DEVELOPMENT OF THE DECISION-AID TOOL (UADAT)

Transcription

1 Op #3: Framework for he ceraiy aalysis of ischarge WMO Projec: Assessme of he Performace of Flow Measreme Isrmes a Techiqes measremes a gielies for implemeaio DEVELOPMENT OF THE DECISION-AID TOOL UADAT Phase II: Deelopme of examples for UADAT implemeaio Iowa Ciy, May, 0 Maria Mse, Kyae Lee IIHR-Hyrosciece & Egieerig The Uiersiy of Iowa Iowa Ciy, Iowa, U.S.A.

2 BACKGROUND I 007, he WMO projec Assessme of he Performace of Flow Measreme Isrmes a Techiqes was iiiae wih he oerall ie o eelop reiew, syhesize a compile rece iformaio regarig he proceres a mehos o measre ischarge hp:// A iegral par of he projec is he Reiew of he ceraiy aalysis UA of ischarge measremes a formlaio of gielies for pracical UA implemeaio Task #3 of he projec. The reiew of he perie lierare le he Projec Team PT o he coclsio ha he mos siale framework for he coc of he UA for hyromery is he Gie o he Expressio of Uceraiy i Measreme - GUM GUM, 993. I Ferary 009, he AWG, o ehalf of CHy, ecie o aop GUM as a framework for flow measremes. The ealaio of ceraiy is eiher a roie ask or a prely mahemaical oe; i epes o eaile kowlege of he are of he measra, measreme meho a procere. Moreoer i epes o he coiios of he measreme eirome a he ime of aa acqisiio. The qaliy a iliy of he ceraiy qoe for he resl of a measreme herefore limaely epes o he ersaig, criical aalysis, a iegriy of hose who corie o he assigme of is ale. Eqally impora is he mehoology se for he coc of he UA. Coseqely, he eelopme or assimilaio of a UA ecisio-ai ool UADAT ha ses rigoros, sep-y-sep implemeaio of a saarize approach, sch as he GUM 993 framework, is eeficial o oly for he ser also for he commiy as comparisos a frher aalyses ca reaily coce. The origial Task #3 of he projec eails he followig s-asks: Task 3.: Deelopme of ecisio-ai ool prooype for pracical implemeaio of UA Task 3.e: Deelopme of examples sig he selece ecisio-ai ool The origial ie of hese asks was o eelop a ecisio-ai ool ha faciliaes rapi a efficie implemeaio of he framework for UA. Sice he projec icepio, he GUM framework has ee icreasigly aope a implemee y may scieific, research, a merologic commiies. Parallel effors of hese commiies were eicae o eelop sofware for faciliaig he aopio a implemeaio of he GUM o pracical applicaios, similarly o he WMO Task #3 goals. As a resl seeral sofware packages are ow aailale. Gie hese eelopmes, he WMO Projec Team is crrely i a ew siaio wherey Task 3. a 3.e of he projec hae reaily aailale ecisio-ai ools o choose from if hey flfill he projec eam s origial goals. Therefore, a ecisio was mae o firsly ealae he ewly eelope sofware a, ase o he ealaio ocomes, o: a aop oe of he exisig ecisio-ai ools; csomize he exisig ecisio-ai-ool o mee he Naioal Hyrologic Serices NHS specific ees; c eelop a ew oe ha flfills NHS specific ees Projec Ojecies A proposal was smie o WMO i Ocoer 00 wih he aim o:. Criically reiew he exisig ecisio-ai ools for UA sig GUM approach a recomme he aopio of sch sofware if i flfills he specificaios formlae y he projec eam. The ocomes of he sofware ealaio le o he recommeaio of Msys GUM Eerprise Proie implemeaio examples of Msys sofware sage for pracical flow measreme siaios. The prese repor aresses he seco ojecie of he propose sy.

3 EXAMPLE : DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ACUIRED WITH STREAMPRO ADCP, SECTION-BY-SECTION SXS APPROACH.. Irocio SreamPro is a 000 khz Acosic Doppler Crre Profiler ADCP sally se i meim a small sreams wih eph p o m hp:// The majoriy of ischarge measremes mae y he USGS are i sreams wih mea ephs of less ha meer. For larger sreams, largely se are ADCPs of arios cofigraios a acosic plse characerisics: Rio Grae risrmes.com/rio.aspx, RierRay risrmes.com/rierray.aspx, Rier Sreyor soek.com/riersreyor-s5-m9.php, a Argoao-XR soek.com/argoaxr.php. The SreamPro is similar wih Rio Grae ADCP i may respecs i.e., acosic geomery, sigal processig, aa forma, operaioal cosieraios wih he mai isicio eig he proe size a ha he former are eqippe wih posiioig a roaio recorig eices Gloal Posiioig Sysem -GPS- eice a compass i heir saar cofigraios. SreamPro ca e operae sig wo eployme mehos: moig oa or saioary meho secio-y-secio. The firs meho is implemee y slowly raersig he ADCP from a ak o he opposie oe sig a aglie or walkig across a rige. This meho is commoly se eig efficie o ee for persoel eployme i he sream a relaiely fas. I moig oa meho, seeral rasecs are collece a he esimae ischarge is oaie as he aerage of he sample measremes USGS, 0. The secio-y-secio SXS meho is closer o he coeioal ischarge measreme proocol, wherey he isrme is posiioe sccessiely a seeral locaios oer he cross secio a a elociyarea meho is applie o oai ischarges i cosecie paels spaces elimie y measre ericals. This meho is he meho of choice whe measreme er ice a whe moig e siaios exiss a he proe is o eqippe wih GPS. There is ample lierare coerig ischarge measremes wih Sreampro sig oh approaches Marse, 005; Rehmel, 006; Frizzel a Vermeye, 007; Gawa e al, 00. These sies iicae ha he SreamPro isplays a high ariailiy i he measreme of elociies Frizzell & Vermeye, Gawa, 00. Noaly, he exesie USGS sy coce y Rehmel 006 wherey ischarge measremes acqire cocrrely wih Sreampro, Price AA, 00 khz TRDI RioGrae ADCP, a SoelYSI FlowTracker ADV a 0 shallow chael flow sies iffere ephs, wihs, elociies iicaes ha: o aerage, he SreamPro has proe capale of measrig ischarge wihi 5% of saar USGS aa-collecio mehos for measremes wih mea elociies elow 0.5 m/s, he ischarge i iiial rasecs aries ssaially. The ariailiy is high ee if eigh or more rasecs are collece per saar USGS mehos. While o cosise ias was eece, his resl meas ha sig he SreamPro o make ischarge measremes er hese low-elociy flow coiios may o e pracical ecase of he ime reqire for oaiig aiioal rasecs. Mos of he aoe meioe sies assess he qaliy of he measremes ase o repeae measremes a isrme comparisos, o hrogh implemeaio of rigoros ceraiy aalysis sig saarize approaches. Few aemps o coc ceraiy aalysis for acosic isrmes sig rigoros proceres are repore i he specialize lierare ye. Oe The se of proc or commercial ames oes o imply eorseme y he ahors or ahor s isiios. 3

4 rece example is Hag 0 ha, espie some limiaios regarig he ermiology a leel of eail of he aalysis, illsraes he se of GUM 995-ase saars for UA. Uceraiy aalyses, ee if rigoros i erm of mehoology, ca e eelope a arios leels of eails commesrae wih he aailale resorces for cocig he aalysis. The fll-flege aalysis is ase o he mahemaical formlaio of he measreme process o icle he eire aa acqisiio chai sarig from sesor sigal o aa isplay o icle sigal coersio, coiioig, pos-processig alog wih he ceraiies ice y eiromeal coiios a operaioal proocol. Aemps o coc sch eaile UA for ADCPs were mae y Gozalez-Casro a Mse 007 sig he AIAA 999 saarize approach which is closely relae o GUM 995. The aalysis fell shor, howeer, as may of he ceraiy sorces iole hae o esimaes a he csomize experimes eee for esimaio of elemeal sorces of ceraiies are effor iesie a rarely cosiere i pracical siaios. More aa is eee o acally impleme his aalysis. While here is coios progress a icrease amo of lierare aressig he qaliy of measremes wih ADCPs, here is sill work o e carrie o oh i erms of esalishig measreme proocols a, mos imporaly, i assessig he sorces of ceraiies iole i he measreme process. The progress alog hese lies are hampere y he fas eolio of ADCPs as he ealaio a ceraiy assessme sies associae wih his ype of isrmes cao keep pace wih he isrmeaio eelopme. For he prese coex, where he focs is o emosrae he implemeaio of UA MSys sofware o pracical cases, GUM mehoology is applie o SreamPro ADCP operae wih he secio-y-secio SxS meho. The followig reasos were leaig o his selecio: a The measreme proocol for Sreampro SXS meho is well esalishe semmig from he log-erm implemeaio of he ischarge measremes wih mechaical elocimeers. The proocols for moig-oa meho for SreamPro a oher ypes of ADCPs o o hae well esalishe a iform measreme proocols coiig o e ealae a his ime RDI, 008; Meller & Wager, 009; Gawa, 00; USGS, 0, Garcia e al., 0. Gawa 00 hypohesizes ha i is possile ha he measreme proocols migh ee iffere specificaios for large a small sreams. The srey of NHs coce i Task II of he prese projec Flfor a Bzas, 009 illsraes ha mos of he NHs are sill sig mechaical Crre meers for ischarge esimaio, so he example preseaio is more relea ha oe illsraig rasec ADCP measremes. Ee lookig i perspecie, he proailiy for NHs o acqire a SreamPro ADCP is mos likely ha of a more powerfl ADCP RIoGrae, Sreyor, ec as he cos is mos afforale for he Sreampro especially if GPS a compass are o icle. I geeral, fll-flege UAs are cosly. For complex isrmes sch as ADCPs he coss are ee higher ecase of he meros sorces of ceraiies Gozalez-Casro a Mse, 007. Assessme of iiial ceraiies reqires specialize experimes or oher aalyical approaches o isolae he sorce of he ceraiy a propagae i o fial resl. The example proie herei ilizes he projec aailale resorces o: a rigorosly impleme he GUM saarize approach o he ischarge measremes acqire wih SreamPro ADCPs; assess some of he mai ceraiy sorces a he leel of iiial ariales i he fcioal relaioship of he measreme process; a c assess lmpe ceraiies ha grop ceraiies acig a he iiial ariale leel ase o pracical crieria e.g., pich, roll. 4

5 .. Preamle o SxS Sreampro ADCP Measremes I is assme herei ha he reaer is familiar wih he priciple a asic operaioal iformaio ao ADCPs. Therefore, o iscssios o ADCP echology, cofigraio, a operaioal seigs are mae i his aalysis. The ischarge measremes repore here were acqire wih a saar cofigraio SreamPro ADCP o compass or GPS. The SreamPro ADCP, proce y Teleye RDI Isrmes risrmes.com, proies elociy profiles y almos isaaeosly samplig elociy i mliple cells a.k.a. is alog ericals i.e., pigs or esemles. Sreampro also measres acosically he eph of he waer colm. Views of he isrme a floaig plaform are proie i Figre. The isrme was operae sig he Secio y Secio SXS meho. a Figre. SreamPro ADCP hp:// a iews of proe a floaig plaform: specificaios SreamPro oais i elociies y aeragig he Doppler phase shif for seeral pigs a he compig he Doppler elociy from he aerage phase aa Marse, 005. SreamPro makes eigh s-pigs a he compes he elociy profile. This is oe six imes each seco a he aerage of he six pigs is he op. I all he cases repore i his sy Sreampro was operae i Moe, whichh is Sreampro s efal waer elociy profilig moe. I his moe he SreamPro ca op p o 0 cells wih sizes of -0 cm, giigg a oal profilig rage of 0-00cm. Usig 5 cm proe immersio smergece, 3 cm lakig isace, a 5 cm cells he firs celll is ceere 0.5 cm elow he rascer. I his moe, ao 0 cm is he miimmm waer eph i which wo cells of aa ca e measre. Mos of or measremes were oaie i shallow waer coiios wih a cell size of 5 cm. ADCP cao measree ear he oaries free srface a e so he area coere y elociy measremes is slighly smaller ha he acal cross secio as illsrae i Figre. 5

6 Discharge esimaio wih SxS meho ses similar proocols as he coeioal mechaical elocimeers. Specifically, erical elociy profiles are acqire for pre-esalishe ime raio a seeral locaios across he sream. The locaio of he ericals is sally gie y a ag lie se across he sream. The isace ewee he ericals is measre wih a aleraie isrme a ipe i he Sreampro aa acqisiio sofware. Similarly, he isace o eges from he firs a las measre erical is measre a ipe i he Figre. Area of he sream cross secio sofware. measre y ADCPs Simpso, 00 The measre area a he op a oom of each erical is oaie y exrapolaig he measre elociy profile i cojcio wih elociy moels sch as logarihmic or expoeial isriio laws RDI, 009. The ADCP measreme sofware calclaes ssecio ischarges sig he elociy profile a waer eph aa sig elociy-area meho. A moel for esimaio of he ege ischarges is fially se o proie he oal ischarge hrogh he cross secio..3. Measreme Siaio The measremes for he UA repore elow were acqire i a ypical Iowa sream: Clear Creek approximaely 4f wie locae ear Oxfor, i Soh-Eas Iowa USA. Two ses of SreamPro ADCP measremes were acqire rig he fiel es: oe se of SxS measremes coaiig 3 fixe posiio measremes a 0 moig-oa rasecs. SreamPro measremes alog he cross secio were gie y a ag lie se o he sream aks. A sysem of plley aache o he ag lie was se o gie he posiioig of he ericals a keep he ADCP plaform sale rig he aa acqisiio. The moig oa measremes were acqire alog he same ag lie. For he SxS meho, he firs a las ericals were locae a 3.8 a. f from he lef a righ waerlies, respeciely. Followig ISO 088 recommeaios, 3 elociy ericals a 0.8f ieral were acqire o coer he 8f ceral area of he chael. Figre 3.a illsraes he proe rig measremes. Figre 3. epics a sapsho of he RDI SXS Pro aa acqisiio a processig sofware se o esimae he ischarges. Gie he special are of he prese experime, he SreamPro ADCP operaio proocols were sricly followe as recommee i he SxS a moig-oa gielies RDI, 008, Simpso, 00. Amog he operaioal cosieraios sricly checke prior a rig he measremes were: carefl selecio of he es secio sie proper moig of he ADCP o he floaig plaform proper seig of he rascer i he sppor 45 egrees erificaio of he commicaio ewee he proe a he aa acqisiio comper checkig for moig e coiio correc ip for he ariales iole i he aa acqisiio sofware rascer raf seig, samplig ime, cell size, mer of cells, max waer eph, ec. 6

7 a Figre 3. SreamPro measremess a he es sie: a locaio of he cross-secio; Layo of he SreamPro measremes; c Scree capre of he Sreampro SxS Pro sofware c 7

8 The locaio of each erical was marke o he ag lie sig a coeioal pocke measrig ape wih he fies graaio of /3 ich m. Velociies a ephs a each erical were acqire y posiioig he SreamPro alog he ag lie a he pre-esalishe locaios for 300s, which is a eqiale of 300 esemles i he op files. Prior o he measremes, a 900-s log elociy sample was acqire i he eepes locaio of he cross secio o esimae he raio for samplig he flow sch as o oai a reliale mea elociy profile ha accos for he emporal scales of he rlece see Secio Waer eph was irecly measre y he SreamPro. A coeioal waig ro wih he fies resolio of /3 ich m was se o compare SreamPro measremes a selece ericals. The waer eph i he cross secio was coiosly moiore oer he ime of measremes o check for poeial flow chages, which acally hae o occrre. A Soek Flowracker Acosic Doppler Velocimeer hp:// was se o acqire elociies wihi he ege area ha is o measre y he ADCP. The measreme eirome a he ime of measremes was o affece y aerse coiios e.g., wi or rai, flow israces i he cross secio. The SreamPro moig-oa measremes were acqire for assessig he cosisecy of he oal ischarge oaie wih he same isrme sig iffere measreme proocols. The moig-oa measremes were pos-processe wih WiRier II RDI, 007 while he SxS measremes were processe wih SreamPRo SxS Pro sofware RDI, 00. The ischarge esimaes oaie sig he wo aleraie measreme proocols were i goo agreeme. Specifically, he SxS ischarge was 40.4 cfs a he moig-oa ischarge was 40. cfs 0.4% ifferece. WiRier applie o SreamPro moig-oa proocol proies he spli of he oal ischarge i is compoes see Figre. The followig ales were oaie from he SreamPro moig-oa meho: measre = 9.4cfs; op =.85cfs; oom = 6.68cfs; egel =.67cfs; egrl = 0,6cfs. This spli of arios ischarge compoes cao e oaie sig he SreamPro SxS Pro sofware..4. Daa Recio Eqaio The sream ischarge is oaie sig he mi-secio meho esimaio of he ischarge oer he cross secio Herschy, 009. The algorihm assmes ha he eph a a mer of ericals i a cross secio a he isace ewee he ericals are measre o eermie he cross-secio area for each segme. Sream eph-aerage sream elociy i each erical is also measre sally y samplig elociies i seeral pois alog he erical. Segme ischarges are compe as he proc of segme area a he eph-aerage elociy. Toal ischarge is compe as he smmaio of he segme ischarges. For he measreme siaio ocmee herei a skeche i Figre 3. he m = 3 ericals creae wey hree s-ischarge segmes pls wo ohers a he eges. Gie ha he ADCPs measres elociies i is of eqal size erically sacke, he erical elociy profiles coai a ariale mer of i elociies commesrae wih he eph magie. Usig he oaios i Figre 3., he oal cross-secio ischarge is efie y eqaio 3 LB RB 3 LB LB RB RB where is he oal ischarge i he cross secio, is he mea elociy a he h erical a i he associae pael, is he ephs measre a he h erical, is he half 8

9 wih ewee + h a -h ericals. Therefore, is associae wih he pael wih a he h erical, a 0 a 4 represe LB a RB, respeciely. For example, 0 is he pael wih calclae sig 9 a measre from he lef ak LB, a is ale is he half wih ewee a 9. The irec measremes iole i Eqaio are: eph-aerage elociies a eph proie y SreamPro ADCP a isace ewee sccessie ericals marke o he ag lie wih he pocke ape. I essece, each of his ariales a mehos will proce ceraiies ha reqire iiial assessmes for cosieraio of heir impac o he oal repore ischarge ceraiy. The iiial sorces of ceraiies associae wih each of hem will e frher iscsse. Gie ha o all he algorihms se i he Sreampro aa acqisiio a pos-processig sofware are kow o hese sers e.g., aa filerig applie o he elociy ime series, he algorihms for ischarge calclaio for SxS a moig-oa mehos a ecisio was mae o oly eermie he ischarge i he measre par of he cross secio eoe y m i Figre 3.. I oher wors, he ischarge hrogh he op, oom, a eges of he cross secio are o icle i he prese aalysis. These areas are sally fille wih aa sig iffere aalyical moels ha are sill er ealaio, hece o irecly relae o ceraiies of he isrme. Coseqely, he aa recio eqaio for he prese aalysis is Eqaio.a applie o he area elieae i Figre 3. m 3 The eph aerage elociies i Eqaios.a are oaie wih a ariale mer of poi elociies oer he erical as ca e see i Figre 3.. For example, he firs a las ericals coai wo poi elociies as repore y SreamPro is a. For SreamPro measremes i he eeper area of he cross secio he mers of is icreases proporioally p o six is for he prese measreme sie. The ales for he eph-aerage elociy i ericals a eph where hose for he m as proie y he SreamPro processig sofware a expore wiho ay aiioal coiioig prior o ip he aa i he Msys sofware. The isace ewee he ericals was se accorig o he ape measreme reaigs. As will e iscsse ex, caliraio experimes coce i he la a fiel ocmee ias i he eph a ear-rascer elociies. Howeer, gie he lack of iformaio of hese ias sorces a he reqire effor o iesigae hem hey were o cosiere i he prese sy. Moreoer, he aa acqisiio a processig associae wih SreamPro ioles arios proprieary algorihms sally o isclose y he mafacrers, here are o simple ways o ealae he impac of arios sorces of ceraiies filerig, coiioig, elociy isriio moels. Coseqely, we ope for sig he ales proie y he aa posprocessig sofware as i is aailale o all sers wih he same ieral ceraiies..5. Comie Saar Uceraiy for he Sream Discharge The escripio of he measreme process a of he acillary aa recio eqaio leaig o he fial resl proie he eee eails o efie he measreme process from ceraiy aalysis perspecies. A ispecio of he origi of he sorces of ceraiies iole i he process reeals ha hey are associae wih all he seps of he measreme process: a isrme characerisics a operaioal seigs, physical coiios of he measreme eirome; c measreme approach a proocols, operaor acios; e aalyical moels for esimaig he physical qaiies i.e., elociy, ischarge, a f aa.a 9

10 recio proceres. The srcre of his sorces grope aro he measre ariale for esimaig he ischarge is proie i Figre 4. Elemeal ceraiy sorces associae wih he sream ischarge measreme sig RDI SreamPro ADCP Sorces associae wih he mea elociy i ericals Sorces associae wih he eph i ericals Sorces associae wih he isace ewee ericals Sorces associae wih he esimaio of ischarge Isrme accracy Isrme Caliraio Samplig ime Near rascer spaial resolio, oppler oise, elociy amigiy, imig, so spee, eam-agle error, ec are icle. Isrme accracy Isrme caliraio Operaioal coiios Deph error, cell mappig error, measrale oom eph esimaio error, smergece esimaio error, ec are icle. free, pich a roll effecs s. fixe are icle. Isrme accracy Operaioal coiios Discharge moel Nmer of ericals Discharge moel for he eges Flow seaiess Verical elociy moel Operaioal coiios Heaig, pich, roll, free floaig s. saioary measremes, Waer moe, moig e coiio, ec are icle. Operaioal coiios Figre 4. Flowiagram of he sorces of ceraiy for he ischarge measreme process The saar a expae ceraiies for he oal sream ischarge escrie y Eqaio wih cosieraio of all sorces of ceraiies ca e wrie as: c , r r, 0 0 q q 3 4 i i r, mo eg s op 0 U k c 3 where q i is he ssecio ischarge. The firs hree erms i Eqaio are associae wih he ceraiies i eph-aerage elociy, eph, a isace ewee ericals. 0

11 Deph, elociies, a wihs are ariales are irecly measre ariales a each of hem are affece y elemeal error sorces ha will e sseqely escrie. Terms 4, 5 a 6 i Eqaio capre he coriio of he correlae ceraiies. Terms 4 a 5 characerize he correlae ceraiies eelope e o he fac ha oal ischarge is he sm of he cosecie pael ischarges wherey ephs a elociies are measre y he same isrme i cosecie ssecios. Term 6 is eoe aoher correlae ceraiy geerae ecase i Eqaio he wih measremes are o iepee whe he ssecio ischarge is esimae as he - a + are measre wih he same isrme. I geeral, he hree ip ariales elociy, eph a wih are associae wih correlae ceraiy erms isregar of he elociy-area meho se for esimaio of he oal ischarge mea- or mi-secio as hey are o iepee ariale wihi he efiio of he ssecio or oal ischarge. These erms are ifficl o esimae a for he prese aalysis will e eglece as here is o aailale iformaio o heir magie. The las fie erms i Eqaio are relae o he esimaio of he oal ischarge, so heir correspoig sesiiiy coefficies are: mo,, eg, s, a op represe ceraiies e o ischarge moel, mer of ericals where he elociies oer he cross secio were acqire, ischarge moel ilize for he eges, flow seaiess rig he measreme of he oal ischarge ceraiy o relae o flow flcaios e o rlece, a operaioal coiios, respeciely. I shol e oe ha he ceraiy e o he mer of ericals,, shol icle he effec o limie mer of ericals o oh mea elociy fiel escripio as well as of he resolio of he cross secio esimaio. The aailale lierare, howeer, oes o capre he ole effec of hese sorces of error. The las ceraiy i Eqaio icles aerse coiios ha migh affec he accrae measremes oer he cross secio sch operaor skills a experiece, wi or rai presece, expece failre of he eph, wih or elociy measremes across he sream. Their effec is capre well if mliple measremes a he sie are aailale er arios operaig coiios a arios sers. Takig io acco he aoe cosieraio, he comie ceraiy for he irecly measre ischarge is: m m m c m mo op a U m k c m 3.a Uceraiies associae wih he mai measre ariales mea elociy i he erical, eph a wih eail oher elemeal ceraiy sorces ha are aggregae hrogh he followig relaioships: ac ca s op 4 ac ca op ac op 6 where sscrips ac, ca, s,, a op represes accracy, caliraio, samplig ime, elociy moel, a operaioal coiios, respeciely. Specificaios for all ceraiies Eqaios 5

12 , 4, 5, a 6 are proie i Tale. Discssios of heir esimaio or proeace will e presee ex. Tale. Elemeal ceraiy sorces associae wih he sream ischarge measreme sig SreamPro ADCP Esimaio Sorce Noaio Type Saar ceraiy, x i sorce Sorces associae wih he mea elociy i ericals, Isrme accracy B 0.006f/s m/s RDI ac La s. Flowracker Fiel s. Flowracker Fiel/laoraory Isrme caliraio ca A ± 4.55% ±5.4% ess Samplig ime B 0.3% Fiel ess s Near rascer No ealae - ISO Verical elociy moel B Variale see Secio.7..5 Tale F. Operaioal coiios A ± 0.0 f/s m Fiel ess op Sorces associae wih he eph i ericals, Isrme accracy B 0.005f RDI ac Isrme caliraio ca A La s. waig ro Fiel s. waig ro Fiel/laoraory ± 0.03f 0.00 m ± 0.059f 0.00 ess Operaioal coiios A 0.006f 0.00m Fiel ess op Sorces associae wih he isace ewee ericals, Isrme accracy B 0.003f m Scale resolio ac Operaioal coiios A 0.05f 0.05m WMO0 op Sorces associae wih he esimaio of ischarge, Discharge moel B 0.50% m Mse e al. 004 Nmer of ericals B 0% Fiel ess Ege ischarge moel B No acie - eg Flow seaiess B No acie - s Operaioal coiios B No acie - op The propagaio of he elemeal ceraiies o he ischarges i he measre area of he cross secio was coce sig he Msys Ereprise alisys L. sofware sig Eqaio.a as efiiio for he measreme process. The oal ischarge for he measre area is m = 0.47 f 3 /s ha is i goo agreeme wih he 9.4 f 3 /s repore y he WiRier II sofware. Differeces i m are arie mosly o he ias i he pper par of he elociy profile as will e show elow a oher filerig algorihms applie i he SreamPro SxS Pro. The effecie egrees of freeom for proailiy isriios associae wih he elemeal ceraiies a he fial resl were eermie y he sofware ase o he ip iformaio

13 as show i Tale. The coerage coefficie k, i Eqaio 3 was cosiere as he Type A ceraiy se i he aalysis is oaie from more ha 0 samples a he Type B ceraiies oaie hrogh o-saisical meas are erie from large samples..6. Esimaio of saar ceraiies for ceraiy sorces Research a experiece o he assessme he aoe-lise ceraiy compoes are a a early sage a he assessme reqires sigifica resorces. Mos of he aailale iformaio regarig he qaliy of ADCPs is ase o isrme comparisos Herschy, 009. For example, compariso measremes coce i he USA a sies across he cory, i riers ragig i wih from 43 o 00 m were mae a wih ischarges arie i he -690 m 3 s - rage. The 3 ADCP measremes iffere from measremes wih coeioal crre meer mehos y less ha 8% a 6 of he measremes were wihi 5%. I he origial sages of he prese research we searche for aailale iformaio ha specifically arge he ieifie sorces of ceraiies a presee a egree of cofiece eee for a sy o ceraiy aalysis. Uforaely, o mch relea iformaio of his ki is aailale for ADCPs. Bilig o he iformaio aailale i specialize lierare, mafacrer specificaios we esige a series of ess i laoraory a fiel coiios o aress some of he ceraiy sorces. Gie he limie resorces aailale for he projec we gahere aiioal iformaio hrogh persoal commicaios wih oher researchers ha hae oaie relea aa a i well-efie coiios. Figre 5 illsraes he flow eiromes for or ceraiy assessme ess. Aciiies icle caliraio measremes, csomize ess wherey sorces of ceraiy were careflly isolae a he ealae, chages of operaioal parameers o capre he ariaio of he ceraiy esimaes wih he chage i he magie of he ariales. For a porio of he sy we ha aailale wo SreamPro proes ha ecame a pls for or aalysis as i eale s o capre ceraiies across isrmes of he same ype operae ieically. Despie he progress aaie, mch more work is eee o frher he iformaio o arios sorces of ceraiies iole i he aalyical formlaios. Figre 5. Phoos of he eiromes for he prese ess Before o iiiae he assessme of iiial sorces of ceraiy for he SreamPro, he firs cocer for he sy was o ieify he se of isrmes o e se for racig he i o primary saars. The selece referece isrmes were se for he caliraio measremes oh i laoraory a fiel coiios. The followig isrmes were se for caliraio of he eph a elociy measre wih SreamPro: - Deph waig ro a measrig ape - Velociy Flowracker 3

14 The waig ro a coeioal ape are reliale isrme a sraighforwar o operae herefore here are o major reseraios ha hey ca e se as referece isrmes. The Flowracker was he isrme of choice for referecig elociy as i is siale for laoraory a fiel coiios. Prior o he caliraio measremes, he Flowracker was compare o a Soek/YSI Micro-ADV soek.com/microa.php i laoraory coiios o erify ha i is siale as a referece o primary elociy saar. Flowracker a Micro-ADV are acosics isrmes wih similar cofigraios a operaig processes. The ADV coerge-eam cofigraio eales poi measremes herefore i proies icrease reliailiy compare wih he ADCP ierge-eam cofigraio ha ses aiioal assmpios for proiig elociy measremes i pois alog a erical. Micro-ADVs hae ee erifie for heir capailiies o characerize mea a rlece characerisics a fo accepale i seeral preios sies e.g., Volgaris a Trowrige, 998. The caliraio measremes reeale wo major sorces of ias i he SreamPro measremes: a he ear-rascer elociy ias la a fiel coiios, a he eph measreme fiel coiios. The firs sorce of ceraiy is iscsse i Secio The seco sorce of ceraiy is iscsse i Secio.7... Gie ha he aoe cosieraios we ope o se aa irecly proie y Sreampro sofware a coc UA o Type A a Type B sorces of ceraiies ha col e irecly racke o heir origi. Mos of he ceraiy ifereces of Type A were oaie y aempig o isolae he ceraiy sorce a sseqely coc csomize experimes where oly oe ceraiy sorce a a ime was acie..7. Experimes for Assessme of Uceraiy Sorces.7.. Sorces associae wih he mea elociy i ericals, The experimes from his se eail measremes wih wo SreamPro ADCPs. Esseial isrme characerisics: for acosic eams wih freqecy 000Hz, eam agle - 0, CPU firmware 3.. The mer of pigs aerage i each esemle: 6. Commo seigs for he isrmes hrogho he se of experimes are: lak zoe 0.f, waer moe, ischarge calclaio meho mi-secio, elociy profile moel /6 power law. The seigs ha arie from a experime o he oher are meioe as he experimes are escrie Isrme accracy, ac RDI specificaio for he isrme accracy is ±.0%±0.cm/s hp:// Gie ha he i his sy we assesse he accracy of he isrme hrogh e-o-e csomize caliraio experimes, we isregare he mafacrer specificaio a se he resls of he caliraio escrie i Secio.7.. isea. This procere will aoi ole coig of sorces of ceraiies as may sorces of error of his caegory are acie i he caliraio experime as explaie i he ex secio. The saar ceraiy for his ceraiy sorce eails, howeer, he f/s cm/s ale correspoig o half of he las sigifica igi of he sofware op for elociy 0.cm/s. 4

15 .7... Isrme caliraio, ca ADCPs o o hae iepee caliraio a erificaio faciliies a he prese ime herefore resor is mae o a check y aleraie isrmes. I or case he aleraie referece isrme was a FlowTracker for elociy a a waig ro for eph measremes. Two laoraory a wo fiel ess were coce o assess he ceraiy associae o he SreamPro. The ceraiy was oaie y aalysig he sample saisics of he elociy iffereces ewee SreamPro a FlowTracker elociies measre i is. The operaioal a eiromeal coiios i laoraory or fiel experimes for he compariso were ieical. The esalishe ales are ali oly for hose coiios a for he rage of lk flow elociies se i he prese experimes, i.e., 0.5 o.5 f/s. Depeece of ceraiy o he asole ale of he elociy migh e iole. The esalishe ales were o affece y he raio of flow samplig as he collecio imes exceee he ales esalishe for aaiig he sailiy of he mea elociy. The flow coiios a he resls of he ess for laoraory experimes are proie i Tale a Figre 6. The same characerisics for he fiel experimes are proie i Tale 3 a Figre 7. Tale. Flow characerisics a isrme seigs for he laoraory experimes Isrme Cell sizef Seigs Nmer of cells pois Samplig imes Fiel/La Blk flow elociyf/s La experime SreamPro, Deph f Operaio SreamPro La..9 Fixe ro SreamPro La..9 Fixe ro Flowracker 5 60 La..9 Waig Ro La experime. SreamPro, SreamPro La..84 Fixe ro SreamPro La.0.85 Fixe ro Flowracker 5 60 La..83 Waig Ro Velociy Caliraio La Tes _SreamPro s. Flowracker 0.0 Velociy Caliraio La Tes _SreamPro s. Flowracker Disace from he srfacef SreamPro_ SreamPro_ Flowracker Disace from he srfacef SreamPro_ SreamPro_ FlowTracker Toal elociyf/s Toal elociyf/s Figre 6. Compariso ewee SreamPro a Flowracker referece measremes i laoraory coiios 5

16 Isrme Tale 3. Flow characerisics a isrme seigs for he fiel experimes Cell sizef Seigs Nmer of cells pois Samplig imes Fiel/La Fiel experime SreamPro Blk flow elociyf/s Deph f Operaio SreamPro Fiel Ha-hel Flowracker 5 60 Fiel Fiel experime SreamPro, SreamPro se La.6.54 Ha-hel SreamPro se La.6.57 Ha-hel Flowracker 5 60 La.6.6 SreamPro se La.6.58 Ha-hel SreamPro se La.6.56 Ha-hel 0.0 Velociy caliraio Fiel Tes _SreamPro s. Flowracker 0.4 Velociy Caliraio Fiel Tes _SreamPro s. Flowracker Disace from he srfacef SreamPro_ Flowracker Toal elociiesf/s Disace from he srfacef SreamPro_ efore Flowracker SreamPro_ efore Flowracker. SreamPro_ afer Flowracker SreamPro_ afer_flowracker FlowTracker Toal Velociyf/s Figre 7. Compariso ewee SreamPro a Flowracker referece measremes i fiel coiios Assessme smmary. The caliraio experimes coce i laoraory a fiel coiios o o show sysemaic iffereces ewee he FlowTracker a he wo SreamPro elociy measremes i he lower par of he eph. These caliraio resls le o he coclsios ha he measremes wih he SreamPro se i or measremes are iase. The scaer of he SreamPro aro he FlowTracker aa was cosiere i lie of he accracy proie y he mafacrers. The reasoig for his ssiio is ha he acal caliraio proocol se y mafacrers is kow, herefore we cao kow o wha sorces of errors o arie he specifie ceraiy. Moreoer, he caliraios coce i or sy represe a pracical e-o-e approach for he assessme of mliple sorces of ceraiies plse characerisics, sigal processig algorihms, Doppler freqecy exracio, elecroic oise a oher proe cofigraio aspecs ha oherwise are ifficl o assess iiially. The caliraio ceraiy for fiel coiio resle i 5.4 % of he measre elociy. The aoe-esalishe ceraiy 5.4 % was applie iformly for all he ADCP is as well as for he eph-aerage elociies se o eermie he ischarges. The ifferece ewee he laoraory a fiel esimaes i.e., 4.55% o 5.4%, respeciely is assme o e associae wih he mli-eam cofigraio of he ADCP as i was ocmee ha he la coiios were aeqae from he perspecie of flow iformiy i horizoal flow layers. The homogeeiy assmpio migh e more prolemaic i a acal sream. 6

17 Samplig ime, s Velociies a ay poi i he cross-secio are coiosly a raomly flcaig wih ime ecase of rlece. The mea elociy a ay poi as eermie from measreme rig a cerai ime ieral is a approximaio of he re mea elociy a ha poi. The lierare ses ariaio erms for efiig wha we will lael here samplig ime [e.g., aeragig ime Gawa 00; measrig ime Herschy 009; exposre ime Garcia 0; measrig ime ISO ]. The reliailiy of is esimaio epes o he raio of measreme compare wih he reqiremes o aeqaely sample he large emporal scales prese i he flow. The effec of icreasig he samplig ime o he ceraiy of he mea elociy measreme is a sjece sill er eae as iscsse i Secio.. The samplig ime ceraiy is sie-epee as he flow emporal scales are epee o he flow regime Reyols mer, geomery of he flow, a e roghess. ISO proposes wo mehos for assessig he effec of samplig ime of he saar eiaio of he elociy flcaio see Secios 6.5 a 6..6 i ISO 088. I his sy, he assessme of his sorce of ceraiy se a pracical a more isal approach ha is closer o he firs meho presee i he ISO 088. Specifically, log ime elociy samples were collece wih SreamPro ADCP a fixe locaio a he acqire elociy ime series was ha aalyse sig he cmlaie moig aerage applie o he elociy ime series. The locaio for esalishig he samplig ime was erical 4 where he flow is eepes a fases see Figre 3. a he ale elow. The cmlaie moig aerages of he 900s elociy ime series recore i selece is coerig iformly erical 4 for are ploe i Figre 8. Cosieraio of is iffere samplig locaio of elociy i he erical allows s o qalify his assessme as Type A of ceraiy assessme as samples larger ha 0 repeae measremes are saisically sigifica. For sch a case, he iisor coerage coefficie for he saar ceraiy ca e assme o e. I ca e osere ha a ao 300s he sailiy of he mea elociy is aaie a each poi. Base o isal ispecio, i ca e eeme ha he 300s is appropriae as a samplig ime for his flow siaio for all he oher ericals i he cross secio as erical 4 is locae i he mos acie rlece of he cross-secio. The merical ales for he saar eiaio of he mea a 300s are lise i Tale 4. The relaie ifferece ewee he meas of he elociy ime series a 300s for each i wih respec o he log-erm 900s mea for all he is i he erical 4 is ploe i Figre 9. The 300s samplig ime fo ecessary for a sale aerage of he elociy ime series agrees well wih samplig ime fo ecessary for he sailiy of he mea elociy i preios sies wiely aryig i wih from 5,000m, eph from 0.75 o m, a elociy rage. Gawa 00 syhesize his aa as: Soe & Hochkiss 007 repore ha elociy profile ecomes sale afer 50s aeragig, afer oserig he coergece rae of elociy saisics mea a saar eiaio. Szpiay e al. 007 repore sailiy elociy profiles a 40 o 600s aeragig y oserig he coergece rae of mea elociy i arios is. Frhermore, Bara & Rahma 998 repore ha rlece iesiy sailises o a early cosa ale of ao 300s aeragig, or more. Gawa s sy fo ha for a sream similar o he oe iesigae i he prese example wih 8 m, eph 0.75 m, ischarges ewee m 3 /s he samplig ime for aaiig he sailiy of he mea elociy ime series a arios eph was wihi 300s Gawa, 00. a 7

18 Figre 8. Aalysiss of he samplig ime: a cmlaie aerage of he elociy ime seriess a erical 4; a ariaio of he saar eiaio of he mea for arios samplig ime for see also Tale 4 Relaie ifferece% Sailiy of Samplig Time for all is y = -3E-07x x x R² = Aeragig imes Aerage Relaie Errors wih respec oo 900s aeragig ime Poly. Aerage Relaie Errors wih respec o 900s aeragig ime 350 c Figre 9. Variaio of he samplig ime saar ceraiy lk flow elociy f/s 8

19 Disicio shol e mae ewee samplig ime reqire for aaiig he mea elociy ha is frher se i he eermiaio of ischarge Eqaio a heir esimaio as Type A or B for ceraiy aalysis prposes. Preios sies hae cosiere hem as ierchageale qaiies e.g., Hag, 0. Samplig he rle flow log eogh is a reqireme eee o appropriaely capre he mea elociy i a rle flow which is iherely flcaig. These flcaios appear as a raom oise i he measremes wih isrme wih high freqecy samplig capailiies sch as SreamPro. This ale is a measre of flow rlece, ecase i is osere wih a gie isrme aiioal oise ca e cmlae sch as isrme oise elecroic oise, Doppler oise, eiromeal oise wae effecs, erraic oa operaios. Esimaio of his his saar eiaios for arios samplig imes cao e se as a measre of he saar ceraiy for he mea elociy i UA. For his laer prpose, i is he saar eiaio of he mea elociy ha ees o e esimae. This qaiy is oaie hrogh repeae measremes wih appropriae samplig imes for specific flow regime o creae he sigifica saisical sample for assessig he saar ceraiy of he mea elociy. Tale 4. Perceage eiaios of he mea of he elociy ime series i iiial is for arios raios of he samplig imes. The las colm is he aerage of he aoe for arios samplig ime across he is. Samplig Time s Bi Bi Bi3 Bi4 Bi5 Bi6 Bi7 Bi8 Bi9 Bi0 Bi Relaie ifferece from 900s aeragig ime Assessme smmary. The smmary plo i Figre 9 iicaes ha iffereces p o 4% are possile i he mea elociy recore y SreamPro whe 0 secos are se for samplig he flow. Usig he regressio lie applie o he merical ales lise i Tale 4 as gielie, i ca e oice ha he saar ceraiy associae wih he samplig ime for all he measre elociy lowers o 0.3% for 300s samplig ime raio. This ale was se for he samplig ime ceraiy, i.e., s, for all he repore i elociies as well as well as for he eph-aerage elociies i he ericals. This approach is coseraie leaig o a oeresimaio of he ceraiy e o he samplig ime. A more eaile leel of his ceraiy assessme ca e frher oaie if he sie characerisics ype of rlece, he magie of he elociies a heir posiio oer he eph, alog wih he seigs of he ADCP especially he cell size, he ieral filerig, a aeragig proceres are cosiere mas aiioal parameers i he assessme. 9

20 Near-rascer, r The cocrre laoraory a fiel aa acqire wih FlowTracker a SreamPro showe cosisely ha he ear-free srface is were low iase e o he ear-rascer errors i he pper ¾ f of he eph, as illsrae i Figre 0. This is a sorce of errors comiig seeral effecs i.e., rigig, flow israce, proe mli-eam cofigraio a has ee parially ocme i preios sies o ADCP e.g., Meller e al., 007; Mse e al., 00. The assessme of he earrascer ias reqires csomize experimes coerig a rage of operaig coiios e.g., i size, flow elociy, sesor geomery a operaio ha were eyo he resorces aailale for his sy. Gie ha: a here is o saarize proocols for remoig he ias, a he SreamPro sofware applies proprieary algorihms for coiioig he elociy profile oer he eire eph ecisio was mae o o correc for his ias. The ecisio is ase o he fac ha he algorihms for coiioig of he elociy profile are y a large correc a goo porio of his ias as i is il o may pois accraely measre i he lower par of he waer colm. Figre 0. Cocepalizaio of he ear rascer elociy a eph measreme ias i SreamPro measremes Verical elociy moel, This ceraiy sorce arises ecase of he limie mer of samplig pois i a erical. Compaio of he mea elociy i a erical as a aerage or weighe aerage of a mer of poi elociies resls i a approximaio of he re mea elociy i he erical. The samplig ceraiy e o he limie mer of elociy-measreme pois i he compaio rle ca e isolae from he effec of elociy flcaios y cosierig a mer of ses of elociy profile measremes. ISO proies a aalyical procere o eermie he saar eiaio of he samplig error e o he compaio rle i.e., mer of pois i he erical i Secio 6.3. Accorig o his saar, he mea elociy is fo y eermiig he area of he erical elociy profiles sig he poi elociies sample oer he erical wih he se of a plaimeer, igiizer or eqiale mehos a akig he eph io acco for eermiig he eph-aerage profiles. The saar proie aalyical expressio for esimaio of he eph aerage elociy for o 6 pois a ses a power law for exee he profile i he area o coere y measremes ear he op a oom of he erical. The 5 a 6 pois mehos icle i heir aalyical relaio for eermiig he eph-aerage elociies e a srface elociy measremes. 0

21 I orer o gai flexiiliy i he aalysis, for he prese sy a iepee sofware o process he aa sig he op i-i elociy repore oce per seco was eelope o eec sig a rial-a-error approach he effec of arios algorihms he erical profile moel a o compare he resls wih he isrme acillary sofware. I orer o make he aa aalysis compaile wih he sofware aailale o he geeral ser, i he prese aalysis we se aa ope y he SreamPro SxS Pro Sofware. The SreamPro associae sofware eail algorihms for filerig he wrog elociy measreme i is, aeragig of cosecie pigs for recio of oise which is acally o a esirale procere, a proies seeral opios for fiig a regressio lie hrogh he measre elociy o fill i he measre porios of he eph a for coiioig he fial elociy profile ha is sseqely se o oai he eph-aerage elociy. ADCPs measre elociies i is eqally space oer he erical ha a leae measre areas ear he free srface a e. Coseqely, he locaio of he elociies sample oer he ericals o o always correspo o he ephs for elociy samplig proie i he saar 0., , 0.8 he eph. The ifferece i he elociy locaios ewee he saar recommeaios a ADCP is migh slighly affec he esimae ale of he eph-aerage elociies. The ifferece is o, howeer, affecig he assessme of he ceraiy compoe eee for his aalysis as he assessme esseially capres he effec of he esiy of pois se i approximaig he mea elociy i he erical. Coseqely, he saar ceraiies relae o he erical elociy moels are chose from ISO specificaios. These ceraiies were erie from may samples of irreglar erical elociy cres as specifie i Tale F. ISO 088. Differe ceraiies for each erical epeig o he mer of pois ha were measre y ADCP were se i or aalysis see Figre 3.. For ericals where he mer of is exceee 6 ceraiy associae wih 6 pois were se i he calclaios Operaioal coiios, op This ceraiy sorce capres effecs of he o-iformiy of he sspee scaerers i he acosic eams, flow irecio chage rig he measremes, ag lie eflecios, israce of he waer srface y waes, a operaor-ice effecs. The ceraiy is o sie specific, hey are srogly iflece y he proceres a proocols se i he measremes. Velociies measre i ericals were ake sig a ag lie a gys ha sailize he floa a he ADCP relaiely well. Te repeae measremes a he same erical were acqire o allow a Type A assessme for his ceraiy sorce. The measreme resls are lise i Tale 5. Usig hese resls, he saar eiaio of he sample was arie o he operaioal saar ceraiy. Is ale of 0.0 f/s 0.006m was associae for all eph-aerage elociies measre i ericals. Separae laoraory a fiel experimes were coce o capre he effec of pich, roll, heaig acig iiially or comie o he mea i elociies a eph-aerage elociies. Drig he fiel ess he operaig a he flow coiios were o prolemaic, hece ceraiies associae wih pich-roll-heaig were assme egligile for he prese aalysis. More sies are eee o complee he assessme of his ceraiy as he esimae ales are ali for he measreme eiromeal specifie aoe i.e., waeale sream, ag lie, o israce of he free srface

22 Tale 5. Repeae measremes for assessig he operaioal coiio ceraiy affecig he mea elociies Seigs Mea Deph Isrme Cell Nmer of Samplig Fiel/La Operaio elociyf/s f sizef cells pois imes* SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel *The referece mea elociy was oaie for 300s ime series..7.. Sorces associae wih he eph i ericals,.7... Isrme accracy, ac SreamPro as well as oher ADCPs esimae he eph y aeragig he rer sigal of 3 or 4 slighly oliqe acosic eams ha reach he sream e a isic locaios. The ADCP measrig foopri icreases wih he sream eph. The aerage of he mli-eam reaigs is he repore as he eph esimae a he measreme locaio efie y he axis of he isrme. A sample file illsraig he for eams reaig as repore i he SremPro op file is show elow ales iicae i he recagle. The resolio of he reaigs is half of he las sigifica igi, hece a ale of f 0.005m is ake io acco for he isrme accracy. Tale 6. SreamPro op file.7... Isrme caliraio, ca This ceraiy sorce icles he comie effecs of eam sprea of he oom plse a i peeraio io he e which is frher relae o he plse freqecy, e are, a cosisecy. The ceraiy is sie-epee, herefore we eem ha i is ecessary o e ealae wheeer a ew sie is sjece o ADCP measremes. Reliale assessme of hese sorces of ceraiy reqires specialize experimes wih aleraie isrmes a well-hogh experimeal proceres as he presece of he e forms smooh, ripples, es, e roghess, a he ype of seime raspor acie rig he measreme i.e., e loa or sspee loa are all facors affecig he ceraiy. Usally, his ceraiy appears as a ias owar lower eph ales as illsrae i Figre 0. Besies he experimeal eiece

23 garere y or sy, here are oher sies ocmeig his error for arios siaios Poaz, e al., 0, Frizzell a Vermeye, 007; Gawa, 00. For he prese sy we propose a e-o-e approach for he assessme of he ceraiy. Specifically, he SreamPRo eph measremes were compare wih hose of a coeioal waig ro. Sch experimes were coce i laoraory a fiel coiios i seay flows of same flow a e characerisics. Three ses of laoraory a for of fiel measremes were acqire o assess his ceraiy sorce. The oaie resls are a comiaio of he ceraiies of oh workig a referece isrmes as explaie elow. The SreamPro was ha-hel for all ess. The samplig imes arie ewee 60 a 900 secos. The laoraory flme e was mae of plywoo roghee o o creae acosic reflecios. All fiel measremes were acqire i he same sream Clear Creek, Iowa where he e is preomialy mae of sily clay loam soils hece he e cosisecy is sof. No e moeme was eece rig he measremes. The resls of he laoraory a fiel ess are isplaye i Tales 7 a 8. The lise ales show ha all he waig ro eph measremes were slighly larger ha he SreamPro aa. The sysemaic iffereces ewee he waig ro a ADCP eph aa are oiosly iases a hey col hae ee correce for all measremes. Howeer, for he prese case where his correcio is o applie i he SreamPro processig sofware we chose o fossilize his ifferece as a saar ceraiy associae wih he eph measreme. The ecisio is ase o he fac ha here are o proocols for esalishig his sorce of ceraiy wih a high leel of accracy. Acally, here is o precise iformaio where ear he e he ADCP measremes are ake a heir relaioship wih freqecy, e paricle ype, a seime coceraio a he measreme locaio acally for iffere spos o he e. There are oher effecs i his ceraiy ha epee o he ype of e forms a he measreme sie. O he oher ha, ee he measremes wih waig ros are sscepile o ierpreaio whe he sream e is sof a o precise proocols exiss of pressre ha is allowe o he waig ro o accraely rea he acal flow eph. More ceraiies migh arise for waig ro measremes ecase of iclie posiioig of he ro a imprecise reaig of he free srface leel i he presece of he ihere waer srface oscillaios. Isrme Cell sizef Tale 7. Smmary of he laoraory ess for eph caliraio Seigs Nmer of cells pois Samplig imes Se Fiel/La Mea elociyf/s Deph f Operaio SreamPro La.0.85 Ha-hel Waig ro 5 60 La..83 FIxe Se SreamPro La..94 Ha-hel Waig ro 5 60 La.4.88 Fixe Se 3 SreamPro La..9 Ha-hel SreamPro La Ha-hel SreamPro La.7.88 Ha-hel SreamPro La.8.93 Ha-hel Waig ro 5 60 La.4.9 Fixe Saar eiaio of he SreamPro a waig ro measremes: 0.03f 0.0 m 3

24 Isrme Cell sizef Tale 8. Smmary of he fiel ess for eph caliraio Seigs Nmer of cells pois Samplig imes Se Fiel/La Mea elociyf/s Deph f Operaio SreamPro Fiel.6.54 Ha-hel SreamPro Fiel.6.57 Ha-hel Flowracker 5 60 Fiel.6.6 Fixe SreamPro Fiel.6.58 Ha-hel SreamPro Fiel.6.56 Ha-hel Se SreamPro Fiel Ha-hel Waig ro 5 60 Fiel Fixe Se 3 SreamPro Fiel..0 Ha-hel SreamPro Fiel..84 Ha-hel Waig ro 5 60 Fiel.3.9 Fixe Se 4 SreamPro Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro Fiel Ha-hel Waig ro 5 60 Fiel Fixe Saar eiaio of he SreamPro a waig ro measremes: 0.059f 0.08m Assessme smmary The aa collece for his ype of ceraiy ca e cosiere as Type A as sigificaly large sample saisics were acqire for oh he laoraory a fiel measremes. Similar o he ear-rascer ias error, he assessme of his sorce of ceraiy is expesie as i epes oh of he isrme characerisics, he are of he e maerial i he sream as well as he amo a coceraio of he seime i sspesio. Lackig a saarize or well-efie proocol o remoe he error i a cosise maer, ecisio was mae o allocae o eph caliraio ceraiy he f 0.08m osere from measremes Operaioal coiios, op This ceraiy sorce capres effecs of he o-iformiy of he coceraio of he sspee scaerers i he acosic eams hrogho he waer colm e o crres i he flow, he presece of smerge eris ype of eforms a he measreme sie. Also iole are ag lie eflecios, israce of he waer srface y waes, sligh chages i he ADCP posiio rig he measremes, a oher isrme operaioal cosieraios. Te repeae measremes a he same locaio were se o allow a Type A assessme for his ceraiy sorce. The measreme resls are lise i Tale 9. The resl aalysis proies a saar ceraiy of f 0.008m. This ale is associae for all he ephs measre oer he cross secio. A se of laoraory a fiel experimes were coce o capre he effec of pich, roll, heaig acig iiially or comie o he ADCP eph measremes. As he operaig a he flow coiios were o prolemaic rig he fiel measreme repore here, ceraiies associae wih pich-roll-heaig were cosiere egligile i he prese 4

25 aalysis a o accoe. I is cosiere ha he assessme of his ceraiy reqire aiioal measremes ha characerize he seime coceraio ear he e as i is sspece ha he eph reaig wih ADCPs are epee of he egree of peeraio of he acosic so i he high seime coceraio layer ear he e. Similarly o oher sorces, his is a sie-epee ceraiy ha reqires iformaio a assessmes a sies wih similar geomorphological characerisics. Tale 9. Measremes for he assessme of eph operaioal coiios saar ceraiy Isrme Cell sizef Seigs Nmer of cells pois Samplig imes* Fiel/La Mea elociyf/s Deph f Operaio SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel.7.89 Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel.6.89 Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel.6.88 Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel SreamPro s Fiel Ha-hel Saar eiaio of he SreamPro a waig ro measremes: 0.006f 0.008m.7.3. Sorces associae wih he isace ewee ericals, Isrme accracy, ac The locaios of he Sreampro measremes were esalishe y seig markers mae of hi faric srigs o he ag lie a pre-esalishe spacig 0.5m. The posioig of he markers was mae sig a coeioal meallic measrig ape wih he fies graaio of /3 ich m. Afer he ag lie was se across he sream isaces from he ege o firs a las marker o he ag lie were measre wih he same ape. Half he resolio of he fies scale o he measrig ape [i.e., f m] is accoe for his sorce Operaioal coiios, op The improper locaio of he ericals rig secio y secio measremes efaoraly impacs oh elociy a eph measremes. The laer is especially criical as ceraiies associae wih he efiiio of he geomery of he ssecio areas hae a more cosierale impac o he oal ischarge esimaio ha ariig slighly iffere elociy o he erical. There are seeral mehos recommee for measrig isaces across he cross-secio [see ISO Aex B]. Noe of hem were employe for he prese sy for ecase of he small sream size a for jicios allocaio of he projec resorces for he assessme of oher sorces of ceraiy. Gie he small chael wih a he possiiliy o wae hrogh he sream a all erical locaios, we relie o irec measremes of he isaces ewee ericals as a way of esimaig his ceraiy i aiio o he giace proie y he markers se o he ag lie. The se fie resolio of he coeioal measrig ape oes o, howeer, esre he same accracy for he isace ewee he markers se o he ag lie. Moreoer, seig he ag lie i place wih he prese markers will also e affece y how ag-lie achorig procere, 5

26 rope srechig a saggig, a rope eformaio e o he repeae relocaios of he Sreampro from secio o secio. Some limie qaiaie measremes coce o esalish he isace ewee paels while he SreamPro measremes were ake from erical o erical eale a approximae assessme for his sorce of ceraiy. Basically, seeral measremes were ake from he fixe referece pole o he sream ak alige wih he cross-secio while he SreamPro was posiioe a selece ericals of pre-esalishe isaces marke o he ag lie. The iffereces recore were saisically aalyse o proie a ale of 0.05f 0.05m for he ceraiy associae wih his sorce of error. ISO 748 prescries ha his measreme ceraiy shol o e greaer ha 0.5%, or eer echiqes or procere shol e employe Sorces associae wih he esimaio of oal ischarge, Discharge moel, mo There are seeral opios for he moel se o esimae he ischarge i ssecios a he oal sream ischarge. These approaches are reiewe i Secio 8 of he ISO Accorig o his saar, he mi-secio meho se i he prese aalysis perais o he arihmeic mehos for ischarge esimaio. The meho is qie wiesprea i he hyromery commiy. There are o sies o ocme he effec of he ischarge esimaio moel o he oal ischarge kow o hese ahors. I he asece of sysemaic sies ocmeig he effec of ischarge esimaio meho o he oal ischarge we se resls from a preios sy where his ifferece was esimae for he same sie sig iffere algorihms for he oal ischarge Mse e al., 004. Base o his sy, he saar ceraiy of his sorce is esimae a 0.5% 95% cofiece leel Nmer of ericals, This ceraiy sorce accos for he approximaio i he ierpolaio of he ephs a elociies ewee ericals. These facors are iepee ofe ime heir ariaio occrs simlaeosly. Gie he scope of he prese work, we chose a mer of ericals ha followe sricly he saar recommeaios. Specifically, he saar recommes o spaially sample he flow a 0.5 m or /50 of he oal wih whicheer is greaer a acqire elociy for a perio of 0 s. The ericals i or case sy were se apar a 0.8 f 0.5 m which correspos o he maximm esiy of ericals, herefore he associae ceraiy for his sorce was se o 0. Gie he large mer of ericals aailale for calclaios, we coce a sesiiiy aalysis o eermie he iflece of he mer of ericals o oal ischarge esimaio. Ieraie calclaios were coce wherey all sorces of ceraiies were kep he same sig he assessmes iscsse aoe while he mer of ericals was sseqely ecrease from 3, 7, a 7. The resls of or aalysis are ploe i Figre. Alog wih or aa, he resls of similar aalyses as repore i ISO 088 a Boie 000 were ae for compariso prposes. The polyomial lie fi o or aa gree lie a symols is accoig for all aoe-iscsse sorces of ceraiies i.e. perceage of he oal ceraiies, while he oher plos are oly caprig ceraiy ales associae wih he effec of he mers of ericals se for he ischarge esimaio i.e., perceage of relaie ceraiies. 6

27 Figre. Sesiiiy aalysis of he oal ischarge wih he chagee i he mer of ericals Discharge moel for he eges, eg The ADCP sofware package icle algorihms forr esimaio of he ischarge hrogh he ege of he cross secio where he isrme o o acqire aa. The ischarge esimaes for hese areas are separaely repore. Gie ha here iss o aailale assessme of he effec of arios algorihms o he esimaio of ege ischarges we o o icle hese areas i he ceraiy aalysis. A se of elociy measremes wih Flowracker were acqire rig or ess for he eges a a compariso for ceraiy assessme prposes is crrely erway Flow seaiess, s The presece of o-seay flow coiios rig he measremes for ischarge esimaio reqires implemeaio of special proceres for remoig he iflece of his effec see for example Secio 6.. i ISO 088, 007. For he prese case sy, he sage was coiosly checkig for erifyig he flow sailiy. No iicaios of seay flow were fo, herefore he ceraiy associae wih his sorce was eglece i he aalysis Operaioal coiios, op This ceraiy sorce capres he effec of isrme operaios or of he chage i he measreme eirome rig he collecio of he aa oer he cross secio. If he gielies for he acqisiio of all measre ariales e.g., ISO 748, 007 are sricly followe, his ceraiy is small. Howeer, ee whe all he precaios relae o measreme of ischarge are ake, if he measremes are o mae er ieal coiios aiioal errors may arise. Amog he coriig facors o his ceraiy sorce are: flow seaiess, chages of he maerial i sspesios from secio o secio, he presece of emporary secoary crres i he cross secio, geig osie he isrme measreme rage or he pre-se operaioal parameer rage e.g., eph, emperare, saliiy, chages i he ag lie posiio, sigifica israce from wi o he flow, floaig plaform or oh, moig e occrrece, chagig operaio proocols or oher seigs of he isrmes iolarily or for eece reasos, ec. Noe of he aoe coiios were oice rig or case sy measremes. Gie ha he operaioal ceraiies associae wih he elociy a eph i he ericals esalishe aoe are coseraie, egligile ceraiy is assme for he operaioal coiio ceraiy i ischarge measremes. 7

28 .8. Discssio The prese aalysis was coce sig a sep-y-sep implemeaio of he GUM 993 framework. Aapaio of he framework was mae o flfil he specificiy of he pracical measreme peraiig o hyromery area. A series of ceraiies were assesse hrogh csomize experimes wherey iiial or comie sorces of ceraiies were isolae a esimae. The ealaio mehos were for he ceraiy compoes eaile iformaio from prior oseraios a oher o-saisical meas Type B a repeae oseraios acqire rig he acal measremes of arios ip ariales Type A. The fll-flege ceraiy aalysis presee here is o geeric a icorporaes oly he ceraiy sorces acie rig he esig a coc of he measreme process. I oher wors, as each measreme is a iqe realizaio is ceraiy aalysis iherely capres he specificiy of he measreme eirome a operaioal eirome. As aiioal ceraiy assessme aa is collece, some commo feares of he aalysis migh e eece a se as prior kowlege for ew aalyses. For his prpose he creaio of a a ceraiy aalysis aaase grope aro measreme ypes, isrmes, a rier ypes wol e eeficial if icremeally eelope. The fial resl for he sream ischarge a he propagaio of he compoes of ceraiies i iiial measre ariales a oher sorces were propagae io he fial resl wih he help of MSys sofware. The sofware is ase o he GUM 993 framework. The sofware ais he ser i may sep of he aa recio process as well as i isalizig calclae resls a reporig smmaries. The sofware reqires he eiig of he aa recio eqaio Eqaio.a a of he ceraiy propagaio eqaios Eqaios.a, 4, 5, a 6 hrogh a eicae graphical ser ierface GUI. Drig he eiig, he acal ales of he measre qaiies as well as heir ceraiies are iroce for frher processig. The parial eriaies i.e., sesiiiy coefficies are calclae isie he sofware. A iew of he eie eqaios for he prese example is proie i Figre. The preseaio of he resls of he measreme siaio aalyse herei ca e he sae as: he measre ischarge is m = 0.47 f 3 /s wih a ieral of ceraiy [9.56 f 3 /s,.39 f 3 /s] esimae a 95 perce cofiece leel. The oaie perceage esimae for he ceraiy i he measre ischarge ca e exee as a firs approximaio o he oal measre ischarges as i is expece ha he ceraiies associae wih he measre porio of he cross secio are small compare wih he oes iole i he measreme process. The ceraiies associae wih he measre porio of he cross secio are mosly associae wih he exrapolaio moels se o fill i he aa i.e., ceraiies origiaig form caegory c a e, a possile e lise aoe. The ceraiy ge for he ischarge irecly measreme wih he SreamPro is proie i Tale 0. The graphical isalizaio of he ge is proie i Figre 3. The oal expae ceraiy for he ischarge measreme a a 95 perce cofiece leel is U m = 0.9 f 3 /s, which correspos o 4.48 perceage of he measre ischarge esimae. The oaie ceraiy esimae compares well wih he example proie i he Secio of he ISO where a esimae of 6% is oaie for a geeric example of ischarge measreme oaie wih crre meer samplig elociy pois oer 0 ericals, lk flow elociy of ao f/s 3m/s, a samplig ime of 3 mies. The ceraiy ge proie y he Msys Eerprise sofware illsraes ha ceraiies associae wih he caliraio of he SreamPro for eph ca for ischarge esimaio make he larges coriio o he oal ceraiy, followe y hose associae wih he caliraio of he SreamPro for elociy ca. 8

29 This ge is a powerfl ool for all he acors iole i he measreme process a proies a syopic iew of where he opimizaio effors shol e allocae. Figre. Scree capre of he Msys eqaio eior <Daa Recio Eqaio> m=d_lb*vag_lb*b_-b_lb/+d_*vag_*b_-b_lb/+d_*vag_*b_3-b_/+d_3*vag_3*b_4- B_/+D_4*Vag_4*B_5-B_3/+D_5*Vag_5*B_6-B_4/+D_6*Vag_6*B_7-B_5/+D_7*Vag_7*B_8- B_6/+D_8*Vag_8*B_9-B_7/+D_9*Vag_9*B_0-B_8/+D_0*Vag_0*B_-B_9/+D_*Vag_*B_- B_0/+D_*Vag_*B_3-B_/+D_3*Vag_3*B_4-B_/+D_4*Vag_4*B_5- B_3/+D_5*Vag_5*B_6-B_4/+D_6*Vag_6*B_7-B_5/+D_7*Vag_7*B_8- B_6/+D_8*Vag_8*B_9-B_7/+D_9*Vag_9*B_0-B_8/+D_0*Vag_0*B_- B_9/+D_*Vag_*B_-B_0/+D_*Vag_*B_3-B_/+D_3*Vag_3*B_RB- B_/+D_RB*Vag_RB*B_RB-B_3/+mo+ <Deph> D_LB=DLBac+DLBca+DLBop D_=Dac+Dca+Dop D_=Dac+Dca+Dop D_3=D3ac+D3ca+D3op D_4=D4ac+D4ca+D4op D_5=D5ac+D5ca+D5op D_6=D6ac+D6ca+D6op D_7=D7ac+D7ca+D7op D_8=D8ac+D8ca+D8op D_9=D9ac+D9ca+D9op D_0=D0ac+D0ca+D0op D_=Dac+Dca+Dop D_=Dac+Dca+Dop D_3=D3ac+D3ca+D3op D_4=D4ac+D4ca+D4op D_5=D5ac+D5ca+D5op D_6=D6ac+D6ca+D6op D_7=D7ac+D7ca+D7op D_8=D8ac+D8ca+D8op D_9=D9ac+D9ca+D9op D_0=D0ac+D0ca+D0op D_=Dac+Dca+Dop D_=Dac+Dca+Dop D_3=D3ac+D3ca+D3op D_RB=DRBac+DRBca+DRBop <Wih> B_LB=BLBac+BLBop B_=Bac+Bop B_=Bac+Bop B_3=B3ac+B3op B_4=B4ac+B4op B_5=B5ac+B5op B_6=B6ac+B6op B_7=B7ac+B7op B_8=B8ac+B8op B_9=B9ac+B9op B_0=B0ac+B0op B_=Bac+Bop B_=Bac+Bop B_3=B3ac+B3op B_4=B4ac+B4op B_5=B5ac+B5op B_6=B6ac+B6op B_7=B7ac+B7op B_8=B8ac+B8op B_9=B9ac+B9op B_0=B0ac+B0op B_=Bac+Bop B_=Bac+Bop B_3=B3ac+B3op B_RB=BRBac+BRBop <Velociy> Vag_LB=VLBac+VLBca+VLBs+VLB+VLBop Vag_=Vac+Vca+Vs+V+Vop Vag_=Vac+Vca+Vs+V+Vop Vag_3=V3ac+V3ca+V3s+V3+V3op Vag_4=V4ac+V4ca+V4s+V4+V4op Vag_5=V5ac+V5ca+V5s+V5+V5op Vag_6=V6ac+V6ca+V6s+V6+V6op Vag_7=V7ac+V7ca+V7s+V7+V7op Vag_8=V8ac+V8ca+V8s+V8+V8op Vag_9=V9ac+V9ca+V9s+V9+V9op Vag_0=V0ac+V0ca+V0s+V0+V0op Vag_=Vac+Vca+Vs+V+Vop Vag_=Vac+Vca+Vs+V+Vop Vag_3=V3ac+V3ca+V3s+V3+V3op Vag_4=V4ac+V4ca+V4s+V4+V4op Vag_5=V5ac+V5ca+V5s+V5+V5op Vag_6=V6ac+V6ca+V6s+V6+V6op Vag_7=V7ac+V7ca+V7s+V7+V7op Vag_8=V8ac+V8ca+V8s+V8+V8op Vag_9=V9ac+V9ca+V9s+V9+V9op Vag_0=V0ac+V0ca+V0s+V0+V0op Vag_=Vac+Vca+Vs+V+Vop Vag_=Vac+Vca+Vs+V+Vop Vag_3=V3ac+V3ca+V3s+V3+V3op Vag_RB=VRBac+VRBca+VRBs+VRB+VRBop 9

30 Sorce Noaio Isrme accracy Isrme caliraio Samplig ime Verical elociy moel Operaioal coiios Isrme accracy Isrme caliraio Operaioal coiios Isrme accracy Operaioal coiios Discharge moel Nmer of ericals Ege ischarge moel Flow seaiess Operaioal coiios Comie Uceraiy Tale 0. Uceraiy ge for he ischarge esimaio ac ca s op ac ca op ac op mo eg s op m U m Proailiy Diisor* * isriio ormal recaglar.73 ormal ormal -isriio recaglar.73 recaglar.73 ormal recaglar.73 recaglar.73 ormal ormal ormal Coriio o oal ceraiy f 3 /s 6.4E-05.3E-0.5E E-0 Relaie coriio o oal ceraiy % E E E E E E E % Expae Uceraiy ormalk= % * The iisor is he ale y which he saar ceraiy is iie o oai he saar eiaio for he proailiy isriio assme for he j-h sorce of ceraiy. Figre 3. Graphical illsraio of he relaie coriio of he comie ceraiy 30

31 The Msys Eerprise sofware has capailiies o esimae he ceraiies i he resls sig Moe-Carlo Meho MCM. This capailiy plays he role of aliaio of he aalyical meho as he ip for he ariaces of he elemeal sorces of ceraiies are he same as for he aalyical meho. MCM execio is associae wih a raom mer geeraor RNG. From he ariey of opios for RNG, we chose for his example he recely eelope CMWC4096 geeraor alisys L.. This choice proie a log perio 3086 for he cycle, eogh o esre ha RNG oes o cycle whe i geeraes pseo-raom mers. We assige eiher ormal or recaglar isriios for each sorce of ceraiies, a Type A or B of ceraiy as esalishe hrogh he aoe presee assessmes. The es esimaes of he X i esimae mea a associae saar ceraiies were calclae sig samples geerae wih 0 6 rials a aapie MCM. The merical simlaio resls oaie wih MCM are smmarize i Tale, alog wih he resls oaie from he aalyical firs-orer seco-mome GUM framework. The aa i he ale illsrae ha he expae saar ceraiy esimae y he hree aleraie approaches aalyic GUM a wo ypes of MCM is i goo agreeme. The MCM aliaio wih respec o he GUM Uceraiy Framework GUF was also erifie y calclaig he olerace ieral. I his aliaio, i was assme ha oe sigifica ecimal igi is meaigfl. Gie ha he asole ifferece ewee he epois of he wo coerage ierals low a high was less ha he merical olerace, we ca cocle ha GUF was aliae for his case sy. Assessme Meho Tale. Compariso ewee GUM aalyical a MCM ceraiy esimaes Nmer of rials M Esimae mea y Comie Saar Uceraiy c y Expae saar ceraiy a 95 % cofiece ieral low high Nmerical olerace GUF** Valiae? GUM /a 0.47 f 3 /s f 3 /s 0.97 f 3 /s ± 4.48 % /a /a /a /a MCM f 3 /s f 3 /s 0.98 f 3 /s ± % Yes Aapie MCM f 3 /s f 3 /s 0.99 f 3 /s ± % Yes Noe: ** GUF sas for GUM Uceraiy Framework 3

32 EXAMPLE : DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS ACUIRED WITH A MECHANICAL CURRENT METER.. Irocio Mechaical elocimeers perai o he coeioal crre measreme isrme family a hey hae ee for a log ime he mos se isrmes for ischarge esimaio. Crre meers are precisio isrmes calirae o measre he elociy of flowig waer. Seeral ypes of crre meers are aailale for se, iclig roaig-eleme mechaical meers, elecromageic meers, acosic meers a opical meers. They coai a roaig eleme ha is chagig is aglar elociy proporioal wih he elociy of he crre. By placig he crre meer i he sream a coig he mer of reolios of he roor oer a gie perio of ime he elociy a ha poi ca e eermie from a raig eelope for he meer. The isrme is exesiely coere wih respec o all is aspecs ypes, cofigraios, operaio gielies i he hyromeric lierare Herschy, 009, ISO 537, 005; WMO, 00 a will e o frher iscsse here. Mos ofe elociy measremes are acqire a fixe locaio i he sream also calle erical. The meer recors elociies a seeral pois o approximae he erical elociy isriio. Repeaig his procere a seeral ericals alog wih simlaeos measremes of ephs a of he isace ewee ericals, allow o calclae he ischarge i he so efie siisios paels. The ischarge is calclae wih oe off he aailale elociy-area mehos see for example, ISO 088, 007. The oal ischarge for he cross secio is oaie y smmaio of he ajace ischarge paels.. Measreme siaio A he ime of his wriig, he ahors o o hae a se of measremes o sppor he illsraio of ceraiy aalysis implemeaio o his ypical hyromeric applicaio. As a srrogae, we will se iformaio aailale i relea lierare Boie 000, Herschy 009, WMO 00, WMO 0. Use of preios iformaio is o a commo siaio for cocig ceraiy aalyses, as he fll-flege UA reqires specially esige experimes wih appropriae replicaio leels AIAA 999 ha are rarely coere i he ge of a coeioal measreme. I sch isaces, oe has o make se of he es aailale iformaio. The aa for he example proie elow follows he measreme siaio escrie i Boie 000, page 85. The ischarge measremes se as ackgro for or aalysis were coce sig a Price AA crre-propeller meer posiioe sccessiely a hree ephs i seeral ericals across he chael WMO, 00. While o may specifics are proie i he referece o he aa acqisiio, we will assme here a saar measreme sceario ha allows s o associae ceraiy esimaes for each of he elemeal error sorces sig iformaio aailale i he specialize lierare. The posiioig of he crre meer a he esire locaio was mae wih a A-Pack reel coece o a eph iicaor wih he fies graaio of ehs of mere WMO 00. Velociy measremes were acqire from a rige spaig he chael a see ericals across he sream cross secio. The locaios of he ericals were marke o he rige, a he isaces ewee markers were sseqely measre wih a coeioal pocke measrig ape. The waer eph i ericals was measre wih a soig reel fie wih a coer WMO 00. I his example, i is assme ha coeioal proocols for he measremes wih iffere isrmes were closely followe Bchaa a Somers 969 a ha he measreme eirome a he ime of measremes ha o ee 3

33 aersely affece e.g., y wi or rai, or flow seaiess. The layo of measremes is illsrae i Figre 4. Figre 4. Schemaic of he layo of he elociy measreme locaios The propeller crre-meer esimaes elociies y measrig he mer of reolios per seco,, for a gie measrig ime, Boie 000, p.86. The elociy a a poi i he erical is oaie y eermiig he rae of he reolios Eqaio 7 a caliraio eqaios Eqaios 8. = / 7 where is he mer of reolios per seco, is he oal mer of reolios rig a measrig ime, is he measrig ime m / s m / s Velociies acqire i hree pois locae a 0., 0.6, a 0.8 where is he eph of flow a he locaio of measreme are se o oai he eph-aerage elociy,, a each erical WMO 00. The hree-poi meho is ypically recommee whe he flow is iform a wo-imesioal wherey he erical isriio of he sreamwise elociy ca e assme logarihmic. A leas 0.75m flow eph is reqire o se his meho. The mea elociy i a erical is gie y = I orer o exemplify he esimaio of Type A ceraiies, we cosier a hypoheical sceario wherey he poi measremes i erical 4 were replicae e imes a each eph locaio i.e., 0., 0.6, a 0.8 for a oal raio of 50 secos a each locaio. The acqisiio of hese elociies was mae y chagig he posiio of he crre-meer reel afer each measreme, so as o capre he error associae wih he posiioig of he proe. The resls proie a miimm, relea, saisical sample ha capres errors characerizig he measreme eirome flow coiios a operaor-relae effecs. Fially, he ischarge of he sream is oaie sig he mi-secio meho Herschy 009. I his meho i is assme ha he elociy sample a each erical represes he mea elociy i a segme of he cross secio. The m = 7 ericals creae see segmes pls wo ohers a he egiig a e of he cross secio as illsrae i Figre 4. The mea 33

34 elociy i each erical is oaie as escrie aoe sig = 3 poi measremes a specifie locaio o he erical, as illsrae i Figre 4. The smmary of he irec a calclae elociies se i he ischarge esimaio is proie i Tale. Usig he oaios i Figre 4, he DRE for he ischarge measreme process is proie y Eqaio 0: LB LB 7 LB RB RB RB where is he oal ischarge i he cross secio, is he mea elociy a he h erical a i he associae pael, is he ephs measre a he h erical, is he half wih ewee + h a -h ericals. I Figre 4, is associae wih he pael wih a he h erical i.e., 4, a 0 a 8 represe LB a RB, respeciely. The wo ischarge compoes a he eges of he waer are oaie assmig a paraolic elociy isriio i he ericals owar he aks Boie 000. Tale. Measre ephs, wihs, elociies, a calclae ischarges Boie 000 Disace from elociy elociy elociy Mea Deph he lef a 0. a 0.6 a 0.8 elociy Discharge Secio m m ak m/s m/s m/s 3 /s m/s m LB * RB Toal Discharge Noe: measrig ime was 50 sec. Noe *: Mea a saar ceraiy for operaioal coiios op i erical 4 sig 0 repeae measremes Type A ceraiy..3. Comie Saar Uceraiy for he Sream Discharge Eqaio 0 efies he ischarge measreme process. I essece, he ischarge measreme epes o he poi elociy a eph measremes a ericals, he measreme he isaces ewee ericals a he moels assme for he erical elociy profile a he esimaio of he ischarge i he cross secio. Each of his ariales a mehos will proce ceraiies ha reqire iiial assessmes for cosieraio of heir impac o he oal repore ischarge ceraiy. The saar a expae ceraiies for he measreme process ca e wrie as:

35 c,, r r 7 0 8, op s eg m r c k U The firs hree erms i Eqaio are associae wih he ceraiies i mea erical elociy, eph a isace ewee ericals,,, a, respeciely. Each of hese ceraiies eails oher elemeal ceraiy sorces ha are aggregae hrogh he followig relaioships: op s ac 3.a op ac 3. op ac 3.c The ex hree erms i Eqaio represe correlae ceraiies for elociy, eph a isaces, wih rx i, x i represeig he correlaio coefficie ewee he relae ariales. These aiioal erms are eee as he oal ischarge is ase o a smmaio of sareas of he cross secios measre sccessiely wih he same isrmes. The las fie erms are irecly relae o he esimaio of he oal ischarge, so heir correspoig sesiiiy coefficies are. I shol e oe ha he ceraiy e o he mer of ericals,, shol icle he effec o limie mer of ericals o oh mea elociy fiel escripio as well as of he resolio of he cross secio esimaio. The aailale lierare, howeer, oes o capre he ole effec of hese sorces of error. Proie elow are he esimaes of he saar ceraiies i,, a, respeciely,, a sig aailale iformaio. I aiio o he irecly measre ariales, oher sorces of errors are cosiere ha are relae o mehos of calclaio of he ischarge a operaioal coiios measreme eirome a isrmes operaios. Tale 3 proies he smmary of ceraiy compoes assessme ase o prior iformaio Type B as ocmee y preios experimeal or kowlege exper eiece relea o or case sy. The preios iformaio o hese elemeal sorces of errors liss iffere ales for he same error so a criical selecio was applie for cocig his example. The propagaio of he elemeal ceraiies o he oal ischarges was coce sig he Msys Ereprise alisys L. sig Eqaio as efiiio for he measreme process. A sapsho of he Msysy eior for he prese example is illsrae i Figre 5.

36 The correlae erms were o accoe for as here is o iformaio aailale for heir esimaes. The seps for execig he aalysis wih he Msys are proie i Aex A. Excepig ceraiy op, he elemeal ceraiies were assme o hae ifiie egrees of freeom herefore he effecie egrees of freeom for he measra was also ifiie, sice he egrees of freeom ice y elociy ariales oes o affec he effecie egrees of freeom esimaio for he measra. For assemlig ceraiies esimae wih arios egrees of freeom he sofware employs he Welch-Saerhwhaie formla: 4 c y eff N 4 4 i y i i N N a c i is he sesiiiy coefficie, i.e., he parial where c y i y cixi i i eriaie of he resls wih respec o he ip ariale. Tale 3 Elemeal ceraiy sorces associae wih he sream ischarge measreme Sorce Noaio Type* Saar ceraiy*** Esimaio sorce x i Sorces associae wih he mea elociy i ericals, Isrme accracy B.5% Thioeax 007 for > 0. m/s ac Samplig ime B 3% ISO , Tale E.3 s Verical elociy moel B 4.8% ISO , Tale F. Operaioal coiios** A m/s 0 repeae measreme i erical 4 op Sorces associae wih he eph i ericals, Isrme accracy B m Isrme resolio** ac Operaioal coiios B op 0.0 m ISO , Tale E. Sorces associae wih he isace ewee ericals, Isrme accracy B m Isrme resolio** ac Operaioal coiios B 0.54 m WMO 0 op Sorces associae wih he esimaio of ischarge, Discharge moel B 0.5% Mse e al. 004 m Nmer of ericals B 5.7%**** ISO , Tale G.6 Discharge moel for he eges B No aailale eg Flow seaiess B 0 s Operaioal coiios op B.7% WMO 0 * classificaio complia wih GUM 993 ** esimae as half of he isrme resolio assme as a recaglar isriio *** relaie esimaes are coere o asole imesioal ales i or calclaios **** perceage of he mea elociy i he erical o ischarge i he sarea 36

37 .4. Discssio The ceraiy ge for he ischarge measreme is proie i Tale 4 a also ploe i Figre 6. The oal expae ceraiy for he ischarge measreme a a 95 perce cofiece leel is U =.44 m 3 /s, which correspos o perce of he oal ischarge esimaethe ceraiy ge proie y he Msys Eerprise sofware illsraes ha ceraiies associae wih he mer of ericals a operaioal coiios for ischarge esimaio make he larges coriio o he oal ceraiy, followe y hose associae wih erical elociy moel. The resl of he measreme siaio aalyze herei ca e ha sae as: oal ischarge is =58.44 m 3 /s wih a ieral of ceraiy [37.00 m 3 /s, m 3 /s] esimae a 95 perce cofiece leel. Tale 4 Uceraiy ge for he ischarge esimaio Sorce Noaio Proailiy isriio Diisor* Coriio o oal ceraiy m 3 /s Relaie Coriio o oal ceraiy % Isrme accracy ormal ac Samplig ime ormal s Verical elociy moel ormal Operaioal coiios -isriio op Isrme accracy recaglar ac Operaioal coiios ormal op Isrme accracy recaglar ac Operaioal coiios recaglar op Discharge moel ormal m Nmer of ericals ormal Ege ischarge moel - eg Flow seaiess - s Operaioal coiios ormal op Comie Uceraiy ormal ormal Expae Uceraiy U k= * The iisor is he ale y which he saar ceraiy is iie o oai he saar eiaio for he proailiy isriio assme for he j-h sorce of ceraiy. The MCM ceraiy esimaio was coce sig he same sofware, i.e., Msys Eerprise. From he ariey of opios for he raom mer geeraor RNG, we chose for his example he recely eelope CMWC4096 geeraor alisys L.. This choice proie a log perio 3086 for he cycle, eogh o esre ha RNG oes o cycle whe i geeraes pseo-raom mers. We assige ormal or recaglar isriios for Type B ceraiy compoes a -isriio for he Type A ceraiy compoe elociies measre a 0., 0.6, a 0.8 i erical 4. 37

38 <Daa Recio Eqaio> =D_LB*Vag_LB*B_-B LB/+D_*Vag_*B_-B_LB/+D_*Vag_*B_3-B_/+D_3*Vag_3*B_4- B_/+D 4*Vag_4*B_5-B_3/+D_5*Vag_5*B_6-B_4/ +D_6*Vag_6* B_7-B_5/+D_7*Vag_7*B_RB- B_6/+D RB*Vag_RB*B_RB-B_7/+m++op <Deph> D_LB=DLBac+DLBop D_= =Dac+Dop D_= =Dac+Dop D_3= =D3ac+D3op D_4= =D4ac+D4op D_5= =D5ac+D5op D_6= =D6ac+D6op D_7= =D7ac+D7op D_RB=DRBac+DRBop <Wih> B_LB=BLBac+BLBop B_=Bac+Bop B_=Bac+Bop B_3=B3ac+B3op B_4=B4ac+B4op B_5=B5ac+B5op B_6=B6ac+B6op B_7=B7ac+B7op B_RB=BRBac+BRBop <Velociy> Vag_LB=0.5*VLB_0.+0.5*VLB *VLB_0. 8+VLBac+VLBs+ +VLB Vag_=0.5*V_0.+0.5*V *V_0.8+Vac+Vs+V Vag_=0.5*V_0.+0.5*V *V_0.8+Vac+Vs+V Vag_3=0.5*V3_0.+0.5*V *V3_0.8+V3ac+V3s+V3 Vag_4=0.5*V4_0.+0.5*V *V4_0.8+V4ac+V4s+V4 Vag_5=0.5*V5_0.+0.5*V *V5_0.8+V5ac+V5s+V5 Vag_6=0.5*V6_0.+0.5*V *V6_0.8+V6ac+V6s+V6 Vag_7=0.5*V7_0.+0.5*V *V7_0.8+V7ac+V7s+V7 Vag_RB=0.5*VRB_0.+0.5*VRB *VRB_0. 8+VRBac+VRBs+VRB Figre 5. Sapsho of he Msys eqaio eior for Example Figre 6. Graphical illsraio of he relaie coriio of he comie ceraiy The merical simlaio resls are smmarize i Tale 5, alog wih he resls oaie from he aalyical firs-orer seco-mome GUM framework. The aa i he ale illsraes 38

39 ha he expae saar ceraiy esimae y he hree aleraie approaches aalyic GUM a wo ypes of MCM is i goo agreeme. The MCM aliaio wih respec o he GUM Uceraiy Framework GUF was also erifie y calclaig he olerace ieral see Tale 5. I his aliaio, i was assme ha oe sigifica ecimal igi is meaigfl. Gie ha he asole ifferece ewee he epois of he wo coerage ierals low a high was less ha he merical olerace, we ca cocle ha GUF was aliae for his case sy. Assessme Meho Tale 5 Compariso ewee GUM framework a MCM ceraiy esimaes Nmer of rials M Esimae mea y Comie Saar Uceraiy c y Expae saar ceraiy a 95 % cofiece ieral low high Nmerical olerace GUF** Valiae? GUM /a m 3 /s 0.7 m 3 /s.44 m 3 /s ± 3.53 % /a /a /a /a MCM m 3 /s 0.7 m 3 /s.4 m 3 /s ± 3.5 % Yes Aapie MCM m 3 /s 0.73 m 3 /s.47 m 3 /s ± 3.55 % Yes Noe: ** GUF sas for GUM Uceraiy Framework 3. Coclsio The sofware applicaios ealae herei are ase o GUM 993. The examples implemeaio examples were aie y he commercial sofware Msys GUM Eerprise 4.6. ha was selece for aopios y NHs i Phase I of he sy. These examples emosrae i he firs place ha GUM 995 is a reliale framework for qalifyig a qaifyig aa acqire i hyromery applicaios. Frhermore, he examples cofirms ha he GUMcomplia sofware Msys aswer he NHS ees for assessig he ceraiy i measremes. Deelopme of he examples eale hese ahors o cocle ha he sofware aeqacy from he perspecie of implemeaio ser frieliess, orials, assisace rig coc of he aalysis a aalysis flexiiliy fll corol of he measreme process efiiio, iclsio of special measreme a UA mehoology cases. Followig he has-o experiece wih sage of he Msys sofware for he eelopme of he wo examples, he sy eam cocle ha he NHs implemeaio wol eefi from he followig recommeaios: I appears ha he mos efficie sraegy o se he sofware i NHS wol e o rai eicae persoel ha ca se emplae aalyses for eery ype of isrme. The specialis ees o hae srog kowlege of oh he isrme a ceraiy aalysis mehoology preferaly wih special experise i GUM. Afer he creaio of he emplae, he sofware ca e hale y a fiel isrme operaor wih miimm raiig reqiremes. The operaor ip is limie o specifics of he measreme process rig he measreme campaigs characerisics of he measreme sie, eqipme seigs, eiromeal coiios. I is highly recommee ha each coce aalysis e archie i NHs reposiories. This coiosly icreasig experimeal eiece ca e fe ack perioically i he isrme emplae sofware for coios improe of he aalysis qaliy. There are seeral ecisios ha will e mae sseqe o he prese ealaio sy. The recommeaio of he ahors of he prese sy is o egoiae wih he Msys sofware eeloper i.e., alisys L. a log erm sraegy ha will e fiacially feasile for NHs wih possiiliies of frher csomizaio a ehaceme. 39

40 4. Refereces AIAA 999 Assessme of Experimeal Uceraiy wih Applicaio o Wi Tel Tesig. America Isie of Aeroaics a Asroaics Saar S-07A-995. AIAA. Reso. VA. Boie, W., 000. Hyromery. A.A. Balkema, Roeram, The Neherlas. Bchaa, T.J. a Somers, W.P. 969 Discharge measremes a gagig saios: U.S. Geological Srey Techiqes of Waer-Resorces Iesigaios. Book p. hp://ps.sgs.go/wri/wri3a8/. Frizell, K.W. a Vermeye, T.B Comparig Apples a Orages: Teleye/RDI SreamPro ADCP a he OTT Lier Rier Discharge Measreme Sysem, Brea of Reclamaio, Deer, CO. Flfor, J.M. 99. Characerisics of U.S. Geological Srey Discharge Measremes for Waer Year 990: U.S. Geological Srey Ope-File Repor 9-493, Reso, VA. Flfor, J.M. a Bzas, Z Srey of Fiel Discharge Measreme Isrmeio a Techiqes Use Operaioally, i Assessme of he Performace of Flow Measreme Isrmes a Techiqes CHy Projec Draf, Worl Meeorological Orgaizaio, Geea, Swizerla. Garcia, C.M., Tarra, L., Oerg, K., Szpiay R., Caero, M.I. 0. Variace of Discharge Esimaes Sample Usig ADCPs from Moig Plaforms, Joral of Hyralic Egieerig, crrely pose o lie, oi:0.06/ascehy Gawa, B. 00. A Sy of Flow Srcres i a Two-sage Chael Usig Fiel Daa, A Physical Moel a Nmerical Moellig, PhD Thesis Disseraio, The Uiersiy of Birmigham, UK. Gozalez-Casro, J. A., a Mse, M Framework for esimaig ceraiy of ADCP measremes from a moig oa y saarize ceraiy aalysis. J. Hyral. Eg., 33, Gawa, B., Serlig, M, a Kigh, D.W. 00. Usig a acosic Doppler crre profiler i a small rier, Waer a Eirome Joral, 4, pp GUM 993 Gie o he Expressio of Uceraiy i Measreme. ISBN BIPM. IEC. IFCC. ISO. IUPAC. IUPAP. OIML. Ieraioal Orgaizaio for Saarizaio. Geea. Swizerla. Herschy, R Sreamflow Measreme, Rolege, Taylor & Fracis Grop, Loo, UK. Hag, H. 0. Uceraiy Moel for I Si aliy Corol of Saioary ADCP Ope- Chael Discharge Measreme, Joral of Hyralic Egieerig, 38. Doi:0.06/ASCEHY ISO Hyromery- Measreme of Liqi Flow i Ope Chaels Usig Crremeers a Floas. Ieraioal Orgaizaio for Saarizaio. ISO 748, Geea. Swizerla. ISO Hyromery-Velociy-area Mehos Usig Crre-meers-Collecio a Procesig of Daa for Deermiaio of Uceraiies i Flow Measreme. Ieraioal Orgaizaio for Saarizaio. ISO 088, Geea. Swizerla. ISO Measreme of Fli Flow Proceres for he Ealaio of Uceraiies Ieraioal Orgaizaio for Saarizaio. ISO 568, Geea. Swizerla. 40

41 ISO 005. Measreme of liqi flow i ope chaels Roaig eleme crre meers, Ieraioal Orgaizaio for Saarizaio, ISO 537, Geea, Swizerla. Poaz, K., Le Coz, J., Pierrefe, G. 0. Iercompariso of ADCPs o he Rhoe owsream of Geissia Dam, Grope Doppler Frace, Iercompariso ADCP, IRSTEA, Lyo, Frace. RDI 00. Secio-y-Secio SxS Pro Daa Acqisiio a Processig Sofware Package, Teleye RD Isrmes, Poway, CA. RDI 007. WiRier II: User s Gie, Teleye RD Isrmes, Poway, CA. RDI 008. SreamPro ADCP Operaio Maal, RDI 008. Teleye RD Isrmes, Poway, CA. Rehmel, M.S Fiel Ealaio of Shallow-Waer Acosic Doppler Crre Profiler Discharge Measremes, ASCE-EWRI Cogress, May -5, Omaha, NE. Marse, R SreamPro ADCP Performace Characerisics, Proceeigs of he IEEE/OES Eighh Workig Coferece o Crre Measreme Techology. Meller, D.S., Aa, J.D., García, C.M., Garer, J.W., García, M.H., a Oerg, K.A. 007 Errors i Acosic Doppler Profiler Velociy Measremes Case y Flow Disrace. J. of Hyral. Eg. 33, Meller, D.S. a Wager, C Measrig Discharge wih ADCPs from a Moig Boa, US Geological Srey Techiqes a Mehos 3A-, USGS, Reso VA. Mse, M., Y, K., Gozalez-Casro, J., a Sarzma, E Mehoology for Esimaig ADCP Measreme Uceraiy i Ope-Chael Flows, Proceeigs of he Worl Waer a Eiromeal Resorces Cogress 004 EWRI. Sal Lake Ciy. Uah, USA. Mse, M., Kim, D., a Gozalez-Casro, J.A. 00. Near-Trascer Errors i ADCP Measremes: Experimeal Fiigs, J. Hyr. Egrg.365, pp Simpso, M.R. 00. Discharge Measremes Usig a Broaa Acosic Doppler Crre Profiler, US Geological Srey Ope File Repor, Reso, VA. Thioeax, K.G. 007 Tesig a ealaio of iexpesie horizoal-axis mechaical crre meers. USCID Forh Ieraioal Coferece USGS 0. Exposre ime for ADCP Moig-oa ischarge Measremes Mae Drig Seay Flow Coiios, USGS Office of Srface Waer Techical Memoram 0.08 Volgaris, G. a Trowrige, J.H Ealaio of he Acosic Doppler Velocimeer for Trlece Measremes, Joral of Amospheric a Oceaic Techology 5, pp WMO 00. Maal o Sream Gagig, Volme I- Fielwork, Worl Meeorological Orgaizaio, Geea, Swizerla. WMO 0 Assessme of he Performace of Flow Measreme Isrmes a Techiqes. Worl Meeorological Orgaizaio Projec. Persoal commicaio. Commissio for Hyrology. Geea. Swizerla. 4

42 ANNEX A Msys Eerprise GUM Implemeaio Proceres alog wih Moe Carlo Simlaio Sep. Selec GUME4 Applicaio file o ope Msys Eerprise sofware from USB packe Sep. Go o Moel me NewMoel o creae a ew file Sep3. Descrie yor moel 4

43 43 Sep 4. Defie he measreme process. The elow scree capre is he example for he eermiaio of ischarge sig elociy area meho i a ope chael. Eqaio The mai aa recio eqaio Eqaio o 4 The iermeiae eqaios o acco for ceraiy sorces for each ariale GUF: GUM meho for liear moels, NF:GUM meho for o-liear moels, Moe Carlo, a Aapie Moe Carlo Simlaio Selec Variale Name, TypeA or B, Ui, Uceraiy esimae ype saar or expae ceraiy, Disriio ype, coerage facor, ec The saar a expae ceraiies ca e wrie as: c,, r r 7 0 8, op s eg m r op s ac 3.a op ac 3. op ac 3.c

44 The firs hree erms i Eqaio are associae wih he ceraiies i mea erical elociy, eph a isace ewee ericals,, a,respeciely. Sep 5. Go o Oseraio Ta o ip Type A oseraio aa Oseraio Ta Oseraio aa for Type A sorces of ceraiies Graphical Display of Oseraio aa Sep 6. Click Bge Tale, a he Moe Carlo Simlaio will e iiiae. 44

45 Sep 7. Smmary repors for oh GUM a Moe Carlo Mehos 45