Philosophy. and. Homosexuality

Transcription

1

2 Philosophy and Homosexuality

3 Page Intentionally Left Blank

4 Philosophy and Homosexuality Edited by Noretta Koertge Philosophy and Homosexuality was originally published in 1982 by The Haworth Press, Inc., under the title Nature and Causes of Homosexuality: A Philosophic and Scientific Inquiry. It has also been published as Journal of Homosexuality, Volume 6, Number 4, Summer ~ l Routledge! ~ Taylor & Francis Group NEW YORK AND LONDON

5 First Published by Harrington Park Press, Inc. is a subsidiaryof 'The Haworth Press, Inc., I 0 Alice Street, Binghamton, NY l3904-i580. This edition published 20I1 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Philosophy and Homosexuality was originally published in 1982 by The Haworth Press, Inc. under the title Nature and Causes of Homosexuality: A Philosophic and Scientific Inquiry. It has also been published as Joumol of Homosexuality, Volume 6, Number 4, Summer by Harrington Park Press, Inc. All rights reseived. No part of this work may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilm and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from The Haworth Press, Inc., 12 West 32 Street, New York, New York Reprint-2007 Library of Congress Cataloging In Publication Data Nature and causes of homosexuality. Philosophy and homosexuality. Reprint. Originally published: The nature and causes of homosexuality. New York : Haworth Press, (Journal of homosexuality ; v. 6, no. 4) (Research on homosexuality ; v. 3) Includes bibliographical references and index. I. Homosexuality- United States-Congresses. I. Kocrtge, Norctta. II. Title. HQ76.3.U5N ' ISBN (pbk.) Publisher's Note The publisher has gone to great lengths to ensure the quality of this reprint but points out that some imperfections in the original may be apparent.

6 EDITOR JOHN P. De CECCO, PhD, Professor of Psychology and Director, Center for Research and Education in Sexuality (CERES), San Francisco State University MANAGING EDITOR STUART KELLOGG, Center for Research and Education in Sexuality ASSOCIATE EDITORS SAL LICATA, PETRA LILJESTRAND, ROBERT PETERSEN, AND MICHAEL G. SHIVELY, Center for Research and Education in Sexuality FOUNDING EDITOR CHARLES SIL VERSTEIN,Institutefor Human Identity, New York City EDITORIAL BOARD ROGER AUSTEN, MA, Writer, Washington ALAN BELL, PhD,Institutefor Sex Research, Indiana University PHILIP W. BLUMSTEIN, PhD, Associate Professor of Sociology, University of Washington VERN L. BULLOUGH, PhD, Dean, Faculty of Natural and Social Sciences, State University of New York, Buffalo ELI COLEMAN, PhD, Assistant Professor and Coordinator of Clinical Services, Program in Human Sexuality, University of Minnesota LOUIE CREW, PhD, Associate Professor of English, University of Wisconsin, Stevens Point LOUIS CROMPTON, PhD,.Professor of English, University of Nebraska JOSHUA DRESSLER, JD, Professor of Law, Hamline University School of Law LILLIAN FADERMAN, PhD, Associate Professor of English, California State University, Fresno BYRNE R. S. FONE, PhD, Associate Professor of English, The City College, City University of New York JOHN GAGNON, PhD, Professor of Sociology, State University of New York, Stony Brook JOHN GONSIOREK, PhD, Qinical Psychologist in Private Practice, Minneapolis; Clinical Assistant Professor, Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota RICHARD HALL, MA, Writer and Book Review Editor, The Advocate, New York JOEL D. HENCKEN, MA, Clinical Director, Homophile Community Health Service, Boston; PhD Candidate in Clinical Psychology, University of Michigan EVELYN HOOKER, PhD, Clinical Professor Emeritus of Psychology, Gender Identity Clinic, Neuropsychiatric Institute, University of California, Los Angeles LAUD HUMPHREYS, PhD, Professor of Sociology, Pitzer College MARTHA KIRKPATRICK, MD, Los Angeles DONALD C. KNUTSON, JD, Director, Gay Rights Advocates, San Francisco MARY RIEGE LANER, PhD, Associate Professor of Sociology, Arizona State University MARTIN P. LEVINE, PhD Candidate in Sociology, New York University ELLEN LEWIN, PhD, Medical Anthropology Program, University of California, San Francisco DON LILES, MA, Instructor in English, San Francisco City College A. P. MacDONALD, Jr., PhD, Associate Director and Associate Professor, Center for the Family, University of Massachusetts

7 JAMES MILLHAM, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of Miami ROBERT OAKS, PhD, University of Southern California LETITIA ANNE PEPLAU, PhD, Associate Professor of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles SHARON RAPHAEL, PhD, Associate Professor of Sociology, California State University, Dominguez Hills KENNETH E. READ, PhD, Professor of Anthropology, University of Washington DOROTHY SEIDEN, PhD, Professor, Department of Home Economics, San Francisco State University G. WILLIAM SKINNER, PhD, Professor of Anthropology, Stanford University RICHARD SMITH, PhD, Department of Psyc:hofvgy, California State University, Northridge JOHN P. SPIEGEL, MD, Director, Training Program in Ethnicity and Mental Health, Brandeis University; former President, American Psychiatric Association FREDERICK SUPPE, PhD, Chair, Committee on the History and Philosophy of Science, University of Maryland JOHN UNGARETTI, MA, Classics, MA, Literature DOMINICK VETRI, JD, Professor of Law, University of Oregon JEFFREY WEEKS, PhD, Research Fellow, Department of Sociology, University of Essex, England JAMES D. WEINRICH, PhD, Biology, Junior Fellow, Harvard University JACK WIENER, MSW, National Institute of Mental Health COLIN WILLIAMS, PhD, Institute for Sex Research, Indiana University DEBORAH G. WOLF, PhD, Department of Medical Anthropology, University of California, San Francisco WAYNE S. WOODEN, PhD, Professor of Sociology, California State University, Long Beach The Journal of Homosexuality is devoted to empirical research, and its clinical implications, on lesbianism, male homosexuality, gender identity, and alternative sexual lifestyles. It was created to serve the allied professional groups represented by psychology, sociology, anthropology, medicine, and law. Its purposes are: a) to bring together, within one contemporary periodical, rigorous empirical research on homosexuality and gender identity; b) to provide scholarly research which, although not rooted in strict experimental methodology, has heuristic value for the understanding of homosexuality and gender identity; c) to show the implications of these findings for helping professionals in a wide variety of disciplines and settings. In addition, articles from the Journal of Homosexuality are selectively indexed or abstracted in the ABS Guide to the Behavioral and Social Sciences, Abstracts for Social Workers, Abstracts in Anthropology, BioSciences Jnfo;mation Service of Biological Abstracts (BIOSIS), Le Bulletin Signaletique, Chicago Psychoanalytic Literature Index, College Student Personnel Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Current Contents, Behavioral and Social Sciences, Excerpta Medica, Index Medicus, Index to Periodical Articles Related to Law, Pastoral Care and Counseling Abstracts, Selected List of Tables of Contents of Psychiatric Periodicals, Psycholorical Abstracts, Psychological Reader's Guide, Social Science Citation Index, Sociological Abstracts, and Women's Studies Abstracts. Selected articles are also cited through CERDIC (France), ERIC/CAPS, International Bibliography of the Social Sciences, and the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) Index.

8 CONTENTS Preface Noretta Koertge, PhD Are There Gay Genes? Sociobiology and Homosexuality Michael Ruse, PhD Is Homosexuality Hormonally Determined? Lynda I. A. Birke, PhD Definition and Meaning of Sexual Orientation John P. De Cecco, PhD The Bell and Weinberg Study: Future Priorities for Research on Homosexuality Notes on the Contributors Frederick Suppe, PhD

9 Page Intentionally Left Blank

10 Philosophy and Homosexuality

11 Page Intentionally Left Blank