Passive SSL. Passive Detection and Reconnaissance Techniques, to Find, Track, and Attribute Vulnerable Devices
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1 Passive SSL Passive Detection and Reconnaissance Techniques, to Find, Track, and Attribute Vulnerable Devices Alexandre Eireann TLP:WHITE June 17, 2015
2 Datasets used Eireann used Shodan stream of certificates (350k certificates in counting Bloomfilter). Thanks to John (Shodan) Matherly. Alex used the CIRCL Passive SSL datasets (around 100 millions certificates). Thanks to GCHQ (for the idea). 2 of 20
3 Problem statement CSIRT or LIRT or security analysts have recurring issues to: Find owners of IP addresses. Detect usage of CIDR blocks. Find vulnerable systems passively (and avoid intrusive scanning). Scale of potential impact. Detect compromised services. 3 of 20
4 Acknowlegement Thanks to GCHQ and the FLYING PIG program and Edward Snowden for releasing the document. Double edge techniques that can be used for good or bad reasons. Another opportunity to improve your threat modeling and your weak TLS knowledge. 4 of 20
5 Passive SSL Replicating Passive DNS concepts into SSL/TLS. Keeping a history of X.509 certificates seen per IP address. Usage over time of the X.509 certificates. Providing a search ReST interface per IP address, CIDR block. Tracing the use of CA and CRL/OCSP. 5 of 20
6 Collecting X.509 Certificates - Internet Scanning Scan the Internet yourself (e.g. In a single scan of the IPv4 space, close to 50 millions certificates). Which port to scan? protocol or service? pps? How often? (e.g. weekly scan helps to determine the stability of an IP,Certificate tuple) Cannot scan, you can reuse existing scanning data (e.g. scans.io). 6 of 20
7 Collecting X.509 Certificates - Passive DNS - SNI On a single IPv4 address, you can have more than one certificate. Alternate SSL ports, multihomed systems Other services: SSL-VPN, ESMTP, DTLS, IMAP,... How to scan IPv6 address space for X.509 Certificates. Passive DNS used as a source for SNI (Server Name Indication) value or IPv6 addresses. Passive DNS record fetcher TLS scanner IPv4 - A records IPv6 - AAAA records 7 of 20 SMTP - MX records STARTTLS scanner
8 Collecting X.509 Certificates - Network Interception Tapping a network interface where SSL/TLS handshakes are performed. TCP reassembly is still hard and finding SSL/TLS handshakes is a complementary problem. ssldump 1, Suricata, Moloch,... If you collect SSL/TLS handshakes in your internal network, don t forget the impact of intercepting proxies of 20
9 Collecting X.509 Certificates from Tor exit nodes Tor exit nodes traffic is an interesting source of alternative X.509 certificates (e.g. Tor circuits, XMPP sessions, TLS on non-standard ports). A huge proportion of flows uses TLS which provides a good overview of the most active X.509 certificates (e.g. Google,.vk.com...). Don t forget, not all the security researchers have good intention (e.g. FLYING PIG). 9 of 20
10 Security Perspective of X.509 Certificates Subject Name and Issuer Name can provide a lot of details about the devices, issuers or the overall security practices. A lot of X.509 certificates are automatically generated without the users knowledge. Detailed or sensitive information can leak in the X.509 certificate fields. 1 4 fd64e325ec7a14ac2e34bb5cfed28fef24c3ffb, C=DE, ST=Bavaria, L=Ingolstadt, O= Kaspersky Lab GmbH, OU=Pre Sales, CN=rdg. klab. i t. cx / address= consulting@ kaspersky. de 2 dc4a127eae8a47a8041a4ce7f1a214c3e6957cd6, C=RU, ST=Moscow, L=Moscow, O=Kaspersky Lab 3 ZAO, OU=IT, CN=n o r d n e t s y n c. a n t i t h e f t. k a s p e r s k y. com 8 a9c839f2ff275c79a985ea84b89bc9fa404d010, C=RU, ST=Moscow, L=Moscow, O=Kaspersky Lab, OU=IT, CN=owa. kaspersky. com 10 of 20
11 Key-size distribution 11 of 20 Occurences Key-size
12 Key-size and Revocation 12 of 20
13 An Overview of Most Common Self-signed Certificates 13 of 20
14 Most Common Subject and Org Names in X of 20
15 Dyre malware and SSL fingerprint Dyre malware contains a list of static IP addresses to reach as C&C. What kind of C&C? 1 {" ": ["C=US, ST=CA, L= San Jose, O= Ubiquiti Networks Inc., OU = Technical Support, CN = UBNT / address = support@ubnt. com "]} 2 {" ": ["C=US, ST=CA, L= San Jose, O= Ubiquiti Networks Inc., OU = Technical Support, CN = UBNT / address = support@ubnt. com "]} The compromised Ubiquiti routers (with default password) were compromised to proxy SSL connections. 15 of 20
![com "]} 2 {"93.184.71.88": ["C=US, ST=CA, L= San Jose, O= Ubiquiti Networks Inc.](/docs-images/43/4951249/images/page_15.jpg ", OU = Technical Support, CN = UBNT / emailaddress = support@ubnt.")
16 How to find user of a specific software? Who use MobileIron Mobile Device Management? More than certificates on a two-year period. 1 c2ef4df6c7be287f78ae9178d65e8078f253cfb1, C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Sunnyvale, O= MobileIron, OU=Support, CN=ActiveSyncProxyCA / address=support@ mobileiron. com 2 5 c10590f0e977c ddc00f b10, C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Sunnyvale, O= MobileIron, OU=Support, CN=usslmmdmsecapp004. net. plm. eds. com/ address= support@ mobileiron. com 3 9 ce9edf68ecbf59c746e0d3bbe6d98d72b65fed3, C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Sunnyvale, O= MobileIron, OU=Support, CN=mbx desat otn. defdh. astrium. eads. net / address= support@ mobileiron. com 4 b47ec eebcf15a1cd402425ca661, C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Sunnyvale, O= MobileIron, OU=Support, CN=ActiveSyncProxyCA / address=support@ mobileiron. com e e75a2e7b21c74b34255da0806, C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Sunnyvale, O= M o b i l e I r o n, OU=Support, CN=a t s. p a t r i z i a. ag / e m a i l A d d r e s s=s u p p o r m o b i l e i r o n. com 16 of 20
17 Detecting dynamic IP ranges? SSL/TLS services are often running on dynamic IP ranges. Users use dynamic DNS. Dynamic ranges managed by ISP can be detected and associated users too. 1 d53cc7380ed06c8b8ef c9c534afad7ab8,cn=pino007. ath. cx 2 92 bfef7362de7b381c723a2a352d54d82d49712a,cn=profinance. ath. cx 3 2 cd0f2033c756222c976b631dba1a95a87aeadf9,cn=kschaub. ath. cx 4 c0de4fe c0529b74f6081a39f ,cn=f f e r e m o t e. ath. cx 5 b0d04a23ff6da2191d7b78f72352f f61f,cn=hm01 s e r v e r. Filmhotel. local, CN= l o c a l h o s t, CN=hm01 s e r v e r, CN=companyweb, CN=f i l m h o t e l. ath. cx 6 a4b54adb780a5c9ea737399f9492f9f4dafc721d,cn=praxis d r c i f t c i. ath. cx 7 77 b89a ebfa42024fa9adeb304ad5a,cn=remote. mandk. ath. cx 17 of 20
18 Popcorn time 1 e4bd71c2e365b61b39d775ba43ef936a4fe9175c, C=Unknown, ST=Unknown, L=Unknown, O= Unknown, OU=Unknown, CN=. 2 1 fc3a857a14ca15d3c37fdb2c8b7e0de01e4f0fd, C=IL, ST=Tel Aviv, O=Visonic Ltd., CN= b25c864131bc78aff d , C=IE, ST=Dublin, O=Fuck SSL Cartels, CN=. nosmo. me/ address=nosmo@nosmo. me We can laugh at everything? Especially with this certificate proposed by be b1e609d33a e3b, C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Mountain View, O= GeoTrust Inc., OU=GeoTrust Global CA, CN=. 2 3 I s s u e r : C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Mountain View, O=GeoTrust I n c., OU=GeoTrust G l o b a l CA, CN=. 4 V a l i d i t y 5 Not Before : May 19 09: 54: GMT 6 Not A f t e r : May : 5 4 : GMT 7 Subject : C=US, ST=C a l i f o r n i a, L=Mountain View, O=GeoTrust Inc., OU=GeoTrust Global CA, CN=. 18 of 20
19 Conclusion Passive SSL helped us to get in contact with owners of vulnerable or abused systems. Passive SSL is an ongoing project and you can request access if do incident handling or security research 2. Weird occurences in dataset lead to additional insights. Analysing the same dataset with different eyes improved analysis. Comparing different datasets can be independant verification of facts or proportion. Information visualisation can be used as a navigation strategy before deep diving of 20
20 - - [email protected] 20 of 20
A perspective to incident response or another set of recommendations for malware authors
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