A Novel Problem-solving Metric for Future Internet Routing Based on Virtualization and Cloud-computing

Transcription

1 159 A Novel Problem-solvng Metrc for Future Internet Routng Based on Vrtualzaton and Cloud-computng Rujuan Zheng, Mngchuan Zhang, Qngtao Wu, Wangyang We and Haxa Zhao Electronc & Informaton Engneerng College, Henan Unversty of Scence and Technology Luoyang , Chna Abstract The Internet has evolved from an academc network to a broad commercal platform and become an ntegral and ndspensable part of our daly lfe, economc operaton, and socety over forty years. However, many techncal and non-techncal challenges have emerged durng ths process. In order to address these challenges, we analyze the three features pervasveness, heterogenety and ntellgence that the future Internet possesses, and present a novel problem-solvng metrc for future Internet routng whch can ntellgently deal wth the applcaton requrements that current Internet cannot meet. The new routng metrc possesses the capablty of both Store-and-forward and servce provder, the latter of whch s ntroduced by us nnovatvely. Fnally, we detal the routng metrc whch can provde a useful reference for the researches of future Internet routng. Keywords: Future Internet, Network Archtecture, Cognton, Cooperaton;Cross-Layer, Vrtualzaton, Cloud-computng. 1. Introducton The Internet has evolved from an academc network to a broad commercal platform and become an ntegral and ndspensable part of our daly lfe, economc operaton, and socety over forty years. However, many techncal and non-techncal challenges have emerged durng ths process. In the aspect of flexblty, the Internet was orgnally desgned for data transmsson and ts layers are toughly coupled. Its nner runnng state, parameter confguraton and process method cannot be changed, but though the specal nterfaces, whereas the nterfaces seldom change the nformaton. Thus, tradtonal Internet s a knd of statc network essentally, so t cannot confgure Internet dynamcally and meet varous needs of dynamc servce. In the aspect of dversty, today s Internet bulds around the narrow wast of IP, whch makes t hard to change the IP layer to adapt for future requrements, but adapt varous upper and lower layers protocols. Wth the multplcty of Internet busness and sharp expanson of user s requrements, the coexstence of dfferent heterogeneous network s formed under the drve of technology nnovaton and applcaton requrement. Thus, today s Internet can be seen as the logc combnaton of varous network devces n dfferent medum, frequency and space. To add a new applcaton or servce, the Internet needs to be modfed correspondngly, whch forms a messy structure of a forest of chmneys and severely restrcts the sustanng development of Internet. In the aspect of ntellgence, the desgn pattern of tradtonal Internet s decouplng whch s that a knd of network supportng a knd of man servce. The Internet s a closed network runnng n statc mode and lacks ntellgent sensng and respondng mechansm. Its network unt (e.g. host computers, routers, servers) cannot adjust automatcally. However, ntellgent network can sense changeable outer crcumstance and busness taken on to realze automatc adaptaton. Therefore, the decouplng pattern whch used to promote the rapd development of the Internet has become the key obstacle for development of future ntellgent Internet. The problems of tradtonal Internet make t face great nnovaton, especally n the network archtecture whch s the research focus of academy. In the Unted States, early research projects of future Internet manly ncluded Clean Slate 100*100[1], SING[2] and NGN[3]. Later, GENI[4] FIND[5] plan were present. In 2009, the NSF started NetSE project whch merged FIND, SING and NGNI, hopng to make breakthrough n future Internet archtecture by the researches of crossng subject and doman. In 2010, the NSF start FIA plan[6] whch ncludes NDN, MobltyFrst, NEBULA, and XIA projects. In European Unon, the projects facng future Internet nclude FIRE[7] and FIA (EU) [8] whch s a project group of FP7. Besdes, Germany started G-Lab[9] project and France started RNRT[10] project. In Asa, Japan started NWGN[11] project and AKARI[12] project whch s dvded nto three stages (JGN2 JGN2+ JGN3) to construct test bed. In 2003, the 973 project of Chna sponsored the Research of Next-Generaton Internet

2 160 Archtecture whch s contnuously sponsored by 973 of Chna n In the same year, 973 of Chna sponsored the Research of Unversal Trust Network and Pervasve Servces Archtecture. Besdes, the 863, NSF and CNGI of Chna also sponsored a seres of research projects facng to future Internet. By analyzng the projects mentoned above, we fnd that the comprehenson and research contents for future Internet of many countres are the same. There are two dfferent approaches to future Internet research. One s based on the present Internet archtecture and deals wth the major technologcal problems through technology nnovaton. The other s to desgn new network archtecture to settle the major technologcal problems from the begnnng. Whatever approaches they adopt, researchers must acknowledge the technologcal kernel and successful experence of current Internet whch are the root of the boom of the Internet over decades and the man contents of Internet archtecture formed by long-term techncal experment, such as dstrbuted archtecture, packet swtchng, and extensble routng addressng. Based on the nvestgaton on the popular researches of future Internet, we consder that the problems of future Internet should be solved not through desgnng a completely new network but through mprovng current networks The reasons are that the tme cost and economcal cost are ggantc for overthrowng a huge exstent network, such as constructng new nfrastructure, desgnng new applcatons, and tranng users habts. Thus, we present a novel routng metrc based on current varous technologes to provde a helpful reference for the research of future Internet routng technology. Cloud-computng: t provdes technologcal support to the pervasveness. Pervasve servce: t provdes pervasve computng servce for ntellgent termnals. Network securty: t guarantees users rghts. (2) Heterogenety The future Internet wll be a heterogeneous network wth the coexstence of varous access technologes. Because of the followng techncal dversty, the heterogenety of future Internet wll exst n a long term. Communcaton protocol and lnk: dfferent communcaton protocols and lnks are adopted from endedge network, access network to core network. Wreless protocol: there are varous wreless communcaton protocols, such as 2G/3G, WF, Bluetooth and Zgbee. Access lnk: there are varous access lnks, such xdsl, xpon, Ethernet, Cable and prvate communcaton system. Besdes, varous networks dffer n authentcaton mode, QoS, confgurable capablty, and applcaton nterface. 2. Descrpton of Future Internet We consder that future Internet should nclude three mportant characterstcs accordng to nvestgaton and analyss. Core Internet (1) Pervasveness Future Internet s a pervasve network and can realze convenent and fast access at anytme and anywhere for any devces. Because of the followng technologes, the pervasveness of the future Internet s possble. Intellgent termnal: t s the basc medum to acheve ubqutous characterstc. Moble access: t provdes convenent and effcent access mode at anytme and anywhere for ntellgent termnals. (3) Intellgence Fg. 1 Sketch map of topology for future Internet Future Internet also should be an ntellgent network. The researches facng the ntellgence of future Internet nclude cogntve wreless rado, cogntve network, self-adaptve network, autonomc network, bo-nspred network, multagent network, etc. Those researches am to mprove the

3 161 ntellgence of future Internet whch s the man feature dstngushng from tradtonal Internet. Accordng to the above dscusson, we beleve that the future Internet s a complcated dstrbuted network wth the coexstence of varous technologes and devces. In order to aval for our dscusson, we propose the topology of future Internet whch s shown n Fg. 1. The topology ncludes the man components of future Internet, such as computers, ntellgent devces, routers, and servers. 3. Challenges and Meetng Technologes for Future Internet The future Internet wll emerge new challenges n the network connecton of lower layer, data transmsson of mddle layer and ntellgent servce of upper layer. (1) Network Connecton Heterogeneous nterconnecton: because heterogeneous network and devces are always the man components of Internet, heterogeneous nterconnecton mechansm s a challenge of the future Internet. Informaton percepton: the acqurement, transmsson, storage and process of nformaton are also a challenge of the future Internet n physcal/logcal sensng unts deployed n a large scale. Ubqutous access: how to access Internet and ensure the performance of connecton for many portable devces s another challenge of the future Internet. (2) Data Transmsson Tradtonal Internet bulds around the narrow wast of IP, whch makes t hard to provde more abundant functonal support for ts upper and lower layers. Therefore, how to enhance the functon of network layer to adapt the varous access technologes of lower layer and support more luxurant servces of upper layer s an mportant challenge of the future Internet. (3) Intellgent Servce The future Internet s not only data transmsson network, but also support platform whch merges varous heterogeneous networks (e.g. wreless sensor network, vehcle network and Internet of thngs) and burdens a lot of new applcatons (e.g. cloud servce, flow medum and moble computng). How to provde more and better support for these new applcatons s another mportant challenge of the future Internet. For these challenges, researchers put forward a great many solvng technologes, such as vrtual technology, cloudcomputng, autonomc computng, ntellgent decson and machne learnng. We present the routng metrc manly based on the technology of vrtualzaton and Cloudcomputng. (1) Vrtualzaton Vrtualzaton[13, 14] s present to deal wth the rgdty of tradtonal Internet and stmulate research nnovaton of future Internet. It s used to construct robust, credtable and manageable vrtual crcumstance of network and assgn proper vrtual resource for varous vrtual networks to share resources and mprove the usng rato of network nfrastructure. Vrtualzaton can sheld the lower layer heterogenety of networks and devces and support the upper layer dversty of servce. It resolves the pervasveness and heterogenety of future Internet. (2) Cloud-computng Cloud computng[15, 16] derves from Google 101 Plan and mgrate storage and computng to Cloud to construct a computng publc servce and establsh a new global resource share mode lease mode. It manly resolves the pervasveness of future Internet and supports heterogenety and ntellgence. The new technologes (.e. vrtualzaton and cloudcomputng) collaborate wth each other to acheve the pervasveness, pervasveness and ntellgence of future Internet. Ther mergence wll resolve the problems of current Internet and form a new generaton Internet. 4. Proposed routng cloud metrc Routng cloud s a new layer to substtute the network layer of TCP/IP model and OSI model, the compare of staton of whch s shown n Fg. 2. In tradtonal networks, the man functon of network layer s to transmt data packets. In order to extend the functons of network layer, we propose a new desgn blue prnt of network layer routng cloud layer based on vrtual technology and cloud computng. The Routng Cloud layer ncludes the followng functons. The routng cloud layer conceals the dversty of networks and devces of access nfrastructure layer downwards.

4 162 The routng cloud layer conceals the dversty of QoS of servce layer upwardly. The routng cloud layer can store and transmt data packets. The routng cloud layer can provde servce for applcatons. Applcaton Layer Presentaton Layer Sesson Layer Transport Layer Network layer Data Lnk Layer Physcal Layer Routng Cloud Layer Applcaton Layer Transport Layer IP Layer Network Interface Layer OSI model TCP/IP model Fg. 2 Staton of routng cloud layer 4.1 Archtecture of Routng Cloud Layer Routng cloud layer s made up of physcal router sub-layer and vrtual router sub-layer, whch are closely related by mappng relatonshp and whose basc prncple s shown n Fg. 3. Routng cloud Vrtual routng layer VR 1 Routng mappng Physcal routng layer PR 2 PR 1 VR 2 VR 3 Upper layer PR 3 VR 4 VR 5 Lower layer PR 5 PR 4 VR 6 Fg. 3 Archtecture of routng cloud VR 7 VR PR PR 6 VR m The routng cloud layer conssts of physcal routng layer, vrtual routng layer and mappng relatonshp. The physcal routng layer ncludes routers, lnk, topology etc. The vrtual routng layer provdes dfferent servce for dfferent applcatons, whch seems to a group of Vrtual Prvate Networks. The routng mappng addresses the PR n mappng between physcal routng layer and vrtual routng layer. 4.2 Organzng Model of Physcal Routers Organzng model of physcal routers uses Pearson correlatvty prncple to map dscrete physcal routers to a logcal overall. Based on the characterstc nformaton physcal routers, we obtan r n 1 ( X X )( Y Y) n n 2 2 ( X X ) ( Y Y) 1 I 1 where X, Y are the characterstc nformaton of two physcal routers n dfferent tme (the specfc nformaton s determned by the requrements of applcaton). XY, are the average of X, Y. The doman s parttoned by calculatng correlatve coeffcent r, and the routers whose correlatve degree s hgh are parttoned nto a doman. For doman, ts routers are descrbed by Z { L, L,..., L,..., L } 1 2 n. If we chose the router whose operatng factor s the lowest as the reference pont L, the dfference degree of each router s calculated by 2 2 ( X X j ) +(Y Y j ), X,Y Y 2 2 X j j d j ( X X j ) +(Y Y j ) 0, X X j,y Yj Based on the doman of router L, we map the dfferent domans nto one dmensonal space by where c s a constant. L (1) (2) P c d, After mappng physcal routers nto one dmensonal space, they can be denoted n unform method,.e. a physcal router dentfer (PhyRouterID) can only denotes a physcal router. 4.3 Vrtual Routers and Ther Mappng Relatonshp We present the new vrtual router to adapt routng cloud layer. Besdes tradtonal functons of router, the vrtual router possesses two man new functons servce supply and vrtualzaton whch are ntroduced as follows. The vrtual router possesses hgh-powered CPU, MSF, effectve queue, and so on. Apart from transmttng data packets, t can perform busness process lke servers. If the

5 163 requrements of data packet can be met by a vrtual router, t wll drectly respond to and serve the requrements to mprove servce effcency wthout transmttng the data packet to server. Vrtualzaton s the foundaton of realzng the solaton of applcatons of upper layer and hardware of lower layer. It refers to map physcal routers nto ndependent vrtual logcal routers, each of whch possess ndependent bandwdth, CPU and cache. The mappng of vrtualzaton ncludes partte mappng, convergent mappng and mxed mappng. There s only one physcal router and multple vrtual routers n partte mappng whose prncple s llustrated n Fg. 4. The partte mappng s appled to provde elaborate servce, for example, assgnng an ndvdual vrtual router for a specfc knd of applcaton. The vrtual router possesses ndependent confguraton, management authorty, process, forwardng table, etc. The mappng relatonshp s mantaned by physcal router and vrtual routers, respectvely, and s shown as n Table I and Table II. We assgn unque physcal router dentfer PhyRouterID for each physcal router. In one mappng, we also assgn unque mappng dentfer MappngID and unque vrtual router dentfer VrRouterID(s) for each vrtual router. Thus, each vrtual router can be ascertaned by MappngID+VrRouter_ID. The three mappngs are ntroduced as follows respectvely. VrRouter 1 VrRouter 2 PhyRouter VrRouter VrRouter n (1) Partte mappng Fg. 4 Partte mappng mode for routers Table I Partte mappng for physcal router 2 PhyRouterID Identfer of physcal router 3 VrRouterIDs Lst of dentfer of vrtual routers There are one physcal router and multple vrtual routers n the mappng. One physcal router assocate to multple One vrtual router assocate to one mappng and one physcal router. Table II Partte mappng for vrtual router 2 PhyRouterID Identfer of physcal router 3 VrRouterID Lst of dentfer of vrtual routers 4 ServceSupplyLst The provded servce of the vrtual router. There are one physcal router and multple vrtual routers n the mappng. One physcal router assocate to multple One vrtual router assocate to one mappng and one physcal router. 5 pfs The packet forwardng speed of the vrtual router 6 nocl The number of concurrent lnk of the vrtual router 7 nonlps The number of new lnks per second of the vrtual router

6 164 (2) Convergent mappng There are multple physcal routers and one vrtual router n convergent mappng whose prncple s llustrated n Fg. 5. The convergent mappng s appled to provde hghpowered servce for applcaton requrng hgh process capablty. In convergent mappng, each physcal router mantans the mappng relatng to a vrtual router, and the vrtual router mantans the physcal routers that t contans. The mappng relatonshp s shown as n Table III and Table IV. (3) Mxed mappng There are multple physcal routers and multple vrtual routers n convergent mappng whose prncple s llustrated n Fg. 6. The mxed mappng s appled to more complcated applcaton and ts mappng relatonshp s shown as n Table V and Table VI. VrRouter 1 VrRouter 2 VrRouter VrRouter m VrRouter Mappng Relatonshp PhyRouter 1 PhyRouter 2 PhyRouter PhyRouter n PhyRouter 1 PhyRouter 2 PhyRouter PhyRouter n Fg. 5 Convergent mappng mode for routers Fg. 6 Mxed mappng mode for routers Table III Convergent mappng for physcal router 2 PhyRouterID Identfer of physcal router 3 VrRouterID Identfer of vrtual router There are multple physcal routers and one vrtual router n the mappng. One physcal router assocate to multple The vrtual router only assocates to one mappng and one physcal router. Table IV Convergent mappng for physcal router 2 PhyRouterIDs Lst of dentfer of physcal routers 3 VrRouterID Identfer of vrtual router There are multple physcal routers and one vrtual router n the mappng. One physcal router assocate to multple The vrtual router only assocates to one mappng and one physcal router.

7 165 Table V Mxed mappng for physcal router 2 PhyRouterID Identfer of physcal router 3 VrRouterIDs Lst of dentfer of vrtual routers There are multple physcal routers and multple vrtual routers n the mappng. One physcal router can nclude multple The vrtual router only assocates to one mappng and multple physcal routers. Table VI Mxed mappng for physcal router 2 PhyRouterIDs Lst of dentfer of physcal router 3 VrRouterID Lst of dentfer of vrtual routers There are multple physcal routers and multple vrtual routers n the mappng. One physcal router can nclude multple The vrtual router only assocates to one mappng and multple physcal routers. 4.3 Servce Supply Mode of Routng Cloud Layer Compared wth tradtonal network layer, the man new functon s supply applcaton servce whch means that routers replace the partal/whole functons of applcaton servers to realze applcaton busness. In order to acheve supply applcaton servce of routng cloud layer, t s needed to establsh unform dentfers for runnng applcatons, whch s accomplshed by vrtual servce layer. The man thought of supply applcaton servce s shown n Fg.7. We llustrate the basc prncple of supply applcaton servce from the vews of physcal routers and vrtual routers accordng to Fg.7 as follows. (1) Vew of Physcal Router From the vew of physcal routers, user1 vsts the applcaton server A through physcal routers PRL1 (PR6- PR4-PR1), and user2 vsts the applcaton server A through physcal routers PRL2 (PR8-PR7-PR5-PR3-PR2). In the vew of tradtonal router, the router PRL1 and PRL2 only acheve the storage and transmsson of the data between server and user. In the vew of our routers, a physcal router downloads the correspondng servce when transmttng data packets. If the same requrements pass by the physcal router, t drectly responds to the requrements by tself wthout transmttng to server A. It wll form a supply servce tree of server A shown n Fg. 8 (a). Server A VR 1 PR 2 PR 1 VR 2 Vrtual router layer VR 3 Mappng Physcal router layer PR 3 (2) Vew of Vrtual Router VR 4 VR 5 PR 4 PR 5 VR 6 VR 7 VR 8 PR 7 PR 6 Fg. 7 Theory of Servce supply VR 9 PR 8 Vew of vrtual router User 1 User 2 Vew of physcal router From the vew of vrtual routers, user1 vsts the applcaton server A through vrtual routers VRL1 (VR9- VR6-VR5-VR3-VR1), and user2 vsts the applcaton

8 166 server A through vrtual routers VRL2 (VR7-VR4-VR3- VR1). In the vew of tradtonal router, the router VRL1 and VRL2 only acheve the storage and transmsson of the data between server and user. In the vew of our routers, a vrtual router downloads the correspondng servce when transmttng data packets. If the same requrements pass by the vrtual router, t drectly responds to the requrements by tself wthout transmttng to server A. It wll form a supply servce tree of server A shown n Fg. 8 (b). PR8 PR7 PR5 PR3 PR2 PR6 server PR4 PR1 (a) Servce supply tree of physcal router VR9 VR6 VR5 Fg. 8 Tree of Servce supply VR3 VR1 VR4 VR7 server (b) Servce supply tree of vrtual router Wth tme passng by, t wll generate a ggantc supply servce tree of the server A n whole network. Each router of the tree mantans a servce supply table to ensure the coherence and valdty of servce between the router and server A. 6. Conclusons The future Internet s regarded as an nevtable developmental trend to resolve the problems of tradtonal Internet. Compared wth tradtonal Internet, future Internet wll get mproved greatly n performance and functons. Thus, the future Internet faces a good many challenges n network access, network transmsson and network servce. In ths paper, we propose a thought of soluton and relevant archtecture for future Internet through convergng cognton, cross-layer, cooperaton, vrtualzaton and cloud computng. The archtecture conssts of protocol plane, cogntve plane and control plane whch collaborate wth each other to acheve the performance and functons. Acknowledgments Ths work s supported by the Natonal Natural Scence Foundaton of Chna (NSFC) under Grant No.U , No and No References [1] [2] [3] [4] Global Envronment for Networkng Investgatons (GENI), /cse/gen/. [5] NSF NeTS FIND Intatve, [6] NSF Future Internet Archtecture Project, [7] Future Internet Assembly, home/ future-nternet-assembly.html [8] FIRE: Future Internet Research and Expermentaton, [9] [10] [11] New Generaton Network(NWGN) Beyond NGN n Japan, [12] New Generaton Network Archtecture AKARI Conceptual Desgn (ver1.1), _verson_1_1.pdf [13] W. Louat, D. Zeghlache, Network-Based Vrtual Personal Overlay Networks Usng Programmable Vrtual Routers, IEEE Communcatons Magazne, 45(7): 51-57, July [14] A. Karma, B. Mohammed, B. Azeddne, New vrtual coordnate system for mproved routng effcency n sensor network, Internatonal Journal of Computer Scence Issues, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2012, pp [15] M. Armbrust, A. Fox, R. Grffth, A vew of cloud computng, Communcatons of the ACM, 53(4):50-58, Apr [16] B. Al, H. Sohrab, J. Al, B. Akbar, A cloud computng collaboratve archtecture model, Internatonal Journal of Computer Scence Issues, Vol. 9, No. 3, 2012, pp Rujuan Zheng receved her B.S. degree from Henan Unversty n 2003, studed n Harbn Engneerng Unversty from 2003 to 2008, and receved Ph.D. degree. She works as an Assocate Professor n Henan Unversty of Scence and Technology from 2008 to now. In partcular, her research nterests nclude bo-nspred networks, Internet of Thngs, future Internet and computer securty. Mngchuan Zhang receved hs B.S. degree from Luoyang Insttute of Technology n 2000 and M.S degree from Harbn Engneerng Unversty n He works as a Lecturer n Henan Unversty of Scence and Technology from 2005 to now. In partcular, hs research nterests nclude ad hoc network, Internet of Thngs, cogntve network and future Internet technology. Qngtao Wu receved hs Ph.D. degree from East Chna Unversty of Scence and Technology. He works as an Assocate Professor n Henan Unversty of Scence and Technology from Mar 2006 to now. Hs research nterests nclude component technology, computer securty and future Internet securty. Wangyang We receved hs B.S. degree from Zhengzhou Unversty n 2001 and M.S degree from Sun Yat-Sen Unversty n He works as a Lecturer n Henan Unversty of Scence and Technology from 2004 to now. In partcular, hs research nterests nclude component technology, mage processng, database theory and technology etc. Haxa Zhao receved her B.S. degree from South West Normal Unversty n 1998 and M.S degree from Natonal Unversty of Defense Technology n She works as a Lecturer n Henan Unversty of Scence and Technology from 1998 to now. In partcular, her research nterests nclude wreless sensor networks, Internet of Thngs, cogntve network, database theory and technology etc.