Radiosurgery for Benign Spinal Lesions

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1 Radiosurgery for Benign Spinal Lesions Iris C. Gibbs, M.D. Associate Professor, Radiation Oncology Co-Director Cyberknife Radiosurgery Program Stanford University Sean Sachdev, B.S.; Robert L. Dodd, M.D., Ph.D.; Steven D. Chang, M.D.; Scott G. Soltys, M.D.; John R. Adler, M.D.; Gary Luxton, Ph.D.; Clara Y.H. Choi, M.D., Ph.D.; Laurie Tupper, N.P.

2 Disclosures None

3 Overview Primary benign spinal tumors Clinical presentation Radiosurgery techniques Indications for radiosurgery Results Lessons learned

4 Primary Spinal Tumors Extradural Intradural/Extramedullary Meningiomas Neurofibromas Schwannomas Intramedullary Astrocytomas Ependymomas Hemangioblastomas 52-75% of all primary spinal tumors 1, 2 1. Byrne, T. N.; Benzel, E. C.; Waxman, S. G. Diseases of the spine and spinal cord. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press; Gursinghe N.T. Spinal Cord Tumours. In Critchley, E. M. R.; Eisen, A., editors. Spinal cord disease. London; New York: Springer; 1997.

5 Benign Extramedullary Spinal Tumors characteristic meningioma schwannoma neurofibroma Age of presentation 5th-7th decade 5th decade 4th decade Spinal level predominance Thoracic (80%) All levels evenly Cervical (66%) Multiplicity 1-2% Rare unless NF-2 associated Common Proportion of primary spinal tumors 25% ~33% 3.5% Gender predominance Female (75-85%) None? Male Associations More commonly psammomatous or transitional histologies NF2, merlin/schwannomin gene on chromosome 22 NF1, neurofibromin gene on chromosome 17

6 Intradural Extramedullary Tumors Clinical Presentation: Local Pain Radicular Pain Weakness or motor deficits Sensory loss Bladder/Bowel Deficits 40 M with NF2 T10/T12 schwannoma

7 CHALLENGES: Relative difficult access Anterior Thoracic Meningioma

8 CHALLENGES: Multiple different levels of tumors Thoracic Meningiomas in NF2

9 CHALLENGES: Multiple Neurofibromas in NF1 Multiple lesions at multiple levels

10 Increasing Use of Spine Radiosurgery In recent US survey of >550 respondents Spine is 2 nd most common SBRT site 57% use 1 fraction Median dose 18 Gy Pan et al A Survey of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Use in the United States Cancer 2011;117:

11 Rationale for SRS to Treat BST Most spinal meninigiomas, schwannomas, and neurofibromas are noninfiltrative and can be completely resected by experienced surgeons. Certain patients however are less than ideal candidates for standard resection. Advanced age Medical comorbidities Recurrent tumors Multiple lesions Difficult locations requiring complex operative approaches SRS has an established role in benign intracranial pathologies.

12 Spinal Radiosurgery Indications surgically difficult location in the spine, recurrence after prior surgical resection, medical co-morbidities that preclude surgery Contraindications poorly defined margins, significant spinal cord compression resulting in acute neurological symptoms, ** tumors which can easily be resected with conventional surgical techniques. **

13 Grading Epidural Spinal Cord Compression Bilsky et al J NeurosurgSpine 13:324-28, 2010

14 Technical Requirements for Spinal Radiosurgery Exquisite Accuracy (submillimeter) Image-guidance Stereoscopic kv with tracking Conebeam

15 Current Spinal Radiosurgery Devices System Immobilization Image-guidance Error Analysis Cyberknife (Accuray, Inc) Head mask, cradle, vacuum bag Xsight skeletal tracking or Fiducial tracking Phantom- 0.61± 0.27mm Patient ± 0.22 mm Novalis (BrainLAb, Inc.) Head mask, cradle, vacuum bag Orthogonal images to set-up Optical tracking Measure iso dose 2-4% Patient ± 0.11 mm TomoTherapy (Tomotherapy Inc.) Head mask, vacuum bag CT Phantom- ± mm Patient- ± mm Synergy S (Elekta, Inc.) In-house systems BodyFix (Elekta) Stereotactic body frame or body cast Conebeam CT HexaPOD robotic couch CT Patient (w/o image guidance)- 5.2 ± 2.2 mm Patient (with image guidance) mm (translational) o (rotational) Patient- varies from mm Adapted from Sahgal et al IJROBP 71(3): , 2008 Kim et al IJROBP 73 ( 5),: , 2009

16 Cyberknife Robotic Delivery System Targeting System Cyberknife Imaging X-ray sources Synchrony camera Linear accelerator Robotic Manipulator Image detectors

17

18 Volumetric Modulated Arc Therapy

19 Volumetric Arc Therapy

20 Technical Requirements for Spinal Radiosurgery Exquisite Accuracy (submillimeter) Image-guidance Stereoscopic kv with tracking Conebeam Proper immobilization evacuated cushion vacuum body fixation device Thermoplastic mask.

21 Spine SBRT Immobilization Devices a) evacuated cushion, b) vacuum body fixation device, c) thermoplastic S-frame mask. Li et al Impact of Immobilization on Intrafraction Motion for Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy Using CBCT Int J Radiation Oncol Biol Phys, Vol. 84, No. 2, pp. 520e526, 2012

22 Technical Requirements for Spinal Radiosurgery Exquisite Accuracy (submillimeter) Image-guidance Stereoscopic kv with tracking Conebeam Proper immobilization evacuated cushion vacuum body fixation device Thermoplastic mask. Sophisticated treatment planning

23 Treatment Delivery Techniques Wowra et al Dtsch Arztebl Int 2009; 106(7):

24 Target Definition MRI-CT fusion Gerszten reported (93% of cases could be adequately contoured based on fusion) Challenging cases with instrumentation CT-myelogram was required Depending on the system specs GTV=PTV PTV= GTV + 2mm

25 Series GERSZTEN, 2008 (CK) DODD, 2006 (CK) SAGHAL 2007 (CK) Marchetti, 2013 (CK) Selch (Novalis) 2009 GERSZTEN, 2012 (Synergy) Sachdev (CK) 2011 Literature for Radiosurgery for Benign Intradural Spinal Tumors Menin g Schwann Neurofib Mea n age (yrs) Tot al #pts confirmed schwannoma 7 confirmed neurofibrom *Total 25 lesions NR Indica tion 28% recurre nt/resid ual 51% recurre nt/resid ual 10/13 recurre nt/resid ual Residua l /recurre nt % residual /recurre nt ~1/3rd residual / recurre nt Dose/ # Fx F/U (month s) 15-25Gy/ Gy/ / Gy/ / (32-73) 12Gy/ 1 18 (12-58) 16Gy (mean max dose)/ (3-55) Gy/ (6-87) Outcome 100% stable/decreased 3 new myelopathy 96% stable/decreased 3 repeat surgery 1 progression 1 new myelopathy 12/13 (92%) radiographically controlled 100% control no toxicity 100% control 12% improv neurol symp 1 incr pain 1 incr numbness 15/19 improved pain 100% control 1 transient dysphagia 82% symp control 99% control 7 repeat surg 1 transient myelop

26 Patient Characteristics Patients with 103 Tumors PATIENTS Age (yr) Median 53 Range Sex, no. (%) Female 44 (51) Male 43 (49) Neurofibromatosis (%) Type 1 9 (10) Type 2 14 (16) Schwannomatosis 2 (2) LESIONS Histology (%) Meningioma 32 (31) Neurofibroma 24 (23) Schwannoma 47 (46) PRESENTING SYMPTOMS Symptom Number of lesions (%) Pain 60 (58) Sensory Loss 35 (34) Weakness 30 (29) Bladder/Bowel Deficits 7 (7) Asymptomatic 26 (25) Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

27 BENIGN SPINAL TUMORS mean follow up of 33 months (range: 6-104) Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

28 Lesions Methods/Dosimetry DOSIMETRY mean dose (Gy) Fractions >50% Average tumor volume, TV (cm 3 ) 5.14 ( ) Average prescribed dose, TD (cgy) 1940 ( ) Average maximum dose, Dmax (cgy) 2490 ( ) Median Number of Fractions 2 (1-5) Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

29 Dose Fractionation Details Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

30 Clinical Results: Meningioma RADIOSURGERY EFFECT ON MENINGIOMA SYMPTOMS Presenting (%) Pain Weakness/Motor Deficits Sensory Loss Bladder/Bowl Deficits Asymptomatic Overall Symptomatic Response (%) Improved Stable Worsened Pain Response (%) Improved Stable Worsened Overall 91% stable or improved with treatment Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

31 Clinical Results: Schwannoma RADIOSURGERY EFFECT ON SCHWANNOMA SYMPTOMS Presenting (%) Pain Weakness/Motor Deficits Sensory Loss Bladder/Bowl Deficits Asymptomatic Overall Symptomatic Response (%) Improved Stable Worsened Pain Response (%) Improved Stable Worsened Overall 86% stable or improved with treatment Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

32 Clinical Results: Neurofibroma RADIOSURGERY EFFECT ON NEUROFIBROMA SYMPTOMS Presenting (%) Pain Weakness/Motor Deficits Sensory Loss Bladder/Bowl Deficits Asymptomatic Overall Symptomatic Response (%) Improved Stable Worsened Pain Response (%) Improved Stable Worsened Overall poorer symptomatic response to treatment; 67% Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

33 Radiographic Results EFFECT OF CYBERKNIFE ON TUMOR SIZE Histology Meningiomas Stable Decrease Increase 47% 53% -- Schwannomas 51% 47% 2%* Neurofibromas 82% 18% -- **Usual marked by <10% transient increase in size at 6 months followed by reduction Sachdev et al Neurosurgery 69(3): 533-8, 2011

34 Recurrent Spinal Schwannoma at T-7 Before Treatment 6 months 24 months 74 months

35 L4 radiation-induced meningioma A Pre-treatment B Treatment plan C 2 years post treatment

36 38 yr old with NF1 A B C Figure 3: 38 year old man with neurofibromatosis type 1 and multiple innumerable spinal and peripheral neurofibromas presenting with progressive weakness. (A) the left C2 neurofibroma indicated by the yellow arrow was targeted for radiosurgery, (B) the radiosurgery plan of 18 Gy in 2 fractions shows the tumor outlined in red with yellow dots, the thin spinal cord outlined in green, the prescription isodose curve in light green and the 50 % isodose curve in purple. (C) at 1-year follow-up the tumor was radiographically stable, although not symptomatically improved

37 L3-4 Recurrent Schwannoma A Pre-treatment B 21 Gy in 3 fractions C 2 years post treatment 72 year old woman with recurrent L3-4 schwannoma, 3 years after resection

38 Clinical Results: Post SRS Surgery Histology Location Age Time after SRS Tumor Control Symptoms Effect of Surgery Meningioma T months Stable Unchanged No improvement Neurofibroma C months Stable Unchanged Better Neurofibroma C months Stable Unchanged No improvement Schwannoma C months Stable Unchanged Better Schwannoma C months Stable Unchanged Better Schwannoma C months Stable Worse Better Schwannoma C months Decreased Worse No improvement

39 Clinical Results: Extended Follow-up 21 lesions had follow up > 48 months. 1 tumor increased in size 3 patients underwent surgical resection for persistent Sx. 2 patients in this group died, one of natural causes and one after a fall from a ladder.

40 Stanford series: Complications No treatment related mortality One case of radiation-induced myelopathy One spinal lamina fracture during fiducial placement

41 Other complications reported Transient dysphagia Dermatitis Worsening baseline symptoms Numbness Pain motor Myelopathy

42 Radiation-Induced Myelopathy C7-T2 Meningioma after 24 Gy in 3Fx Pre Post

43 Radiosurgery Complication One patient suffered from transient radiation induced myelitis 9 months post treatment >27Gy C7-T2 meningioma 7.57cm 3 treated to 24Gy in 3frx SC: 4.7cm 3 >8Gy, 0.1cm 3 SC Dmax = 29.9 Gy No previous radiation Neurologically stable after intervention (corticosteroids and physical therapy) Pre-treatment Post-treatment

44 Results Summary Mean follow-up 33 months Majority of schwannomas and meningiomas stable to improved symptoms (67 100%) Only ~50% of neurofibromas improved symptoms 98% tumor control (95% 4-yr actuarial control rate) One late failure observed at 6 years No treatment related mortality One transient radiation-induced myelopathy 7 patients had repeat surgery- 6 for worsening symptoms; 1-progression

45 Series GERSZTEN, 2008 (CK) DODD, 2006 (CK) SAGHAL 2007 (CK) Marchetti, 2013 (CK) Selch (Novalis) 2009 GERSZTEN, 2012 (Synergy) Sachdev (CK) 2011 Literature for Radiosurgery for Benign Intradural Spinal Tumors Menin g Schwann Neurofib Mea n age (yrs) Tot al #pts confirmed schwannoma 7 confirmed neurofibrom *Total 25 lesions NR Indica tion 28% recurre nt/resid ual 51% recurre nt/resid ual 10/13 recurre nt/resid ual Residua l /recurre nt % residual /recurre nt ~1/3rd residual / recurre nt Dose/ # Fx F/U (month s) 15-25Gy/ Gy/ / Gy/ / (32-73) 12Gy/ 1 18 (12-58) 16Gy (mean max dose)/ (3-55) Gy/ (6-87) Outcome 100% stable/decreased 3 new myelopathy 96% stable/decreased 3 repeat surgery 1 progression 1 new myelopathy 12/13 (92%) radiographically controlled 100% control no toxicity 100% control 12% improv neurol symp 1 incr pain 1 incr numbness 15/19 improved pain 100% control 1 transient dysphagia 82% symp control 99% control 7 repeat surg 1 transient myelop

46 Lessons learned from these studies Multiple studies Good follow-up >3 years Different platforms Dose Gy in 1 fraction Gy in 2-4 fractions (especially for Grade 3 ESCC) Tumor control % Symptom control >80% for most tumors; more challenging for neurofibroma UCLA study showed only 12% improved symptoms (?lower dose of 12 Gy)

47 Conclusions Image-guided radiosurgery for benign intradural tumors is feasible and safe. The most effective dosing schemes are still being determined. Longer term follow up data is needed to determine efficacy for such slow growing lesions, however the presented results suggest tumor growth control during the study period.

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