservation, have permitted the pursuit of a line of thinkin which, on the basis of the analysis of the internal oranisation of the sites, attempts to comprehend a mobility stratey (Leroi-Gourhan, Brézillon, 1972; Olive, 1988; Bodu, ; Pieot et al., 2004; Bodu et al., 2006; Audouze, 2006, 2007; Valentin, 2008) For each site (fiure 8), one of the recurrin questions is obviously to determine whether it indicates the installation of a team of hunters (division of the residential roup) or the entire residential roup. 200 m 100 m 0m Compiène Aisne 0 Verberie 50 km Reims se Oi Marne Se ine Paris Les Tarterets Étiolles Corbeil-Essonnes Chartres Montereau Le Tureau des Gardes Le Marais du pont Essone Le Grand Canton Pincevent Le chemin de Montereau Le chemin de Sens Le Tilloy Se ine n Loi Sens Yonne Marsany Troyes F.Tessier del Fiure 8 - Madalenian sites in the Paris Basin (after Olive et al., 2000) Verberie: Loistical huntin camp (division of the residential roup) or residential huntin camp? Does Verberie (level II1) indicate the installation of a roup of adult hunters, detached from the reater community or that of a family roup (Olive et al., 2000)? The occupations indicate a specialised hunt carried out durin the autumn miration of reindeer (Enloe, Audouze, 1997). The chaîne opératoire of the treatment of ame (dismemberin, debonin, marrow extraction) exceeds the level of primary butchery activity which would indicate a huntin camp. However, we can consider that this site, which does not have the brevity of a huntin camp, corresponds to 52

14 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS a loistical huntin camp. In the case, the acquisition and treatment, by a part of the roup, of a seasonally abundant resource would have provided stocks to as yet unknown residential winter camps (Enloe, 2004; Audouze, 2007). On the other hand, the presence of non-productive debitae activities demonstrates the presence of inexperienced and novice knappers, and therefore children and adolescents of various aes (Audouze, 2006). The activities are varied: equipment manufacture (armatures, workin of bone, osseous materials and wood), repair of huntin weapons, the presence of needles manufactured and used in situ. Spatial analysis reveals the presence of a zone of carcass butchery, which was later converted into a skin treatment area. Use-wear analysis of the scrapers indicates skin workin at different staes (dry, wet) and accordin to various procedures, in particular defleshin and cuttin. This can be linked to the presence of women (Audouze, 2006; Audouze, Beyries, 2007) and indicates a relatively lon occupation period because it extends throuh the major part of the autumn (Audouze, 2006: 692). If we apply our interpretive plan, Verberie would not therefore be the manifestation of the division of a domestic roup, but that of a residential camp oriented towards the acquisition of reindeer durin the period of the autumn miration, as also proposed by F. Audouze Etiolles: a flintknappin workshop (division of the domestic roup) or residential camp? Such an extraordinary profusion of knapped flint on the Madalenian floors of Etiolles (Pieot et al., 2004: 257) initially suests an occupation devoted to the production of laminar flakes toether with the manufacture and repair of huntin weapons (abundant backed bladelets). Accordin to this hypothesis, a specialised team would have been attracted by the exceptional quality of the raw material at Etiolles and would have stayed there as lon as needed to prepare the lithic equipment. Etiolles would therefore fall into the cateory of the division of the domestic roup. Meanwhile, the absence of sinificant blade exportation concurs with the use of the laminar products at the site site for butchery activities, bone and wood workin. Furthermore, the technoloical analysis of the lithic remains of habitation roups Q31, P15 and U5 documents different derees of knappin skill and thus supports the hypothesis of the presence of youn apprentices. The presence of borers at the ede of the domestic hearth Q31 may indicate sewin activities, and therefore the probable presence of women. We would thus have a socioloical composition of the roup correspondin to a residential roup. The occupation duration of this site also does not appear to correspond to the periodic installation of a specialised team. The occupation of P15 seems contemporary to the first phase of habitation unit U5. The debitae stations are located inside the domestic space, close to the hearth occupyin the centre of the covered space. In a second occupation phase, P15 is abandoned while the occupation of the exterior space of U5 is intensified. This spatial distribution evokes a residential winter camp that extended into the sprin (Olive, 1988; Coudret et al., 1994; Olive et al., 2000; Pieot et al., 2004; Julien, 2006; Olive, Pieot, 2006). The small number of osseous remains does not appear to be soley due to a taphonomic phenomenon. It may therefore indicate a limited hunt (Olive, Pieot, 2006). It is thus possible to formulate the hypothesis of a residential winter occupation, supplied by an occasional hunt and/or stocks of meat, durin which the occupants were able to work on the repair and manufacture of equipment, takin advantae of hih quality raw materials. If Etiolles corresponds to the cateory of a lon duration residential winter installation, we can classify this site amon the residential camps of the sedentary phase of the residential roup. 53

15 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE Pincevent IV20: areation site, loistical huntin camp (division of the residential roup) or residential huntin camp? The perimeter of level IV20 at Pincevent (4500m², Julien, Karlin, ), the number of hearth structures and the number of habitation units that can be deduced as a result (10, LeroiGourhan, Brézillon, 1972), alon with the huntin activity oriented towards miratory ame and the number of prey killed (at least 76 reindeer), miht indicate an areation camp. However, spatial analysis demonstrates that not all hearths correspond to habitations. A number of these are in fact peripheral open-air structures constitutin zones of communal work (Julien, Karlin, Bodu, 1987; Ploux, Karlin, Bodu, 1992; M. Julien, 1995). The number of domestic units is therefore reduced to four. This does not, meanwhile, prevent the estimation of the population of this camp as several dozen people (David, Orliac, 1994; Julien, Karlin, ). The massive and intensive exploitation of reindeer durin its miration raises the same question as for Verberie. Does Pincevent IV20 correspond to a loistical huntin camp or to a residential huntin camp? The different levels of lithic competence indicate the presence of youn people, while the sinificant number of transformation tools indicates the presence of women. This was therefore a residential huntin camp that provided the opportunity to treat sinificant quantities of meat in order to constitute stocks for the winter (David, Orliac, 1994; Enloe, 1998; Audouze, 2007, see also the conclusions of Binon, Bodu et al., this volume) Pincevent IV0: huntin camp (division of the residential roup) or residential camp? Still at Pincevent, but in level IV0, the faunal evidence (reindeer and horse) of unit T125 indicates occupation in autumn, winter and at the start of sprin. Is this a location occupied selectively to carry out killin and treatment activities preliminary to the transportation of prey, in which case we should see the manifestation of a division of the residential roup, or are we in the presence of a residential winter camp occupied durin the entire rainy season? The technoloical analysis of the lithic remains confirms the presence of apprentices, the presence of small sized personal ornaments could be associated with children, and finally the remains of tools used in sewin indicates women. While it is difficult to demonstrate, the hypothesis of continuous occupation durin several winter months (at least from the end of November until March) is the most probable, iven the broad possibilities in terms of consumable animal resources and the extraordinary number of activities revealed by the number of intensively used tools and the quantity of products linked to combustion (Bodu et al., 2006: 135). This result, toether with that produced by O. Binon, P. Bodu et al. (this volume), allows us to classify this level of Pincevent into the cateory of sedentary winter installation in our model Marolles Le Grand Canton: huntin camp (division of the residential roup) or residential camp? The question of whether an accumulation of deposits is due to a continuous occupation or to repeated occupations is at the heart of the attribution of a function to the site of Marolles Le Grand Canton. It appears that this site, like that of Tureau des Gardes, corresponds to several huntin expeditions carried out in all seasons (with a lower rate of occupation in winter, Binon, 2006). This explains the relatively low representation of armatures: the hunters would have contented themselves with manufacturin the necessary equipment for each huntin episode. Was it therefore a camp frequented by the part of the domestic roup which was enaed in a 54

16 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS hunt specifically aimed at horses? The most decisive arument for identifyin sites used to provision a residential camp is that of an under-representation of the fleshy parts, providin evidence of their removal. The analysis of the anatomical portions of the horses indeed allows us to propose this hypothesis. We can also interpret the accumulation of sandstone blocks near hearth F1 (sector 2 of Grand-Canton) as a structure for smokin meat in order to transport it more easily, or as the remains of a meat cache (Julien, Rieu, 1999; Binon, 2006). However, these huntin episodes seem to be followed by a partial direct consumption, larescale treatment of meat materials and skin workin, confirmed by the lare number of scrapers. The function of the site seems to be less centred on the hunt itself than on the treatment of ame, which opens the possibility of frequentation of the site by the whole domestic roup (Olive et al., 2000). All of these sites in fact appear to correspond to different types of residential camps, indicatin residential mobility. However, we must ask whether the possibility of storae and winter sedentarity allows us to speak of residential mobility? Interpretation of mobility strateies The fundamental criterion that distinuishes a loistical economy from a residential economy is the dependence on ame that is irreularly distributed in space and time. Spatial irreularity leads to the necessity of a division of the residential roup to carry out loistical expeditions. Temporal irreularity leads to the obliation to build up stocks in anticipation of seasons of scarcity of the main ame (Binford, 1980, 1991). The discovery of a reular exploitation of horses by the Madalenians of the Paris Basin (Pincevent IV.0, Marolles) may be interpreted in two ways. The spatial irreularity of this ame supports the hypothesis of a loistical economy induced by the exploitation of reindeer. The huntin camps established on the reindeer miration routes would enable the buildin up of stocks which would be consumed in winter. This period, toether with the summer and autumn, would be interrupted by phases of the division of the residential roups in order to acquire fresh horse meat, which was difficult to access. This would therefore be a loistical economy with the base camps bein supplied nearly all year by a resource acquisition stratey interatin storae and loistical expeditions (Binon, 2006, 2008) (fiure 9). This hypothesis is confronted, however, by the difficulty of confirmin the practice of lon-term storae and the recurrin absence of base camps that the loistical expeditions would have provisioned. We can also consider that more stable than the reindeer, the horse provides security which ensures the subsistence of the Madalenians throuhout the year and makes less crucial the establishment of major food reserves to last throuh the winter (Olive, Valentin, 2006: 669). All of the sites would then correspond to occupations by residential roups. The division of the residential roup would then only occur durin the trackin or observation of prey and would be followed by a displacement of the residential camp to the killin site, which corresponds to a foraer stratey (see the Aka elephant hunts, Bahuchet, 1985). The sites of Champréveyres and Monruz (Switzerland) seem to correspond to killin sites transformin into residential huntin camps (Müller et al., 2006). Here we would be in the context of residential mobility (fiure 10). A huntin camp corresponds to a brief occupation durin a huntin expedition, and would under no circumstances have been occupied by the whole residential roup, therefore belonin strictly to the cateory of the division of the roup. It may thus indicate a loistical oranisation. 55

17 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE Fiure 9 - Functions of Madalenian sites in the Paris Basin in the context of loistic mobility. Pincevent level IV0 Marolles WINTER dispersion of residential roups consumption of stocks + loistical expeditions (division of the residential roup) Pincevent level IV20 FALL SUMMER reroupin of residential roups, consumption of horse stocks and constitution of reindeer stocks predominance of loistical expeditions (division of residential roup) Constitution of stocks Verberie Marolles Etiolles Marolles SPRING predominance of loistical expeditions (division of residential roup) constitution of stocks Horse huntin Residential camp Reindeer huntin Loistical camp Marolles Marolles Pincevent level IV0 Marolles time 2 time 1 WINTER Pincevent level IV20 winter sedentarism of residential roups consumption of stocks + occasional huntin Etiolles FALL Verberie Marolles SPRING residential huntin camps and possibility of constitutin reindeer stocks Marolles nomadic phase of the residential roup time2 time 1 SUMMER time 2 time 2 Marolles Marolles Marolles time 1 time 2 Fiure 10 - Functions of Madalenian sites in the Paris Basin in the context of residential mobility. The passae from Time 1 to Time 2, shown by an arrow, indicates the transformation of a huntin site, occupied by a team of hunters (Time 1) into a residential site when the rest of the residential roup arrived after the hunt (Time 2). This modification occurs with no chane in the location of the occupation. Anatomical diaram of a reindeer: M. Coutureau (INRAP) after R. Barone, Anatomie comparée des mammifères domestiques, 71, Ed. Viot, 1976; Anatomical diaram of a horse: C. Beauval, M. Coutureau after Cl Bellier, P. Semal ( 56

18 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS However, the presence of one type of camp, in this case the huntin camp, toether with a semisedentary oranisation and the conservation of resources does not in itself enable us to deduce a particular mobility stratey. The Aka practice a seasonal division of the residential roup which is manifested by huntin camps and smoke-dryin of the ame in order to preserve it. However, they have an overall behaviour of foraers (residential mobility). The Ammassalimiut undero a sedentary period, which is supplied neither by stocks nor by the despatchin of loistical expeditions. Their mobility stratey is residential. Finally, throuh the example of the Nunamiut, we observe that the essential aspect of loistical mobility is the dependence on a sinle principal resource and the necessity to correct its natural irreularity throuh the division of the residential roup and/ or by storae. To discuss loistical mobility, we must therefore find the remains of the stratey adopted to encounter a natural irreularity of resources. Our modellin of ethnoraphic data associated with the scheme of archaeoloical interpretation confirms the hypothesis of a residential mobility stratey durin the Madalenian period in the Paris basin (see volume 103, no. 4 of the BSPF). Of course we cannot be certain that the Madalenians of the Paris basin had no huntin camps. They may have been fleetin to the point of leavin no remains. It is, however, more surprisin to have discovered no evidence of areation camps. Perhaps they will be discovered in the future1, or are located outside the study zone, or may have not resisted modern urbanisation. Acknowledements I would like to thank François Bon, Nicolas Teyssandier and Nicolas Valdeyron for havin invited me to take part in their conference. I would also like to thank Mathieu Lanlais and Jean-Marc Pétillon who helped me prepare my participation. Thank you to Sere Bahuchet for the rapidity and warmth with which he accepted the reproduction of his iconoraphical documents. The critical readin of a first draft of this article by Olivier Binon has, I hope, helped me to improve it. And of course my ratitude to Françoise Audouze for the interest she has shown in my work, and for the constant help she has provided. Félicie FOUGÈRE UMR TRACES Université Toulouse II - Le Mirail 30 rue de l Élise Neuilly-sur-Seine, FRANCE felicie.fouere@inp.fr 1. Ten years passed between the discovery of Pincevent and of the other reindeer huntin sites, and twenty years more before the unearthin of the horse exploitation sites. 57

19 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE Biblioraphic references Audouze Fr., Essai de modélisation du cycle annuel de nomadisation des Madaléniens du Bassin parisien, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 103 (4), Audouze Fr., Mobilité résidentielle et stratéie de subsistance dans le Madalénien du Bassin parisien, in Rouillard P., Perlès C., Grimaud E. (dir.), Mobilité, immobilisme. L emprunt et son refus, Paris, De Boccard, Audouze Fr., Beyries S., Chasseurs de renne d hier et d aujourd hui, in Beyries S., Vaté V. (dir.), Les civilisations du renne d hier et d aujourd hui. Approches ethnohistoriques, archéoloiques et anthropoloiques, XXVIIes Rencontres internationales d archéoloie et d histoire d Antibes, APDCA-CNRS, Bahuchet S., Les Pymées Aka et la forêt centrafricaine, Paris, SELAF («Ethnosciences» 1), 638 p. Binon O., De l exploitation des chevaux aux stratéies de subsistance des Madaléniens du Bassin parisien, Gallia Préhistoire, 48, Binon O., Chasser les chevaux à la fin du Paléolithique dans le Bassin parisien. Stratéies cynéétiques et mode de vie au Madalénien et à l Azilien ancien, Oxford, Archaeopress («Bar International series» 1747), 170 p. Binford L. R., Dimensional analysis of behaviour and site structure: learnin from an eskimo huntin stand, American Antiquity, 43 (3), Binford L. R., Willow smoke and dos tails: hunter-atherer settlement systems and archaeoloical site formation, American Antiquity, 45 (1), Binford L. R., The archaeoloy of place, Journal of anthropoloical archaeoloy, 1, Binford L. R., When the oin ets touh, the touh et oin: Nunamiut local roups, campin patterns and economic oranization, in Gamble C. S., Boismier W. A. (eds.), Ethnoarchaeoloical approaches to mobile campsites. Hunter-atherer and pastoralist case studies, Ann Arbor MI, International Monoraphs in Prehistory ( «Ethnoarchaeoloical Series» 1), Bodu P., Sociétés mobiles du Paléolithique supérieur dans le Bassin parisien, in Brun P., de Miroschedji P. (dir.), Thème 2 : Évolution des structures et dynamiques sociales, Cahier des thèmes transversaux ArScAn, I, Bodu P., Julien M., Valentin B., Debout G. (dir.), Un dernier hiver à Pincevent : les Madaléniens du niveau IV0 (Pincevent, La rande Paroisse, Seine-et-Marne), Gallia Préhistoire, 48, Clastres P., Ethnoloie des indiens Guayaki. La vie sociale de la tribu, L Homme, 7 (4), Conkey M. W., The identification of prehistoric hunter-atherer areation sites: the case of Altamira, Current Anthropoloy, 21 (5), Coudret P., Larrière-Cabiran M., Olive M., Pieot N., Taborin Y., Étiolles, in Taborin Y. (dir), Environnements et habitats madaléniens dans le centre du Bassin parisien, Paris, La Maison des Sciences de l Homme («Documents d archéoloie française» 43),

20 FROM THE ETHNOGRAPHIC MODELLING OF NOMADIC BEHAVIOURS TO ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITE FUNCTIONS David Fr., Orliac M., Pincevent, in Taborin Y. (dir.) - Environnements et habitats madaléniens dans le centre du Bassin parisien, Paris, La Maison des Sciences de l Homme («Documents d archéoloie française» 43), Demars P.-Y., Le Gall O., Martin H., Saisonnalité, mobilité et spécialisation des sites. Une approche polythématique, in de Beaume S. A. (dir.), Chasseurs-cueilleurs. Comment vivaient nos ancêtres du Paléolithique supérieur. Méthodes d analyse et d interprétation en préhistoire, Paris, CNRS éditions, Enloe J. G., Fonctions des sites et chasse spécialisée : variation réionale pendant la période madalénienne, in Brual J.-P., Meinen L., Patou-Mathis M. (dir.), Économie préhistorique : les comportements de subsistance au Paléolithique, XVIIIes Rencontres internationales d archéoloie et d histoire d Antibes, Juan-les-Pins 1997, APDCA-CNRS, Enloe, J. G., Equifinality, assemblae interity and behavioral inferences at Verberie, Journal of Taphonomy, 2 (3), Enloe J. G., Audouze Fr., Le rôle de l environnement dans la vie des chasseurs madaléniens du Bassin parisien, in Fanard J.-P., Thévenin A. (dir.), Le Tardilaciaire en Europe du Nord-Ouest, 119e conrès des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Paris, CTHS, Fouère F., Visibilité archéoloique des variations de morpholoie sociale en contexte nomade, Mémoire de Master II, Toulouse, université Toulouse II - Le Mirail, 48 p. Fouère F., Pour une modélisation du cycle annuel de nomadisation des chasseurs-cueilleurs : données ethnoraphiques et conditions d applications archéoloiques, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 108 (2), Gessain R., Ammassalik ou la civilisation obliatoire, Paris, Flammarion, 253 p. Julien M., À la recherche des campements d hiver dans le Madalénien du Bassin parisien, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 103 (4), Julien M., Bodu P., Analyse typo-technoloique du matériel lithique de quelques unités du site madalénien de Pincevent (Seine-et-Marne). Applications spatiales, économiques et sociales, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 92 (1), Julien M., Karlin C., Reconstitution des sociétés paléolithiques : l exemple madalénien de Pincevent, in Brun P., de Miroschedji P. (dir.), Thème 2 : Évolution des structures et dynamiques sociales, Cahier des thèmes transversaux ArScAn, II, Julien M., Karlin C., Bodu P., Pincevent : Où en est le modèle théorique aujourd hui?, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 84 (10-12), Julien M., Rieu J.-L. (dir.), Les occupations madaléniennes de Marolles-sur-Seine / Le Grand Canton (Seine-et-Marne), in Julien M., Rieu J.-L. (dir), Occupations du Paléolithique supérieur dans le sud-est du Bassin parisien, Paris, la Maison des sciences de l Homme («Documents d archéoloie française» 78), Lee R. B., What hunters do for a livin, or, how to make out on scarce resources, in Lee R. B., Devore I. (eds.), Man the hunter, Chicao, Adline Publishin company,

21 FÉLICIE FOUGÈRE Leroi-Gourhan A., Brezillon M., Fouilles de Pincevent, essai d analyse ethnoraphique d un habitat madalénien (la section 36), Paris, CNRS («Gallia Préhistoire supplément» 7), 327 p. Mauss M., Beuchat H., Essai sur les variations saisonnières des sociétés eskimo. Étude de morpholoie sociale. L Année socioloique, , 9, (version numérique par J.-M. Tremblay, 2002, coll. Les classiques des sciences sociales), 71 p. Müller W., Leesch D., Bulliner J., Cattin M-I, Plumettaz N., Chasse, habitats et rythme de déplacements : réflexions à partir des campements madaléniens de Champréveyres et Monruz (Neuchâtel, Suisse), Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 103 (4), Newell R. R., Rôle de la recherche ethnoraphique dans le dianostic du comportement à l âe de la pierre. Systèmes et oranisation des établissements, in Fanard J.-P., Thévenin A. (dir.), Le Tardilaciaire en Europe du Nord-Ouest, 119e conrès des sociétés historiques et scientifiques, Amiens, 1994, CTHS, O Connell J. F., Alyawara site structure and its archaeoloical implications, American Antiquity, 52 (1), Olive M., Une habitation madalénienne d Étiolles. L unité P15, Paris, Société préhistorique française («Mémoires» 20), 2 vol., 175 p. Olive M., Audouze Fr., Julien M., Nouvelles données concernant les campements madaléniens du Bassin parisien, in Valentin B., Bodu P., Christensen M. (dir.), L Europe centrale et septentrionale au Tardilaciaire : Confrontation des modèles réionaux de peuplement, Actes de la table ronde internationale de Nemours, APRAIF («Mémoires du Musée de Préhistoire d Île-de-France» 7), Olive M., Pieot N., Réflexions sur le temps d un séjour à Étiolles (Essonne), Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 103 (4), Olive M., Valentin B., Avant-propos. Variabilité des habitats tardilaciaires : perspectives palethnoloiques et paléohistoriques, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 103 (4), Pieot N. (dir.), Les derniers Madaléniens d Étiolles. Perspectives culturelles et paléohistoriques (l unité d habitation Q31), Paris, CNRS («Gallia Préhistoire supplément» 37), 360 p. Ploux S., Karlin C., Bodu P., D une chaîne à l autre, normes et variations dans le débitae laminaire madalénien, in Karlin C. (dir), Techniques & Culture : Préhistoire et ethnoloie, le este retrouvé, Taborin Y., Une certaine lecture des sols d habitation, Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, 84 (10-12), Thomas J. M. C., Oranisation sociale, in Thomas J. M. C., Bahuchet S. (dir.), Encyclopédie des Pymées Aka. Techniques, lanae et société des chasseurs-cueilleurs de la forêt centrafricaine (Sud-Centrafrique et Nord Cono), Paris, CNRS 1, 3, Valentin B., Jalons pour une paléohistoire des derniers chasseurs (XIVe-VIe millénaire avant J.-C.), Paris, Publication de la Sorbonne («Cahiers archéoloiques de Paris» 1), 326 p. 60

22 bilinue de Préhistoire Bilinual review of prehistory