Prof. Emilio Minelli

Transcription

1

2 Presentazione delle Ricerche in corso sulle medicine tradizionali del Centro di Documentazione Prof. Emilio Minelli Centro Collaborante OMS per la Medicina Tradizionale Università degli Studi di Milano

3 COS E? Medicina Tradizionale /Medicina Complementare MT/MC secondo l OMS: prezioso patrimonio di conoscenze, accumulate dalle diverse comunità etniche nei secoli fonte inesauribile di esperienze teoriche e pratiche contributo alla promozione e alla tutela della salute dell umanità, a costi inferiori rispetto a quelli del sistema medico occidentale più facilmente accettate da molte comunità etniche per il riferimento a credenze e opinioni omogenee alle differenti culture tradizionali WHO-TRM Strategy

4 TERAPIE E TECNICHE TERAPEUTICHE USATE COMUNEMENTE DALLA MC/MT Medicina cinese Ayurveda Unani Osteopatia Omeopatia Omeoterapie Antroposofia Chiropratica Fitoterapici Agopuntura/ Agopressione Terapie manuali Terapie spirituali Esercizi C C T T C C C T C C C C T I T T T C C T C T I Incorpora comunemente questa terapia/tecnica terapeutica Incorpora talvolta questa terapia/tecnica terapeutica Incorpora il tocco terapeutico

5 Epistemologia e MT/MC Feyerabend Kuhn [ ] ci troviamo di fronte a due mondi che per l incommensurabilità delle culture, che si pone a partire da diversi principi logici, sono condannati all incomprensione [ ] [ ] se le organizzazioni concettuali interne delle diverse teorie scientifiche, sono incommensurabili, ma se il linguaggio ha natura metaforica e, contemporaneamente, descrive e istituisce il mondo, esso ha anche un carattere autotrasformativo ed è passibile di approssimazioni ai significati espressi da altre culture

6 Le basi per la diffusione della MT/MC 2000 HEALTH FOR ALL 1979 Dichiarazione di Alma-Ata Ata Cure Primarie disponibili per tutta la popolazione

7 Popolazioni mondiali che usano TM/CAM Paesi che usano la medicina tradizionale all interno delle cure primarie Ethiopia Benin India Rwanda Tanzania 70% 70% 70% 60% 90% Uganda 60% Paesi in via di sviluppo che hanno usato la medicina complementare e alternativa almeno una volta Germany Canada France Australia 49% 48% 80% 70% USA 42% Sources: Eisenberg DM et al. 1998; Fisher P & Ward A, 1994; Health Canada, 2001; World Health Organization, 1998; and government reports submitted to WHO.

8 Countries' progress in the field of TM/CAM WHO Global Survey and Database of National Policy and Regulation of TM/CAM and Herbal Medicines including information from 142 of 192 countries, 2004 Summary report of the global survey on national policy on traditional medicine and regulation of herbal medicines 2005

9 Number of Member States with Recently Established Herbal Medicines Law or Regulation Before Number of Countries before 1986: 14 Number of Countries Total: 83 65% of respondents have stablished herbal medicine law or regulation 42 (49%) declared regulations were in the process of being developed.

10 Main Difficulties Regarding Regulatory Issues on Traditional Medicines Lack of research data 102 Lack of appropriate control mechanisms Lack of education and training Lack of expertise 64 Other 33

11 Member States' needs for WHO Support Member States' needs for WHO support Information-sharing on regulatory issues Herbal medicine safety monitoring workshops General guidelines on research and evaluation of herbal medicines Provision of databases Herbal medicine regulation workshops Global meetings Much needed Needed Not needed Other Number of Member States

12 Relazioni intercorrenti tra sistema allopatico e TM/CAM Nei paesi in cui il sistema sanitario è basato sulla medicina allopatica, o in quelli in cui la Medicina Tradizionale non è stata incorporata nel sistema sanitario nazionale, la Medicina Tradizionale è spesso chiamata complementare alternativa non-convenzionale Tre sistemi di relazione: integrato inclusivo tollerante

13 WHO Traditional Medicine Strategy Policy: integrate TM/CAM with national health care systems Safety, efficacy and quality: provide evaluation, guidance and support for effective regulation Access: ensure availability and affordability of TM/CAM, including essential herbal medicines Rational use: promote therapeutically-sound use of TM/CAM by providers and consumers

14 Evidence base for traditional medicine A A. Clinical trial of randomizing control (RCT) 8% B C B. Well conduct clinical study 14% C. Expert committee review or clinical experience of respected authors 28% Using Clinical Guidelines to Improve Patient Care within the NHS 1996

15 L Efficacia e il dibattito sulle Evidenze DEFINIZIONE DEL LIVELLO DI EVIDENZA Livelli di evidenza [Tratto da USA Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, 1992] I a) Evidenza ottenuta da studi di meta-analisi effettuata su trials controllati randomizzati I b) Evidenza ottenuta da almeno un trial controllato randomizzato II a) Evidenza ottenuta da almeno uno studio ben definito controllato senza randomizzazione II b) Evidenza ottenuta da almeno un altro tipo di studio opportunamente definito, quasi-sperimentale III) Evidenza ottenuta da studi ben definiti descrittivi non sperimentali, come per esempio studi comparativi, studi di correlazione e studi basati su singoli casi IV) Evidenza ottenuta da rapporti o opinioni di comitati di esperti e/o dall esperienza clinica di autorità competenti [ General guidelines for methodologies on research and evaluation of traditional medicine, WHO, Hong Kong SAR 2000]

16

17 Entusiasmo acritico versus scetticismo disinformato Molti sostenitori della TM/CAM spesso ricercano riconoscimenti continui e talora indebiti per l efficacia della TM/CAM nei diversi campi di azione. Molti professionisti della medicina allopatica, spesso appartenenti a paesi con una forte storia di TM, esprimono grandi riserve e spesso aperto discredito nei confronti dei supposti benefici della TM/CAM. I legislatori lottano con i problemi della sicurezza e dell efficacia dei fitoterapici tradizionali, mentre i consumatori non vorrebbero alcun limite di accesso alle terapie di TM/CAM. Insieme alla domanda crescente di TM/CAM, è aumentata anche quella di evidenze su: sicurezza efficacia qualità dei prodotti e della pratica della TM/CAM

18 La necessità della ricerca scientifica La grande diffusione della fitoterapia nei paesi industrializzati, ove il modello medico-epistemologico prevalente è costituito dal modello medico-scientifico, ha reso urgente il confronto dell immensa mole del patrimonio di conoscenze tradizionali con le procedure di ricerca e validazione scientifiche, volte a dimostrare la sicurezza e l efficacia delle droghe singole o associate in complessi in uso, talora, da millenni. Per realizzare ciò, è importante un attività congiunta di diverse figure specialistiche che consentano di traslare l uso, spesso sicuro, delle ricette tradizionali all interno delle società industriali.

19 Revisione della letteratura sulla sicurezza e sull efficacia Una revisione della letteratura deve mostrare il livello attuale di evidenza sulla sicurezza e sull efficacia nell uso di un fitoterapico. L OMS ritiene che nuovi studi clinici dovrebbero essere realizzati solo nei casi in cui l uso tradizionale di una pianta medicinale nell uomo non abbia documentato con chiarezza la sua sicurezza ed efficacia. Se erbe medicinali, già conosciute, vengono riformulate in nuove miscele, si deve tener conto dei requisiti di sicurezza ed efficacia già definiti per ogni singola erba medicinale. Comunque, non deve essere dimenticato che nuovi metodi di preparazione possono alterare il profilo dei fitoterapici, usati tradizionalmente, dal punto di vista chimico, tossicologico e anche farmaceutico.

20 Sicurezza Vanno tenuti in considerazione gli effetti collaterali segnalati e documentati (registrati secondo i ben definiti principi di farmaco vigilanza) di erbe, miscele di erbe, specie correlate, costituenti dell erba, loro preparazioni e prodotti finiti. L assenza di qualsiasi documentato effetto collaterale non costituisce un assoluta garanzia di sicurezza per i prodotti fitoterapici. Comunque può non essere necessaria una serie completa di test tossicologici. Sappiamo, però, che esistono effetti collaterali che sono difficili o impossibili da determinare dal punto di vista clinico. Per questo devono, comunque, essere completati test che valutino: immunotossicità (per es. Test per reazioni allergiche) genotossicità, carcinogenicità e tossicità sul sistema riproduttivo. Solo nel caso non esista documentazione di un prolungato uso storico di fitoterapici o quando esistano dubbi sulla loro sicurezza, si deve procedere a studi aggiuntivi sulla loro tossicità.

21 Ricerca sull uso uso tradizionale Ricerca Clinica su Sicurezza ed Efficacia Cure Primarie Altre patologie Ricerca Farmacologica su Sicurezza ed Efficacia

22 Operatori tradizionali Troskie TR. The importance of traditional midwives in the delivery of health care in the Republic of South Africa. Curationis Mar;20(1): Puckree T, Mkhize M, Mgobhozi Z, Lin J. African traditional healers: what health care professionals need to know. Int J Rehabil Res Dec;25(4): Lefèber Y, Voorhoever H. Practices and beliefs of traditional birth attendants: lessons for obstetrics in the north? Trop Med Int Health Dec;2(12): Ortiz FM. History of midwifery in New Mexico: partnership between curandera-parteras and the New Mexico Department of Health. J Midwifery Womens Health Sep-Oct;50(5):411-7.

23 Operatori tradizionali Ali, Aishah; Howden-Chapman, Philippa. Maternity Services and the Role of the Traditional Birth Attendant, Bidan Kampung, in Rural Malaysia. Journal of Public Health Management & Practice. 13(3): , May/June Aries, Marcel; Joosten, Hanneke; Wegdam, Harry. Fracture treatment by bonesetters in central Ghana: patients explain their choices and experiences. Tropical Medicine & International Health. 12(4): , April Mills, E; Singh, S ; Wilson, K; Peters, E; Onia, R; Kanfer, I. The challenges of involving traditional healers in HIV/AIDS care.[review]. International Journal of STD & AIDS. 17(6): , June 2006.

24 Operatori tradizionali in Etiopia Yineger H., Yewhalaw D. Traditional Medicinal Plant Knowledge and Use by Local Healers in Sekoru District, Jimma Zone, Southwestern Ethiopia. Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 2007, 3:24

25 Malaria e Medicina Africana Fawole OI, Onadeko MO. Knowledge and home management of malaria fever by mothers and care givers of under five children. West Afr J Med Apr-Jun;20(2): Kirira PG, Rukunga GM, Wanyonyi AW, Muregi FM, Gathirwa JW, Muthaura CN, Omar SA, Tolo F, Mungai GM, Ndiege IO. Antiplasmodial activity and toxicity of extracts of plants used in traditional malaria therapy in Meru and Kilifi Districts of Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol Jul 19;106(3): Epub 2006 Mar 13. Koch A, Tamez P, Pezzuto J, Soejarto D. Evaluation of plants used for antimalarial treatment by the Maasai of Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol Oct 3;101(1-3):95-9. Zirihi GN, Mambu L, Guede-Guina F, Bodo B, Grellier P. In vitro antiplasmodial activity and cytotoxicity of 33 West African plants used for treatment of malaria. J Ethnopharmacol Apr 26;98(3): Okumu F O, Knols BG, Fillinger U. Larvicidal effects of a neem (Azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Malaria Journal 2007, 6:63

26 Malaria e Medicina Africana Sanon S, Azas N, Gasquet M, Ollivier E, Mahiou V, Barro N, Cuzin- Ouattara N,Traore AS, Esposito F, Balansard G, Timon-David P. Antiplasmodial activity of alkaloid extracts from Pavetta crassipes (K. Schum) and Acanthospermum hispidum (DC), two plants used in traditional medicine in Burkina Faso. Parasitol Res Jul;90(4): Mueller O, Razum O, Traore C, Kouyate B. Community effectiveness of chloroquine and traditional remedies in the treatment of young children with falciparum malaria in rural Burkina Faso. Malar J Oct 20;3:36. Obonyo CO, Ochieng F, Taylor WR, Ochola SA, Mugitu K, Olliaro P, ter Kuile F, Oloo AJ. Artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Sep- Oct;97(5): Mockenhaupt FP, Ehrhardt S, Dzisi SY, Teun Bousema J, Wassilew N, Schreiber J, Anemana SD, Cramer JP, Otchwemah RN, Sauerwein RW, Eggelte TA, Bienzle U. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial on sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone or combined with artesunate or amodiaquine in uncomplicated malaria. Trop Med Int Health Jun;10(6):

27 Malaria e Medicina Andina Deharo E, Bourdy G, Quenevo C, Muñoz V, Ruiz G, Sauvain M. A search for natural bioactive compounds in Bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. Part V. Evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the Tacana Indians. J Ethnopharmacol Sep;77(1):91-8. Vigneron M, Deparis X, Deharo E, Bourdy G. Antimalarial remedies in French Guiana: a knowledge attitudes and practices study. J Ethnopharmacol Apr 26;98(3): Bertani S, Houël E, Bourdy G, Stien D, Jullian V, Landau I, Deharo E. Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae) leaf tea: effect of the growing stage and desiccation status on the antimalarial activity of a traditional preparation. J Ethnopharmacol Apr 20;111(1):40-2. Bertani S, Houël E, Stien D, Chevolot L, Jullian V, Garavito G, Bourdy G, Deharo E. Simalikalactone D is responsible for the antimalarial properties of an Amazonian traditional remedy made with Quassia amara L. (Simaroubaceae). J Ethnopharmacol Nov 3;108(1): Epub 2006 Apr 27. Marquiño W, Ylquimiche L, Hermenegildo Y, Palacios AM, Falconí E, Cabezas C, Arróspide N, Gutierrez S, Ruebush TK. Efficacy and tolerability of artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine alone for the treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Peru. Am J Trop Med Hyg May;72(5):

28 Diarrea e Medicina Africana Marshall SJ, Russell PF, Phillipson JD, Kirby GC, Warhurst DC, Wright CW. Antiplasmodial and antiamoebic activities of medicinal plants from Sierra Leone. Phytother Res Aug;14(5): Otshudi AL, Foriers A, Vercruysse A, Van Zeebroeck A, Lauwers S. In vitro antimicrobial activity of six medicinal plants traditionally used for the treatment of dysentery and diarrhoea in Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). Phytomedicine Apr;7(2): Longanga Otshudi A, Vercruysse A, Foriers A. Antidiarrhoeal activity of root extracts from Roureopsis obliquifoliolata and Epinetrum villosum. Fitoterapia Mar;72(3): Longanga Otshudi A, Vercruysse A, Foriers A. Antidiarrhoeal activity of root extracts from Roureopsis obliquifoliolata and Epinetrum villosum. Fitoterapia Mar;72(3): Mueller O, Razum O, Traore C, Kouyate B. Community effectiveness of chloroquine and traditional remedies in the treatment of young children with falciparum malaria in rural Burkina Faso. Malar J Oct 20;3:36. Obonyo CO, Ochieng F, Taylor WR, Ochola SA, Mugitu K, Olliaro P, ter Kuile F, Oloo AJ. Artesunate plus sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine for uncomplicated malaria in Kenyan children: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg Sep-Oct;97(5): Matu EN, van Staden J. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of some plants used for medicinal purposes in Kenya. J Ethnopharmacol Jul;87(1):35-41.

29 Diarrea e Medicina Andina McKee L. Ethnomedical treatment of children's diarrheal illnesses in the highlands of Ecuador. Soc Sci Med. 1987;25(10):

30 Diarrea e Medicina Ayurvedica Thakurta P, Bhowmik P, Mukherjee S, Hajra TK, Patra A, Bag PK. Antibacterial, antisecretory and antihemorrhagic activity of Azadirachta indica used to treat cholera and diarrhea in India. J Ethnopharmacol May 22;111(3):

31 Cardiovascolare e MTC Wu B, Liu M, Liu H, Li W, Tan S, Zhang S, Fang Y. Meta-analysis of traditional Chinese patent medicine for ischemic stroke. Stroke Jun;38(6): Pippa L, Manzoli L, Corti I, Congedo G, Romanazzi L, Parruti G. Functional capacity after traditional Chinese medicine (qi gong) training in patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: a randomized controlled trial. Prev Cardiol Winter;10(1):22-5. Yang PY, Almofti MR, Lu L, Kang H, Zhang J, Li TJ, Rui YC, Sun LN, Chen WS. Reduction of atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits and decrease of expressions of intracellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular endothelial growth factor in foam cells by a water-soluble fraction of Polygonum multiflorum. J Pharmacol Sci Nov;99(3): Lei Y, Lu QS, Ma XC, Chen KJ. Clinical study on effect of qingxin capsule in treating patients with hypertension of mild or moderate degree. Zhongguo Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Za Zhi Feb;25(2): Yin C, Seo B, Park HJ, Cho M, Jung W, Choue R, Kim C, Park HK, Lee H, Koh H. Acupuncture, a promising adjunctive therapy for essential hypertension: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Neurol Res. 2007;29 Suppl 1:S Kwan CY, Zhang WB, Sim SM, Deyama T, Nishibe S. Vascular effects of Siberian ginseng (Eleutherococcus senticosus): endothelium-dependent NOand EDHF-mediated relaxation depending on vessel size. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol May;369(5): Epub 2004 Apr 17.

32 Cardiovascolare e MTC Gang Wang, Lei Wang, Ze-Yu Xiong, Bing Mao, Ting-Qian. Compound salvia pellet, a traditional Chinese medicine, for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris compared with nitrates: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Monit, 2006; 12(1): SR1-7 Bo Wu, Ming Liu, Hua Liu, Wei Li, Song Tan, Shihong Zhang and Yuan Fang. Meta-Analysis of Traditional Chinese Patent Medicine for Ischemic Stroke. Stroke 007;38; ; originally published online Apr 26, 2007;

33 Cardiovascolare e Medicina Africana Amos S, Akah PA, Binda L, Enwerem NM, Ogundaini A, Wambebe C, Hussaini IM, Gamaniel KS. Hypotensive activity of the ethanol extract of Pavetta crassipes leaves. Biol Pharm Bull Dec;26(12): Ojewole JA. Vasorelaxant and hypotensive effects of Sclerocarya birrea (A Rich) Hochst (Anacardiaceae) stem bark aqueous extract in rats. Cardiovasc J S Afr May-Jun;17(3):

34 Cardiovascolare e Medicina Ayurvedica Mamtani R, Mamtani R. Ayurveda and yoga in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiol Rev May-Jun;13(3): Schneider RH, Walton KG, Salerno JW, Nidich SI. Cardiovascular disease prevention and health promotion with the transcendental meditation program and Maharishi consciousness-based health care. Ethn Dis Summer;16(3 Suppl 4):S Tripathi YB, Reddy MM, Pandey RS, Subhashini J, Tiwari OP, Singh BK, Reddanna P. Anti-inflammatory properties of BHUx, a polyherbal formulation to prevent atherosclerosis. Inflammopharmacology. 2004;12(2): Munasinghe TC, Seneviratne CK, Thabrew MI, Abeysekera AM Antiradical and antilipoperoxidative effects of some plant extracts used by Sri Lankan traditional medical practitioners for cardioprotection. Phytother Res Sep;15(6): Gupta R, Singhal S, Goyle A, Sharma VN. Antioxidant and hypocholesterolaemic effects of Terminalia arjuna tree-bark powder: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. J J Assoc Physicians India Feb;49: Fields JZ, Walton KG, Schneider RH, Nidich S, Pomerantz R, Suchdev P, Castillo-Richmond A, Payne K, Clark ET, Rainforth M. Effect of a multimodality natural medicine program on carotid atherosclerosis in older subjects: a pilot trial of Maharishi Vedic Medicine. Am J Cardiol Apr 15;89(8):952-8.

35 Cardiovascolare e Medicina Andina Ballabeni V, Tognolini M, Bertoni S, Bruni R, Guerrini A, Rueda GM, Barocelli E. Antiplatelet and antithrombotic activities of essential oil from wild Ocotea quixos (Lam.) Kosterm. (Lauraceae) calices from Amazonian Ecuador. Pharmacol Res Jan;55(1): Epub 2006 Sep 29. Sánchez-Salgado JC, Ortiz-Andrade RR, Aguirre-Crespo F, Vergara-Galicia J, León-Rivera I, Montes S, Villalobos-Molina R, Estrada-Soto S. Hypoglycemic, vasorelaxant and hepatoprotective effects of Cochlospermum vitifolium (Willd.) Sprengel: a potential agent for the treatment of metabolic syndrome. J Ethnopharmacol Feb 12;109(3): Epub 2006 Aug 15.

36 Diabete e Medicina Africana Ojewole JA. Hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects of Psidium guajava Linn. (Myrtaceae) leaf aqueous extract. Methods Find Exp Clin Pharmacol Dec;27(10): Lemhadri A, Zeggwagh NA, Maghrani M, Jouad H, Eddouks M. Anti-hyperglycaemic activity of the aqueous extract of Origanum vulgare growing wild in Tafilalet region. J Ethnopharmacol Jun;92(2-3): Dimo T, Rakotonirina SV, Tan PV, Azay J, Dongo E, Kamtchouing P, Cros G. Effect of Sclerocarya birrea (Anacardiaceae) stem bark methylene chloride/methanol extract on streptozotocin-diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol Apr 4;110(3): Epub 2006 Oct 26.

37 Diabete e Medicina Andina Večeřa R, Orolin J, Skottová N, Kazdová L, Oliyarnik O, Ulrichová J, Simánek V. The Influence of Maca (Lepidium meyenii) on Antioxidant Status, Lipid and Glucose Metabolism in Rat. Plant Foods Hum Nutr Feb 27 Ortiz-Andrade RR, García-Jiménez S, Castillo-España P, Ramírez- Avila G, Villalobos-Molina R, Estrada-Soto S. alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity of the methanolic extract from Tournefortia hartwegiana: an anti-hyperglycemic agent. J Ethnopharmacol Jan 3;109(1):48-53.

38 Diabete e Medicina Ayurvedica Evidence Report/Technology Assessment: Number 41. Ayurvedic Interventions for Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review Hannan JM, Ali L, Rokeya B, Khaleque J, Akhter M, Flatt PR, Abdel-Wahab YH. Soluble dietary fibre fraction of Trigonella foenum-graecum (fenugreek) seed improves glucose homeostasis in animal models of type 1 and type 2 diabetes by delaying carbohydrate digestion and absorption, and enhancing insulin action. Br J Nutr Mar;97(3):

39 FITOTERAPIA

40 SARS

41 SARS

42 SARS

43 Obesità e MTC Wang WJ Prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome with integrated traditional Chinese and western medicine. Zhong Xi Yi Jie He Xue Bao Sep;2(5): Zhao HY Clinical observation on acupuncture for treatment of central obesity Zhongguo Zhen Jiu Sep;26(9): Cabioğlu MT, Ergene N.Changes in levels of serum insulin, C-Peptide and glucose after electroacupuncture and diet therapy in obese women. Am J Chin Med. 2006;34(3): Lee MS, Hwan Kim J, Lim HJ, Shin BC. Effects of abdominal electroacupuncture on parameters related to obesity in obese women: a pilot study. Complement Ther Clin Pract May;12(2): Epub 2006 Mar 23. Cabioğlu MT, Ergene N.Electroacupuncture therapy for weight loss reduces serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol levels in obese women. Am J Chin Med. 2005;33(4): Qunli W, Zhicheng L. Acupuncture treatment of simple obesity. J Tradit Chin Med Jun;25(2):90-4. Hsu CH, Hwang KC, Chao CL, Chang HH, Chou P. Electroacupuncture in obese women: a randomized, controlled pilot study. J Womens Health (Larchmt) Jun;14(5): Liu XM, Zhang MM, Du L. Quality of methodology and reporting of randomized controlled trials of acupuncture for obesity. Zhongguo Yi Xue Ke Xue Yuan Xue Bao Apr;26(2):192-4.

44 Obesità e Medicina Ayurvedica Huang TH, Yang Q, Harada M, Uberai J, Radford J, Li GQ, Yamahara J, Roufogalis BD, Li Y. Salacia oblonga root improves cardiac lipid metabolism in Zucker diabetic fatty rats: modulation of cardiac PPAR-alpha-mediated transcription of fatty acid metabolic genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol Jan 1;210(1-2): Epub 2005 Aug 29. Bhatt AD, Dalal DG, Shah SJ, Joshi BA, Gajjar MN, Vaidya RA, Vaidya AB, Antarkar DS. Conceptual and methodologic challenges of assessing the short-term efficacy of Guggulu in obesity: data emergent from a naturalistic clinical trial. J Postgrad Med Jan-Mar;41(1):5-7.

45 Depressione e MTC Lee MS, Jang JW, Jang HS, Moon SR. Effects of Qi-therapy on blood pressure, pain and psychological symptoms in the elderly: a randomized controlled pilot trial. Complement Ther Med Sep;11(3): Eich H, Agelink MW, Lehmann E, Lemmer W, Klieser E. Acupuncture in patients with minor depressive episodes and generalized anxiety. Results of an experimental study. Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr Mar;68(3): Röschke J, Wolf C, Müller MJ, Wagner P, Mann K, Grözinger M, Bech S.The benefit from whole body acupuncture in major depression. J Affect Disord Jan-Mar;57(1-3): Akhondzadeh, S.; Noorbala, A. A.; Tahmacebi-Pour, N.; Kashani, L. Crocus sativus L. in the treatment of mild to moderate depression: a double-blind, randomized and placebo controlled trial. British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 59(5):630, May 2005.

46 Depressione e Cure Primarie Brown C., Abe-Kim J. S., Barrio C. Depression in Ethnically Diverse Women: Implications for Treatment in Primary Care Settings. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice Copyright 2003 by the American Psychological Association, Inc. 2003, Vol. 34, No. 1, 10 19

47 Cancro e Medicina Ayurvedica Marie Winters, ND. Ancient Medicine, Modern Use: Withania somnifera and its Potential Role in Integrative Oncology. Alternative Medicine Review, Volume 11, Number Subhash Chander Gangar, Rajat Sandhir, Durg Vijay Rai, Ashwani Koul. Modulatory effects of Azadirachta indica on benzo(a)pyreneinduced forestomach tumorigenesis in mice. World J Gastroenterol 2006 May 7;12(17):

48 I PRINCIPALI CAMPI DI USO DELLA MTC NEL SETTORE DELLA TERAPIA COMPLEMENTARE IN ONCOLOGIA 1/3 DOLORE Correlato alla malattia tumorale Correlato alla terapia antitumorale Correlato a tecniche diagnosticoterapeutiche invasive Preanestesia e anestesia EDEMA DISPNEA Agopuntura Elettroagopuntura Laser-terapia Auricolo-terapia Moxibustione Fitoterapia Agopuntura Laser-terapia sui punti di agopuntura MOBILITA E RIABILITAZIONE Agopuntura LEUCOCITOPENIA NAUSEA Ginnastiche Mediche Agopuntura e Moxibustione Agopuntura Digitopressione TENS SINTOMI VASOMOTORI Agopuntura QUALITA DELLA VITA Agopuntura Fitoterapia Ginnastiche Mediche

49 I PRINCIPALI CAMPI DI USO DELLA MTC NEL SETTORE DELLA TERAPIA COMPLEMENTARE IN ONCOLOGIA 2/3 SISTEMA IMMUNITARIO XEROSTOMIA PREVENZIONE: Agopuntura Moxibustione Agopuntura TERAPIA PER L INTERRUZIONE DEL FUMO O DELL ALCOOL Agopuntura Laser-terapia Aghi a dimora ALTRI: PERDITA DI PESO ANORESSIA TOSSE ASTENIA Agopuntura Fitoterapia Moxibustione Agopuntura Fitoterapia Moxibustione Qi Gong Agopuntura Fitoterapia Agopuntura Fitoterapia Moxibustione

50 I PRINCIPALI CAMPI DI USO DELLA MTC NEL SETTORE DELLA TERAPIA COMPLEMENTARE IN ONCOLOGIA 3/3 STIPSI INSONNIA INCONTINENZA CATETERISMI DISFAGIA Agopuntura Fitoterapia Dietetica Agopuntura Fitoterapia Agopuntura Agopuntura Agopuntura LESIONI DA DECUBITO Agopuntura Fitoterapia Infrarossi a sorgente multipla PARESI ITTERO DIARREA Agopuntura Agopuntura Fitoterapia Agopuntura Fitoterapia

51 Evidenze cliniche in MTC in PubMed 1/3 Citazione Numero positivi negativi fuori tema Cancer and acupuncture Dal 2000 al 2005, con abstract Cancer and CHM Dal 2000 al 2005, con abstract

52 Evidenze cliniche in MTC in PubMed 2/3 Cancer and acupuncture Anxiety 3 Breathlness/ dyspnea 2 Chronic orofacial pain 1 Clinical depression 3 Decrease of PSA 1 Distress 3 Edema 2 Fatigue 1 Fibromyalgia 1 Hot flashes 4 Immune system stimulation 3 Improve QOL 3 Improve the function of liver 1 Improvement of blood cells 1 Loss of appetite 1 Low urinary tract symptoms 1 Menopausa related symptoms 1 Nausea 15 Osteoporosis 1 Pain 9 Palliative cancer care 1 Recovery of intestinal function 1 Sweating 1 Throat diseases 1 Vasomotor symptoms 3 Vomiting 7 Xerosostomia 6

53 Evidenze cliniche in MTC in PubMed 3/3 Cancer and CHM Anti-angiogenesis 1 Anti-proliferative (blocking cancer transformation, growth inibitory effects on cancer, induce apoptosis) 27 Arthritis 1 Blood leucocyte reduction 1 Body weight 1 Colon cancer chemoprevention 1 Hypnotic use 1 Hypocromic anemia 1 Immune enhancing effects 5 Improving hepatic function after liver carcinomectosomy 3 Increase of QOL 1 Lessening menopausal symptoms 1 Nausea- vomito 1 Ostalgia relieving 1 Preventing metastasis 1 Preventing myalgia 1 Recovery of hemopoietic function 1 Stomatitis 1 Survival rate 3

54 La ricerca Studi sulle interazioni dei composti della CHM con Chemioterapici Mitomycina C + Ginseng Effetto sinergico Matsuda H, Pharmacological study on panax ginseng C. A. Meyer. XIV. Effect of 70% methanolic extract from red ginseng on the cytocidal effect of mitomycin c against rat ascites hepatoma AH 130. [Yakugaku Zasshi Nov:112 (11): ] Mitomycina C + Polyporus umbellatus Effetto sinergico [You Js, Comined effects of chuling (Polyporous umbellatus) extract and mitomycin C on experimental liver cancer, Am J Chin Med. 1994;22(1):19-28.] Adriamycina + Baked Licorice Decoction Riduzione cardiotossicità [Ruizhi L., et al. Utilizing Zhigancao Tang to relieve doxorubicin s adverse effects, Chinese Journal of Chinese Materia Medica. 1995:20(1):56-57.] IL-2 + Astragalus membranaceus Potenziamento [Chu DT, The in vitro potentiation of LAK cell cytotoxicity in cancer and AIDS patients induced by F3-a fractionatextract of astragalus membranaceus. Chung Hua Chung LIU Tsa Chih May:16(3):167-71]. Azathioprina + Ginseng Riduzione di efficacia [Shin HR, Kim JY, et al. The cancer-preventive potential of Panax ginseng: a review of human and experimental evidence. Cancer Causes Control 200,11:565-76]

55 La ricerca Studi sulle interazioni dei composti della CHM con Prodotti per il sistema cardiovascolare Diuretici tiazidici A Liquirizia Ipopotassiemia Prodotti per il sistema urogenitale e gli ormoni sessuali Contraccettivi orali Terapia ormonale sostitutiva D D Ginseng Liquirizia Controindicati in gravidanza Può interferire con i contraccettivi orali perché ha attività modulante ormonale Trattamenti di fecondazione assistita D Ginkgo Può inibire la fecondazione dell ovocita Fenitoina D Paeonia lactiflora Può diminuire i livelli di fenitoina e la sua efficacia terapeutica Prodotti per il sistema nervoso centrale Farmaci antidepressivi IMAO A Arancio amaro Può aumentare il rischio di effetti collaterali con crisi ipertensive per la presenza di sinefrina

56 La ricerca Studi sulle interazioni dei composti della CHM con Citocromi Paeonia lactiflora induce P450-2C9 (antiepilettici) Ginseng inibisce P450-2D6 (antidepressivi triciclici) Liquirizia inibisce P450-3A4 (Lovastatina, Triazolam, Ketoconazolo)

57 Allergie 3 Artiglio del diavolo Harpagophytum procumbens Centella Centella asiatica Elicriso Helicrysum angustifolium Liquirizia PhR Glycyrrhiza glabra Piantaggine PhR Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Schisandra Schisandra sinensis

58 Allergie - Liquirizia Lee YM, Hirota S, Jippo-Kanemoto T, Kim HR, Shin TY, Yeom Y, Lee KK, Kitamura Y, Nomura S, Kim HM. Inhibition of histamine synthesis by glycyrrhetinic acid in mast cells cocultured with Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Int Arch Allergy Immunol Jul;110(3):272-7.

59 Allergie - Piantaggine Ikawati Z, Wahyuono S, Maeyama K. Screening of several Indonesian medicinal plants for their inhibitory effect on histamine release from RBL- 2H3 cells. J Ethnopharmacol May; 75(2-3):

60 Anemia 3 Angelica cinese PhR Angelica sinensis Equiseto Equisetum arvense Fieno Greco Trigonella foenum graecum Genziana Gentiana lea Ortica, Foglie Urtica dioica

61 Anemia - Angelica cinese Ma LF et al. The effect of Angelica sinensis polysaccharides on mouse bone marrow hematopoiesis. Zhonghua Xinxueguanbing Zazhi, 1988, 9: Chen YC, Gao YQ. Research on the mechanism of blood-tonifying effect of danggui buxue decoction. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 1994, 19:43-45, 63. Wang Y, Zhu B. The effect of Angelica polysaccharide on proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells. Chung Hua I Hsueh Tsa Chih, 1996, 76:

62 Angina pectoris 2 Biancospino PhR Crataegus oxyacantha 1 Astragalo ClR Astragalus membranaceus

63 Angina pectoris - Biancospino Schussler M, Holzl J, Rump AFE, Fricke U: Functional and anti- ischemic effects of monoacetyl-vitexinrhamnoside in different in vitro models. Gen Pharmacol 26: , Chen ZY, Zhang ZS, Kwan KY, et al: Endothelium-dependent relaxation by hawthorn extract in rat mesenteric artery. Life Sci 63: , Schwinger RHG, Pietsch M, Frank K, Brixius K: Crataegus spezial extract WS 1442 increases force of contraction in human myocardium camp indipendently. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 35: , Muller A, Linke W, Klaus W: Cratageus extract blocks potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiac myocytes. Planta Med 65: ,1999. Ammon HPT, Kaul R. Crataegus, Herz-Kreislauf-Wirkungen von Crataegusextrakten, Flavonoiden und Procyanidinen. Teil 1: Historisches und Wirkstoffe. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung, 1994, 134: Costa R et al. Étude comparée de l activité cardiovasculaire des jeunes pousses, des feuilles et des fleurs de Crataegus oxyacantha L. III. Action protectrice sur le cœur isolés de rat vis-à-vis des agents arythmogènes et dans les arythmies par reperfusions. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie, 1986, 20: Occhiuto F et al. Étude comparée de l activité cardiovasculaire des jeunes pousses, des feuilles et des fleurs de Crataegus oxyacantha L. I. Activité electrique et tension arterielle chez le rat. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie, 1986, 20:37-51.

64 Angina pectoris - Biancospino Popping S, Rose I, Ionescu Y, et al: Effect of a hawthorn extract on contraction and energy turnover of isolated rat cardiomyocytes. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 45: , Muller A, Linke W, Zhao Y, Klaus W: Cratageus extract prolongs action potential duration in guinea-pig papillary muscle. Phytomed 3: , 1996 Nasa Y et al. Protective effect of Crataegus extract on the cardiac mechanical dysfunction in isolated perfused working rat heart. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1993, 43: Chatterjee SS et al. In vitro und in vivo-untersuchungen zur kardioprotektiven Wirkung von oligomeren Procyanidinen in einem Crataegus-Extrakt aus Blättern mit Blüten. Arzneimittel- Forschung, 1997, 47: Krzeminski T, Chatterjee SS. Ischemia and early reperfusion-induced arrhythmias: beneficial effects of an extract of Crataegus oxyacantha L. Pharmacy and Pharmacological Letters, 1993, 3: Mävers WH, Hensel H. Veränderungen der lokalen Myokarddurchblutung nach oraler Gabe eines Crataegus-Extraktes bei nichtnarkotisierten Hunden. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1974, 24: Roddewig C, Hensel H. Reaktion der lokalen Myokarddurchblutung von wachen Hunden und narkotisierten Katzen auf orale und parenterale Applikation einer Crataegus Fraktion (oligomere Procyanidine). Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1977, 27: Chatterjee SS, Koch E, Jaggy H, Krzeminski T: In vitro and in vivo investigations on the cardioprotective effects of oligomeric procyanidins in a Crataegus extract from leaves with flowers. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 47: , 1997.

65 Angina pectoris - Astragalo Miller AL. Botanical influences on cardiovascular disease. Altern Med Rev Dec;3(6): Review. Chen LX, Liao JZ, Guo WQ. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular function and oxygen free radical in acute myocardial infarction patients and mechanism of its cardiotonic action. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995;15: Lei ZY, Qin H, Liao JZ. Action of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular function of angina pectoris. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1994;14:195, Li SQ, Yuan RX, Gao H. Clinical observation on the treatment of ischemic heart disease with Astragalus membranaceus. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995;15:77-80.

66 Ansia 2 Avena Avena sativa Biancospino Crataegus oxyacantha Centella ClR PhR Centella asiatica Cimicifuga Cimicifuga racemosa Iperico ClR Hypericum perforatum Luppolo PhR Humulus lupulus Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Melissa ClR + PhR Melissa officinalis Passiflora ClR Passiflora incarnata Primula, Fiori Primula veris Rodiola Rhodiola rosea Salice Salix alba Valeriana ClR Valeriana officinalis Withania Withania somnifera

67 Ansia - Centella Bradwejn J, Zhou Y, Koszycki D, Shilk J: A double-blind, placebocontrolled study on the effects of Gotu Kola (Centella asiatica) on acoustic startle response in healthy subjects. J Clin Psychopharmacol 20: , 2000.

68 Ansia - Iperico Kumar V, Jaiswal AK, Singh PN, Bhattacharya SK. Anxiolytic activity of Indian Hypericum perforatum Linn: an experimental study. Indian J Exp Biol 2000; 38:36-41

69 Ansia - Luppolo Wohlfart R, Hansel R, Schmidt H. The sedative-hypnotic action of hops. Pharmacology of the hop substance 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Planta Med Jun;48(2): Wohlfart R, Wurm G, Hansel R, Schmidt H. Detection of sedativehypnotic active ingredients in hops. 5. Degradation of bitter acids to 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a hop constituent with sedative-hypnotic activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 1983;316(2):132-7.

70 Ansia - Melissa Cerny A, Schmid K: Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers (a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study). Fitoterapia 70: , Dressing H, Riemann D, Low H, et al: Insomnia: Are valerian/balm combinations of equal value to benzodiazepine? Therapiewoche 42: ,1992. Soulimani R, Fleurentin J, Mortier F, et al: Neurotropic action of the hydroalcoholic extract of Melissa officinalis in the mouse. Planta Med 57: , 1991.

71 Ansia - Passiflora Akhondzadeh S, Naghavi HR, Vazirian M, Shayeganpour A, Rachidi H, Khani M. Passionflower in the treatment of generalized anxiety: a pilot double-blind randomized controlled trial with oxazepam. J Clin Phar Ther Oct; 26 (5):

72 Ansia - Valeriana Cropley M, Cave Z, Ellis J, Middleton RW. Effect of kava and valerian on human physiological and psychological responses to mental stress assessed under laboratory conditions. Phytother Res 2002;16:23-7. Kohnen R, Oswald WD. The effects of valerian, propanolol, and their combination on activation, performance and mood of healthy volunteers under social stress conditions. Pharmacopsychiatry 1988; 21: Andreatini R, Sartori VA, Seabra ML, Leite JR. Effect of valepotriates (valerian extract) in generalized anxiety disorder: a randomized placebo-controlled pilot study. Phytother Res 2002; 16:650-4.

73 Artrite 1 Artiglio del diavolo ClR Harpagophytum procumbens 2 Astragalo Astragalus membranaceus Boswellia ClR Boswellia serrata Echinacea a. Echinacea angustifolia Ortica, Foglie Urtica dioica Ortica, Parti aeree ClR Urtica dioica Salice ClR Salix alba Sambuco Sambucus nigra Withania Withania somnifera Zenzero ClR Zingiber officinalis

74 Artrite Artiglio del diavolo Leblan D, Chantre P, Fournie B. Harpagpphytum procumbens in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Four-month results of a prospective, multicenter, double-blind trial versus diacerhein. Joint Bone Spine 67: , Wegener T: Devil s claw From African traditional remedy to modern analgesic and anti-infiammatory. HerbalGram , Ernst E, Chrubasik S. Phyto-anti-inflammatories: A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 26:13-27, 2000.

75 Artrite Boswellia Atal, CK et al. Salai guggal ex-boswellia serrata. A promising antihyperlipidemic and antiarthritic agent. lndian Journal of Pharmacology, 1980, 12: 59A.

76 Artrite Ortica Chrubasik S, Enderlein W, Bauer R, Grabner W: Evidence for antirheumatic effectiveness of herba Urticae dioicae in acute arthritis: A pilot study. Phytomed 4: ,1997.

77 Artrite Salice Schmid B et al. Efficacy and tolerability of a standardized willow bark extract in patients with osteoarthritis: randomized placebo controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Phytother Res 2001;15: Mills SY et al. Effect of a proprietary herbal medicine on the relief of chronic arthritic pain: A double-blind study. British Journal of Rheumatology, 1996, 35:

78 Artrite Zenzero Altman RD, Marcussen KC. Effects of ginger extract on knee pain in patients with osteoarthritis. Arthritis Rheum 2001;44: Marcus DM, Suarez-Almazor ME. Is there a role for ginger in the treatment of osteoarthritis? Arthritis Rheum 2001;44: Bliddal H, Rosetzsky A, Schlichting P, et al. A randomized, placebocontrolled, cross-over study of ginger extracts and ibuprofen in osteoarthritis. Osteoarth Cartilage 2000;8:9-12.

79 Artrosi 2 Artiglio del diavolo ClR Harpagophytum procumbens Bardana Arctium lappa Betulla Betula alba Curcuma PhR Curcuma longa Equiseto Equisetum arvense Verga d'oro Solidago virgaurea Vischio Viscum album Artrosi, Uso esterno 2 Borsa pastore Eucalipto Capsella Bursa pastoris Eucalyptus globulus Fieno Greco Trigonella foenum graecum

80 Artrosi Artiglio del diavolo Leblan D, Chantre P, Fournie B. Harpagpphytum procumbens in the treatment of knee and hip osteoarthritis. Four-month results of a prospective, multicenter, double-blind trial versus diacerhein. Joint Bone Spine 67: , Wegener T: Devil s claw From African traditional remedy to modern analgesic and anti-infiammatory. HerbalGram , Ernst E, Chrubasik S. Phyto-anti-inflammatories: A systematic review of randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trials. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 26:13-27, 2000.

81 Artrosi Curcuma Arora RB et al. Anti-inflammatory studies on Curcuma longa (turmeric). Indian journal of medical research, 1971, 59: Yegnanarayan R, Saraf AP, Balwani JH. Comparison of antiinflammatory activity of various extracts of Curcuma longa (Linn). Indian journal of medical research, 1976, 64: Ammon HP, Wahl MA. Pharmacology of Curcuma longa. Planta medica, 1991, 57:1 7. Kunchandy E, Rao MN. Oxygen radical scavenging activity of curcumin. International journal of pharmacognosy, 1990, 58: Ammon HP, Anazodo MI, Safayhhi H, Dhawan BN, Srimal RC Curcumin: a potent inhibitor of leukotriene B4 formation in rat peritoneral polymorphonuclear neutrophils. Planta Med 58(2):226. Duke, J.A Clippings from my COX box. Journal of Medicinal Food 1(4):

82 Asma 1 Boswellia ClR Boswellia serrata Desmodium Desmodium adscendens Elicriso Helicrysum angustifolium Ginkgo Ginkgo biloba Liquirizia PhR Glycyrrhiza glabra Withania Withania somnifera

83 Asma Boswellia Gupta I, Gupta V, Parihar A et al., Effect of Boswellia gum resin in patients with bronchial asthma: results of a double-blind, placebocontrolled, 6-week clinical study, Eur: J: Med Res., 3(11):511-4,1998. Miller AL, The etiologies, pathophysiology, and alternative/complementary treatment of inhibitor of leukotriene biosynthesis, Eur: J. Med. Res., 1(8):369-70, 2001.

84 Asma Liquirizia Anderson DM, Smith WG. The antitussive activity of glycyrrhetinic acid and its derivatives. J Pharm Pharmacol Jul;13:

85 Bronchite 1 Altea PhR Althea officinalis Elicriso Helicrysum angustifolium Eucalipto ClR Eucalyptus globulus Liquirizia Glycyrrhiza glabra Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Primula, Rizoma Primula veris Sambuco ClR Sambucus nigra Timo Thymus vulgaris Bronchite cronica 2 Aglio Angelica arcangelica Allium sativum Angelica archangelica Bardana Arctium lappa Boswellia Boswellia serrata Eucalipto ClR Eucalyptus globulus Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum

86 Bronchite Altea Nosal ova G et al. Antitussive efficacy of the complex extract and the polysaccharide of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L. var. Robusta). Pharmazie, 1992, 47:

87 Bronchite Eucalipto Nosal ova G et al. Antitussive efficacy of the complex extract and the polysaccharide of marshmallow (Althaea officinalis L. var. Robusta). Pharmazie, 1992, 47:

88 Bronchite Sambuco Marz RW, Mallhys H: Phytomedicines in the treatment of the lower respiratory tract. What is proven? In Loew D, Rielbrock N (eds): Phytopharmaka 111. Forschung und klinische Anwendung. Darmstadt, Germany, Steinkopff Verlag, 1997, pp

89 Bronchite cronica Eucalipto Burrow, A, R. Eccles, A.S. Jones The effects of camphor, eucalyptus and menthol vapour on nasal resistance to airflow and nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryngol (stockh) 96(1-2): Whitmen, B.W and H. Ghazizadeh Eucalyptus oil: therapeutic and toxic aspects of pharmacology in humans and animals. J Paediatr Child Health 30(2):

90 Cardiopatia, coadiuvante e come prevenzione 1 Aglio Astragalo Avena ClR ClR ClR Allium sativum Astragalus membranaceus Avena sativa Biancospino PhR Crataegus oxyacantha

91 Cardiopatia Aglio Kiesewetter H et al. Effect of garlic on platelet aggregation in patients with increased risk of juvenile ischaemic attack. European journal of clinical pharmacology, 1993, 45:

92 Cardiopatia Astragalo Miller AL. Botanical influences on cardiovascular disease. Altern Med Rev Dec;3(6): Review. Chen LX, Liao JZ, Guo WQ. Effects of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular function and oxygen free radical in acute myocardial infarction patients and mechanism of its cardiotonic action. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995;15: Lei ZY, Qin H, Liao JZ. Action of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular function of angina pectoris. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1994;14:195, Li SQ, Yuan RX, Gao H. Clinical observation on the treatment of ischemic heart disease with Astragalus membranaceus. Chung Kuo Chung His I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1995;15:77-80.

93 Cardiopatia Avena Ludwig DS, Pereira MA, Kroenke CH, et al. Dietary fiber, weight gain, and cardiovascular disease risk factors in young adults. JAMA 1999;282: FDA Talk Paper. FDA Allows Whole Oat Foods to make Claim on Reducing the Risk of Heart Disease Available at: vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/tpoats.html. Pietinen P, Rimm EB, Korhonen P, et al. Intake of dietary fiber and risk of coronary heart disease in a cohort of Finnish men. The alpha-tocopherol, betacarotene cancer prevention study. Circulation 1996;94: Van Horn L. Fiber, lipids, and coronary heart disease. A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutr Committee, Am Heart Assn. Circulation 1997;95: Rimm EB, Ascherio A, Giovannucci E, et al. Vegetable, fruit, and cereal fiber intake and risk of coronary heart disease among men. JAMA 1996;275: He J, Klag MJ, Whelton PK, et al. Oats and buckwheat intakes and cardiovascular disease risk factors in an ethnic minority of China. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61: Khaw KT, Barrett-Connor E. Dietary fiber and reduced ischemic heart disease mortality rates in men and women: a 12-year prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 1987;126: Morris JN, Marr JW, Clayton DG. Diet and heart: a postscript. Br Med J 1977;2: Kromhout D, de Lezenne C, Coulander C. Diet, prevalence and 10-year mortality from coronary heart disease in 871 middle-aged men. The Zutphen Study. Am J Epidemiol 1984;119:733-41

94 Claudicatio intermittens 1 Ginkgo ClR Ginkgo biloba Pittler MH, Ernst E. Ginkgo biloba extract for the treatment of intermittent claudication: A meta-analysis of randomized trials. Am J Med 108: , 2000.

95 Colite ulcerosa 1 Aloe ClR Aloe vera Boswellia ClR Boswellia serrata Psillio bianco ClR Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Colite ulcerosa per enteroclismi, Uso esterno Camomilla Matricaria chamomilla Colon irritabile 3 Achillea Achillea millefolium Altea Althea officinalis Carciofo ClR Cynara scolymus Ficodindia Opuntia ficus indica Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Mirtillo, Frutti Vaccinium myrtillus Ortica, Foglie Urtica dioica Psillio bianco ClR Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Psillio nero Plantago afra, Plantago indica Rabarbaro, a basso dosaggio Rheum palmatum

96 Colite ulcerosa Aloe Langmead L, Feakins RM, Goldthorpe S, et al. Randomized, doubleblind, placebo-controlled trial of oral aloe vera gel for active ulcerative colitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19: Langmead L, Makins RJ, Rampton DS. Anti-inflammatory effects of aloe vera gel in human colorectal mucosa in vitro. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2004;19:521-7.

97 Colite ulcerosa Boswellia Gupta, I et al. Effects of Boswellia serrata gum resin in patients with ulcerative colitis. European Journal of Medical Research, 1997, 21:37-43.

98 Colite ulcerosa Psillio bianco Fernandez-Banares F, Hinojosa J, Sanchez-Lombrana JL, Navarro E, Martinez-Salmeron JF, Garcia-Puges A, Gonzalez-Huix F, Riera J, Gonzalez-Lara V, Dominguez-Abascal F, Gine JJ, Moles J, Gomollon F, Gassull MA. Randomized clinical trial of Plantago ovata seeds (dietary fiber) as compared with mesalazine in maintaining remission in ulcerative colitis. Spanish Group for the Study of Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis (GETECCU). Am J Gastroenterol Feb; 94(2): Hallert C, Kaldma M, Petersson BG. Ispaghula husk may relieve gastrointestinal symptoms in ulcerative colitis in remission. Scand J Gastroenterol Jul; 26(7):

99 Colon irritabile Carciofo Walker AF, Middleton RW, Petrowicz O. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study. Phytotherapy Research, 2001, 15:58-61.

100 Colon irritabile Psillio bianco Jalihal A, Kurian G. Ispaghula therapy in irritable bowel syndrome: improvement in overall well-being is related to reduction in bowel dissatisfaction. J Gastroenterol Hepatol Sep-Oct; 5(5): Prior A, Whorwell PJ. Double blind study of ispaghula in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut Nov; 28(11): Kumar A, Kumar N, Vij JC, Sarin SK, Anand BS. Optimum dosage of ispaghula husk in patients with irritable bowel syndrome: correlation of symptom relief with whole gut transit time and stool weight. Gut Feb; 28(2): Misra SP, Thorat VK, Sachdev GK, Anand BS. Long-term treatment of irritable bowel syndrome: results of a randomized controlled trial. Q J Med Oct; 73(270):931-9.

101 Coronaropatia, come coadiuvante 1 Tribolo ClR Tribulus terrestris Deficit cognitivo 2 Centella ClR Centella asiatica Ginseng ClR Panax ginseng Degenerazione maculare 2 Ginkgo ClR Ginkgo biloba Demenza senile 2 Ginkgo ClR Ginkgo biloba

102 Coronaropatia Tribolo Wang B, Ma L, Liu T. 406 cases of angina pectoris in coronary heart disease treated with saponin of Tribulus terrestris. ZhongXi Yi JieHe Za Zhi, 1990, 10:

103 Deficit cognitivo Centella Appa Rao MVR, Srinivasan K, Koteswara RTL: The effects of Centella asiatica on the general ability of mentally retarded children. Ind J Psych 19:54-59, Chittaranjan A, Sudha S, Venkataraman BV: Herbal treatments for ECS-induced memory deficits: A review of research and a discussion on animal models. J ECT 16: ,

104 Deficit cognitivo Ginseng Neri M, Andermarcher E, Pradelli JM, Salvioli G. Influence of a double blind pharmacological trial on two domains of wellbeing in subjects wlth age assocìated memory impairment Arch Gerontol Geriatr 1995;21: Thommessen B, Laake K. No identìficable effect of ginseng (Gericomplex) as an adjuvant in the treatment of geriatrìc patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 1996; 8:

105 Degenerazione maculare Ginkgo Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Ginkgo (part 2): Clinical efficacy, dosage, and adverse effects. Hosp Pharm 33: ,1998..

106 Demenza senile Ginkgo Oken BS, Storzbach DM, Kaye JA. The efficacy of Ginkgo bì/oba on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 55: , Ernst E, Pittler MH. Ginkgo biloba for dementia: A systematic review of double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Clio Drug Invest 17: , Oken BS, Storzbach DM, Kaye JA. The efficacy of Ginkgo bìloba on cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 55: , van Dongen MCJM, van Rossum E, Kessels AGH, et al. The efficacy of Ginkgo for elderly people with dementia and age-associated memory impairment: New results of a randomized clìnical trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 48: , 2000

107 Depressione 1 Angelica arcangelica Angelica archangelica Eleuterococco Eleutherococcus senticosus Ginkgo ClR Ginkgo biloba Ginseng ClR Tr M Panax ginseng Iperico ClR1 ClR2 ClR3 Tr M Hypericum perforatum Rodiola Rhodiola rosea

108 Depressione Ginkgo Chavez ML, Chavez PI. Ginkgo (part 2): Clinical efficacy, dosage, and adverse effects. Hosp Pharm 33: ,1998

109 Depressione menopausale Ginseng Wiklund IK, Mattsson LA, Lindgran R, Limoni C ( 1999). Effects of a standardized ginseng extract on quality of lire and physiological parameters in symptomatic postmenopausal women: A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. International Joumal of Clinical Pharmacology Research 19 (3):

110 Depressione Iperico - 1 Linde K, Ramirez G, Mulrow CD, et al. St. John s wort for depression An overview and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. BMJ 1996; 313: Linde K, Mulrow CD. St. John s wort for depression (Cochrane Review). In The Cochrane Library. Issue 4. Oxford, Update Software, Ernst E. St John s wort, an antidepressant? A systematic, criteriabased review. Phytomedicine, 1995, 2: Vorbach EU, Arnoldt KH, Hübner W-D. Efficacy and tolerability of St John s wort extract LI 160 versus imipramine in patients with severe depressive episodes according to ICD-10. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1997, 30: Harrer G, Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Biller A. Comparison of equivalence between the St. John's wort extract LoHyp-57 and fluoxetine. Arzneim-Forsch/Drug Res 1999;49:

111 Depressione Iperico - 2 Schrader E, on behalf of the Study Group. Equivalence of St John's wort extract (ZE 117) and fluoxetine: a randomized, controlled study in mild-moderate depression. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000; 15: Brenner R, Azbel V, Madhusoodanan S, Pawlowska M. Comparison af an extract of Hypericum (LI 160) and sertraline in the treatment of depression: A double-blind, randomized pilot study. Clio Ther 2000; 22: Schellenberg R et al. Pharmacodynamic effects of two different Hypericum extracts in healthy volunteers measured by quantitative EEG. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1998, 31 (Suppl. 1):S44-S53. Johnson D. Neurophysiologische Wirkungen von Hypericum im Doppelblindversuch mit Probanden. Nervenheilkunde, 1991, 10: Johnson D et al. Effects of Hypericum extract LI 160 compared with maprotiline on resting EEG and evoked potentials in 24 volunteers. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 1994, 7 (Suppl. 1):S44-S46.

112 Depressione Iperico - 3 Martinez B et al. Hypericum in the treatment of seasonal affective disorders. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 1994, 7 (Suppl. 1):S29-S33. Kasper S. Treatment of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) with Hypericum extract. Pharmacopsychiatry, 1997, 30 (Suppl. 1):S89- S93. Schempp CM, Winghofer B, Langheinrich M, et al. Hypericin levels in human serum and interstitial skin blister fluid after oral singledose and steady state administration of Hypericum perforatum extract (St. John's Wort). Skin Pharmacol Appl Skin Physiol 1999; 12: Wilhelm KP, Biel S, Siegers CP. Role of flavonoids in controlling the phy?ototoxicity of Hypericum perforatum extracts. Phytomedicine 2001; 8:306-9.

113 Dermatite 3 Aloe Aloe vera Bardana PhR Arctium lappa Centella Centella asiatica Elicriso Helicrysum angustifolium Fumaria Fumaria officinalis Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Sambuco Sambucus nigra Withania Withania somnifera Dermatite seborroica, Uso esterno 3 Aloe Avena ClR Aloe vera Avena sativa Dermatite, Uso esterno 3 Aloe Amamelide ClR ClR Aloe vera Hamamelis virginiana Calendula Calendula officinalis Camomilla Matricaria chamomilla Echinacea a. Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea p. Echinacea purpurea Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Primula, Rizoma Primula veris

114 Dermatite Bardana Kardosova A, Ebringerova A, Alfoldi J, et al. A biologically active fructan from the roots of Arctium lappa L., var. Herkules. Int J Biol Macromol 2003;33:

115 Dermatite seborroica Aloe Vardy DA, Cohen AD, Tchetov T, et al: A double-blind, placebocontrolled trial of an Aloevera (A. barbadensis) emulsion in the treatment of seborrheic dermatitis. J Dermatol Treat 10:7-11,1999. Syed TA, Ahmad SA. Holt AH, et al: Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: A placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med loti Health 1 : , Syed TA, Cheema KM, Ahmad SA, Holt AH: Aloe vera extract 0.5% in hydrophilic cream versus aloe vera gel far the management of genital herpes in males. A placebo-controlled, double-blind, comparative study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereo I7: , Syed TA, Afzal M, Ahmad SA, et al: Management of genital herpes in men with 0.5% Aloe vera extract in hydrophilic cream: A placebocontrolled double-blind study. J Dermatol Treat 8:99-102, Vogler BK, Ernst E. Aloe vera: a systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 1999;49: Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH, et al. Management of psoriasis with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health 1996;1:505 9.

116 Dermatite, uso esterno Aloe Vogler BK, Ernst E: Aloe vera: A systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 49: , 1999.

117 Dermatite, uso esterno Amamelide Pfister R. Zur Problematik der Behandlung und Nachbehandlung chronischer Dermatosen. Eine klinische Studie über Hametum Salbe. Fortschritte der Medizin, 1981, 99: Swoboda M, Meurer J. Therapie von Neurodermitis mit Hamamelis virginiana Extrakt in Salbenform. Zeitschrift für Phytotherapie, 1991, 12: Wokalek H. Zur Bedeutung epidermaler Lipide und des Arachidonsäurestoff wechsels bei feuilles d hamamelis. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique, 1993, 27:

118 Diabete, come coadiuvante 1 Bardana Fieno Greco ClR Arctium lappa Trigonella foenum graecum 1 Aloe ClR Aloe vera Astragalo Astragalus membranaceus Avena ClR Avena sativa Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum Ginseng ClR Panax ginseng Psillio bianco Cl1 ClR2 ClR3 Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Withania Withania somnifera

119 Diabete Fieno greco Mazdar Z, Abel R, Samish S, Arad J. Glucose-lowering effect of fenugreek in noninsulin-dependent diabetics. Eur J Clin Nutr 42:51-54, Sharma RD. Effect of fenugreek seeds and leaves on blood glucose and serum insulin responses in human subjects. Nutr Res 6: , Raghuram TC, Sharma RD, Sivakumar B. Effect of fenugreek seeds on intravenous glucose disposition in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Phytother Res 8:83-86, Sharma RD, Raghuram TC, Rao SN. Effect of fenugreek seeds on blood glucose and serum lipids in type I diabetes. Europ J Clin Nutr 44: , Sharma RD, Sarkar A, Hazra DK, et al. Use of fenugreek seed powder in the management of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Nutr Res 16: ,1996. Kumar N, Kumar A, Sharma ML. Clinical evaluation of single and herbomineral compound drugs in the management of Madhumeha (diabetes). J Res Ayurveda Siddha 20(1-2):1-9, Bordia A, Verma SK, Srivastava KC. Effect of ginger and fenugreek on blood lipids, blood sugar and platelet aggregation in patients with coronary artery disease. Prostagl Leukotr Essent Fatty Acids 56: , 1997.

120 Diabete Aloe Bunyapraphatsara N, Yongchaiyudha S, Rungpitarangsi V, Chokechai-jaroenparn O: Antidiabetic activity af Aloe vera L. juice. II. Clinical trial in diabetes mellitus patients in cambination with glibenclamide. Phytomed 3: ,1996

121 Diabete Avena Pick ME, Hawrysh ZJ, Gee MI, et al. Oat bran concentrate bread products improve long-term control of diabetes: a pilot study. J Am Diet Assoc 1996;96: Braaten JT, Scott FW, Wood PJ, et al. High beta-glucan oat bran and oat gum reduce postprandial blood glucose and insulin in subjects with and without type 2 diabetes. Diabet Med 1994;11: Chandalia M, Garg A, Lutjohann D, et al. Beneficial effects of high dietary fiber intake in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. N Engl J Med 2000;342:

122 Diabete Ginseng Sotaniemi EA, Haapakoski E, Rautio A. Ginseng therapy in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1995;18:

123 Diabete Psillio bianco - 1 Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Turner J, Oeltgen PR, Daggy BP. Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr Oct; 70(4): Pastors JG, Blaisdell PW, Balm TK, Asplin CM, Pohl SL Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr Jun; 53(6): Wolever TM, Vuksan V, Eshuis H, Spadafora P, Peterson RD, Chao ES, Storey ML, Jenkins DJ. Effect of method of administration of psyllium on glycemic response and carbohydrate digestibility. J Am Coll Nutr Aug; 10(4): Frati Munari AC, Benitez Pinto W, Raul Ariza Andraca C, Casarrubias M. Lowering glycemic index of food by acarbose and Plantago psyllium mucilage. Arch Med Res Summer; 29(2):

124 Diabete Psillio bianco - 2 Rodriguez-Moran M, Guerrero-Romero F, Lazcano-Burciaga G. Lipid- and glucose-lowering efficacy of Plantago Psyllium in type II diabetes. J Diabetes Complications Sep-Oct; 12(5): Sierra M, Garcia JJ, Fernandez N, Diez MJ, Calle AP. Therapeutic effects of psyllium in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr Sep; 56(9): Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Turner J, Oeltgen PR, Daggy BP. Effects of psyllium on glucose and serum lipid responses in men with type 2 diabetes and hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr Oct; 70(4): Pastors JG, Blaisdell PW, Balm TK, Asplin CM, Pohl SL. Psyllium fiber reduces rise in postprandial glucose and insulin concentrations in patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Am J Clin Nutr Jun; 53(6):

125 Diabete Psillio bianco - 3 Uribe M, Dibildox M, Malpica S, Guillermo E, Villallobos A, Nieto L, Vargas F, Garcia Ramos G. Beneficial effect of vegetable protein diet supplemented with psyllium plantago in patients with hepatic encephalopathy and diabetes mellitus. Gastroenterology Apr; 88(4): Wolever TM, Vuksan V, Eshuis H, Spadafora P, Peterson RD, Chao ES, Storey ML, Jenkins DJ. Effect of method of administration of psyllium on glycemic response and carbohydrate digestibility. J Am Coll Nutr Aug; 10(4): Frati Munari AC, Benitez Pinto W, Raul Ariza Andraca C, Casarrubias M. Lowering glycemic index of food by acarbose and Plantago psyllium mucilage. Arch Med Res Summer; 29(2):

126 Diarrea 1 Aglio Allium sativum Amamelide Hamamelis virginiana Astragalo Astragalus membranaceus Borsa pastore Capsella Bursa pastoris Boswellia Boswellia serrata Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Mirtillo, Foglie Vaccinium myrtillus Mirtillo, Frutti Vaccinium myrtillus Ortica, Foglie Urtica dioica Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Psillio bianco e nero ClR Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula + Plantago afra, Plantago indica Rabarbaro, a basso dosaggio Rheum palmatum Tribolo Tribulus terrestris Zenzero Zingiber officinalis

127 Diarrea Psillio bianco e nero Washington N, Harris M, Mussellwhite A, Spiller RC. Moderation of lactuloseinduced diarrhea by psyllium: effects on motility and fermentation. Am J Clin Nutr Feb; 67(2): Eherer AJ, Santa Ana CA, Porter J, Fordtran JS. Effect of psyllium, calcium polycarbophil, and wheat bran on secretory diarrhea induced by phenolphthalein. Gastroenterology Apr; 104(4): Bliss DZ, Jung HJ, Savik K, Lowry A, LeMoine M, Jensen L, Werner C, Schaffer K. Supplementation with dietary fiber improves fecal incontinence. Nurs Res Jul-Aug; 50(4): Marlett JA, Kajs TM, Fischer MH. An unfermented gel component of psyllium seed husk promotes laxation as a lubricant in humans. Am J Clin Nutr Sep; 72(3): Qvitzau S, Matzen P, Madsen P. Treatment of chronic diarrhoea: loperamide versus ispaghula husk and calcium. Scand J Gastroenterol Dec; 23(10): Strommen GL et al. Treatment of suspected postcholecystectomy diarrea with psyllium hydrophilici mucilloid. Clin Pharm 1990;9: Harmouz W. Therapy of acute and chronic diarrhea with Agiocur. Medizinische Klinik, 1984, 79:32-33.

128 Dismenorrea 3 Achillea Achillea millefolium Agnocasto Vitex agnus-castus Amamelide Hamamelis virginiana Angelica arcangelica Angelica archangelica Angelica cinese ClR Angelica sinensis Calendula Calendula officinalis Camomilla Matricaria chamomilla Cimicifuga ClR Cimicifuga racemosa Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Mirtillo, Frutti ClR Vaccinium myrtillus Salvia Salvia officinalis Timo Thymus vulgaris

129 Dismenorrea Angelica cinese Compendium of materia medica. Shanghai, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Science and Technical Press, 1996:

130 Dismenorrea Cimicifuga Görlich N. Behandlung ovarieller Störungen in der Allgemeinpraxis. Ärztliche Praxis, 1962, 14: Stiehler K. Über die Anwendung eines standardisierten Cimicifuga- Auszuges in der Gynäkologie. Ärztliche Praxis, 1959, 26:

131 Emorroidi 3 Achillea Achillea millefolium Amamelide Hamamelis virginiana Cardo mariano Carduus marianus Ippocastano Aesculus ippocastanus Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Mirtillo, Frutti ClR Vaccinium myrtillus Psillio bianco ClR Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula Pungitopo Ruscus aculeatus Emorroidi, Uso esterno 3 Achillea Amamelide ClR Achillea millefolium Hamamelis virginiana Fieno Greco Trigonella foenum graecum Iperico Hypericum perforatum Ippocastano Aesculus ippocastanus Pungitopo Ruscus aculeatus

132 Emorroidi Mirtillo frutti Teglio et al 1987, citato da Upton R et al., eds. Bilberry fruit. Vaccinium myrtillus L. In: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Santa Cruz, CA, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia, Pezzangora et al 1984, citato da Upton R et al., eds. Bilberry fruit. Vaccinium myrtillus L. In: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. Santa Cruz, CA, American Herbal Pharmacopoeia,

133 Emorroidi Psillio bianco Ho YH, Tan M, Seow-Choen F. Micronized purified flavonidic fraction compared favorably with rubber band ligation and fiber alone in the management of bleeding hemorrhoids: randomized controlled trial. Dis Colon Rectum Jan; 43(1):66-9.

134 Emorroidi Amamelide Knoch HG. Hämorrhoiden ersten Grades: Wirksamkeit einer Salbe auf pflanzlicher Basis. Münchener Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1991, 133: Reynolds JEF, Prasad AB. Martindale, the extra pharmacopoeia, 30th ed. London, The Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.

135 Epatiti, come coadiuvante, ed epatopatie 2 Achillea Angelica arcangelica Astragalo ClR ClR Achillea millefolium Angelica archangelica Astragalus membranaceus Bardana PhR Arctium lappa Calendula Calendula officinalis Cardo mariano ClR1 ClR2 ClR3 ClR4 Carduus marianus Cordyceps Cordyceps sinensis Curcuma Curcuma longa Desmodium Desmodium adscendens Elicriso Helicrysum angustifolium Fieno Greco Trigonella foenum graecum Fumaria Fumaria officinalis Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum Ginseng Panax ginseng Iperico Hypericum perforatum Ippocastano Aesculus ippocastanus Liquirizia Glycyrrhiza glabra Schisandra PhR1 PhR2 Schisandra sinensis

136 Epatiti ed epatopatie Achillea Harnic TP. The use of preparations of plant origin in treating and rehabilitating elderly patients with cronic hepatitis. Lik Sprava 1999, (7-8): Sama SK, Krishnamurthy L, Ramachandran K, Lal K. Efficacy of an indigenous compound preparation (Liv-52) in acute viral hepatits: A double-blind study. Indian J Med Res 64: ,

137 Epatiti ed epatopatie Astragalo Zhou QJ. Chinese medicinal herbs in the treatment of viral hepatitis. World Scientific, , Singapore, Kitagawa I, Wang HK, Takagi A, Fuchida M, Miura I, Saito M, Yoshikawa M. Chem Pharm Bull 31:

138 Epatiti ed epatopatie Cardo mariano - 1 Albrecht M et al. Die Therapie toxischer Leberschäden mit Legalon. Zeitschrift für Klinische Medizin, 1992, 47: Grüngreiff K et al. Nutzen der medikamentösen Lebertherapie in der hausärztlichen Praxis. Die Medizinische Welt, 1995, 46: Deák G et al. Silymarin kezelés immunmoduláns hatása krónikus alkoholos májbetegségben. Orvosi Hetilap, 1990, 131: Feher J et al. Hepatoprotective activity of silymarin Legalon therapy in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. Orvosi Hetilap, 1989, 130: Müzes M et al. Silymarin (Legalon ) kezelés hatása idült alkoholos májbetegek antioxidáns védorendszerée és a lipid peroxidációra (kettos vak protokoll). Orvosi Hetilap, 1990, 131:

139 Epatiti ed epatopatie Cardo mariano - 2 Láng I et al. Hepatoprotective and immunomodulatory effects of antioxidant therapy. Acta Medica Hungarica, 1988, 45: Feher J et al. Hepatoprotective activity of silymarin Legalon therapy in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. Orvosi Hetilap, 1989, 130: Ferenci P et al. Randomized controlled trial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. Journal of Hepatology, 1989, 9: Magliulo E, Gagliardi B, Fiori GP: Results of a double-blind study on the effect of silymarin in the treatmen of acute viral hepatitis, carried out at two medical centers. Med Klin 73: , 1978.

140 Epatiti ed epatopatie Cardo mariano - 3 Buzzelli G, Moscarella S, Giusti A, et al: A pilot study on the liver protective effect of sylibin-phosphatidylcholine complex (IdB 1016) in chronic active hepatitis. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 31: , Kiesewetter E, Leodolter I, Thaler H: Results of two double-blind studies on the effect of silymarin in chronic hepatitis. Leber Magen Darm 7: , Szilárd S et al. Protective effect of Legalon in workers exposed to organic solvents. Acta Medica Hungarica, 1988, 45: Magula D, Galisova Z, Iliev N, et al: Effect of silymarine and Fumaria alkaloids in the prophylaxis of drug-induced liver injury during antituberculotic treatment. Stud Pneumol Physeol 56: , 1996.

141 Epatiti ed epatopatie Cardo mariano - 4 Palasciano G et al. The effect of silymarin on plasma levels of malondialdehyde in patients receiving long-term treatment with psychotrophic drugs. Current Therapeutic Research, 1994, 55: Saba P et al. Effetti terapeutici della silimarina nelle epatopatie croniche indotte da psicofarmaci. Gazzetta Medicina ITALIANA, 1976, 135: Floersheim GL et al. Clinical deathcap (Amanita phalloides) poisoning: prognostic factors and therapeutic measures. Analys of 205 cases. Schweizerische Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1982, 112:

142 Epatiti ed epatopatie Schisandra - 1 Chiu PY, Mak DH, Poon MK, Ko KM. In vivo antioxidant action of a lignan-enriched extract of Schisandra fruit and an anthraquinonecontaining extract of Polygonum root in comparison with schisandrin B and emodin. Planta Med Nov;68(11): Zhu M, Yeung RY, Lin KF, Li RC Improvement of phase I drug metabolism with Schisandra chinensis against CCl4 hepatotoxicity in a rat model Planta Med Aug;66(6): Ip SP, Yiu HY, Ko KM. Schisandrin B protects against menadioneinduced hepatotoxicity by enhancing DT-diaphorase activity. Mol Cell Biochem May;208(1-2): Ip SP, Yiu HY, Ko KM. Differential effect of schisandrin B and dimethyl diphenyl bicarboxylate (DDB) on hepatic mitochondrial glutathione redox status in carbon tetrachloride intoxicated mice. Mol Cell Biochem Feb;205(1-2):111-4

143 Epatiti ed epatopatie Schisandra - 2 Zhu M, Lin KF, Yeung RY, Li RC. Evaluation of the protective effects of Schisandra chinensis on Phase I drug metabolism using a CCl4 intoxication model J Ethnopharmacol Oct;67(1):61-8. Ip SP, Mak DH, Li PC, Poon MK, Ko KM Effect of a lignan-enriched extract of Schisandra chinensis on aflatoxin B1 and cadmium chloride-induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Pharmacol Toxicol Jun;78(6):413-6.

144 Febbre 3 Achillea PhR Achillea millefolium Artiglio del diavolo Harpagophytum procumbens Bardana Arctium lappa Genziana Gentiana Lutea Ginseng Panax ginseng Salice PhR Salix alba Sambuco Sambucus nigra Zenzero Zingiber officinalis

145 Febbre Achillea Nikonorow M. Investigation of the antipyretic action of native medicinal plants. Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica, 1939, 3:23-56.

146 Febbre Salice Leslie GB. A pharmacometric evaluation of nine bio-strath herbal remedies. Medita, 1978, 8:3-19. Fiebich BL, Appel K. Anti-inflammatory effects of willow bark extract. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2003, 74:96-97.

147 Ferite e piaghe 1 Boswellia Centella ClR Boswellia serrata Centella asiatica Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Ferite infette 1 Echinacea a. Echinacea p. PhR ClR Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea purpurea Ferite 1 Achillea ClR Achillea millefolium Aloe ClR Aloe vera Amamelide Hamamelis virginiana Bardana PhR Arctium lappa Borsa pastore Capsella Bursa pastoris Ficodindia Opuntia ficus indica Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Primula, Rizoma Primula veris Timo Thymus vulgaris Uncaria Uncaria procumbens

148 Ferite e piaghe Centella Morisset R et al. Evaluation of the healing activity of Hydrocotyle tincture in the treatment of wounds. Phytotherapy research, 1987, 1:117. Bosse JP et al. Clinical study of a new antikeloid agent. Annals of plastic surgery, 1979, 3: Huriez C. Action of the titrated extract of Centella asiatica in the cicatrization of leg ulcers (10 mg tablets). Apropos of 50 cases. Lille medicale, 1972, 17(Suppl. 3): Bourde C, Bourde J. The place of cicatrizing agents in leg ulcers. Semaine des hôpitaux de Paris, 1952, 2: Chaudhuri S et al. Use of common Indian herb Mandukaparni in the treatment of leprosy (preliminary report). Journal of the Indian Medical Association, 1978, 70: Nebout M. Résultats d un essai controlé de l extrait titré de Centella asiatica (E.T.C.A.) (I) dans une population lepreuse présentant des maux perforants plantaires. Bulletin de la Société de Pathologie exotique, 1974, 67: Shin HS et al. Clinical trials of madecassol (Centella asiatica) on gastrointestinal ulcer patients. Korean journal of gastroenterology, 1982, 14: Rhee JC, Choi KW. Clinical effect of the titolated extract of Centella asiatica (madecassol) on peptic ulcer. Korean journal of gastroenterology, 1981, 13: Cho KH et al. Clinical experiences of madecassol (Centella asiatica) in the treatment of peptic ulcer. Korean journal of gastroenterology, 1981, 13:49 56.

149 Ferite infette Echinacea angustifolia Rehman J, Dillow JM, Carter SM, Chou J, Le B, Maisel AS. Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett Jun 1;68(2-3):391. Büsing KH. Hyaluronidase inhibition by Echinacin. Arzneimittel- Forschung, 1952, 2: Schwarz E, Metzler J, Diedrich JP, et al. Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Immunother 2002;25:

150 Ferite infette Echinacea purpurea Schwarz E, Metzler J, Diedrich JP, et al. Oral administration of freshly expressed juice of Echinacea purpurea herbs fail to stimulate the nonspecific immune response in healthy young men: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. J Immunother 2002;25:

151 Ferite Aloe Reynolds T, Dweck AC: Aloe vera leaf gel: A review update. J Ethnopharmacol 68:3-37,1999. Boon H, Smith M: The Botanical Pharmacy: The Pharmacology of 47 Common Herbs. Kingston, Ontario, Quarry Press, Klein AD, Penneys NS. Aloe vera. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988;18: Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G Influence of aloe vera on the healing of dermal wounds in diabetic rats. J Ethnopharmacol 1998 Jan;59(3):

152 Gastrite e ulcera gastrica 2 Achillea Aloe Altea ClR Achillea millefolium Aloe vera Althea officinalis Calendula Calendula officinalis Eleuterocco Eleutherococcus senticosus Ficodindia Opuntia ficus indica Ginseng Panax ginseng Liquirizia PhR1 PhR2 ClR Glycyrrhiza glabra Ortica, Foglie Urtica dioica Piantaggine Plantago lanceolata, Plantago major Psillio bianco e nero Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula e Plantago afra, Plantago indica Uncaria Uncaria procumbens Withania Withania somnifera Zenzero Zingiber officinalis

153 Gastropatie Achillea Mahler P. The action of bitters on the secretion of gastric juice. Zeitscrift Gesamte Experimentelle Medizin, 1926, 51:

154 Ulcera gastrica Liquirizia 1 Jones FA, Langman MJS, Mann RO (eds). Peptic ulcer healing: recent studies on carbenoxolone. MTP Press, Lancaster, 1978, p 1. Lojda Z, Maratka Z. Histochemistry of the gastric and duodenal mucosa under cimetidine and carbenoxolone treatment. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl. 1989;167:13-5. McLean AJ, Harcourt DM, McCarthy PG, Dudley FJ, McNeil JJ. Relative effectiveness and costs of antiulcer medications as a basis for rational prescribing. Med J Aust Apr 20;146(8):431-3, 436-8, 442. van Marle J, Aarsen PN, Lind A, van Weeren-Kramer J. Deglycyrrhizinised liquorice (DGL) and the renewal of rat stomach epithelium. Eur J Pharmacol 1981; 72: Turpie AG, Runcie J, Thomson TJ. Clinical trial of deglycyrrhizinized liquorice in gastric ulcer. Gut 1969; 10: Tewari SN, Wilson AK. Deglycyrrhizinated liquorice in duodenal ulcer. Practitioner 1973; 210: Balker ME, Fanestil DD. Liquorice as a regulator of steroid and prostaglandin metabolism. Lancet 1991; 337:

155 Ulcera gastrica Liquirizia 2 Dehpour AR et al. The protective effect of liquorice components and their derivatives against gastric ulcer induced by aspirin in rats. Journal of pharmacy and pharmacology, 1994, 46: Russell RI, Morgan RJ, Nelson LM. Studies on the protective effect of deglycyrrhinized liquorice against aspirin (ASA) and ASA plus bile acid-induced gastric mucosal damage, and ASA absorption in rats. Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology, 1984, 19(Suppl.):

156 Ulcera gastrica Liquirizia Morgan AG, Pacsoo C, McAdam WAF. Comparison between ranitidine and ranitidine plus Caved-S in the treatment of gastric ulceration. Gut 1985; 26: Schenk J, Schmack B, Rosch W, Domschke W. Controlled trial of carbenoxolone sodium vs. cimetidine in duodenal ulcer. Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl 1980;65: Young GP, Nagy GS, Myren J, et al. Treatment of reflux esophagitis with a carbenoxolone/antiacid/alginate preparation. A double-blind controlled trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 1986; 21:

157 Immunodeficienza 3 Aloe Aloe vera Astragalo PhR ClR Astragalus membranaceus Cordyceps PhR ClR Cordyceps sinensis Echinacea a. PhR Echinacea angustifolia Echinacea p. PhR Echinacea purpurea Eleuterocco PhR Eleutherococcus senticosus Ganoderma PhR Ganoderma lucidum Liquirizia Glycyrrhiza glabra Schisandra ClR Schisandra sinensis Uncaria PhR Uncaria procumbens

158 Immunodeficienza Astragalo Chu DT, Wong WL, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs I. Immune restoration of local xenogeneic graft-versushost reactions in cancer patients by fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vitro. ]ournal of clinical laboratory immunology, 1988, 25: Chu DT, Wong WI, Mavligit GM. Immunotherapy with Chinese medicinal herbs II. Reversal of cyclophosphamide-induced immune suppression by administration of fractionated Astragalus membranaceus in vivo. Journal of clinical laboratory immunology, 1988,25: Zhou KS, Mancini C, Doria G. Enhancement of the immune response in mice by Astragalus membranaceus extracts. Immunopharmacology, 1990, 20: Chu DT et al. Fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus, a Chinese medicinal herb, potentiates LAK cell cytotoxicity generated by a low dose of recombinant interleukin-2. Journal of clinical laboratory immunology, 1988, 26:

159 Immunodeficienza Cordiceps Chen GZ, Chen GL, Sun T, et al. Effects of Cordyceps sinensis on murine T lymphocyte subsets. Chin Med J (English) 1991;104:4-8. Xu RH, Peng XE, Chen GZ, Chen GL. Effects of cordyceps sinensis on natural killer activity and colony formation of B16 melanoma. Chin Med J (English) 1992;105: Chen YJ, Shiao MS, Lee SS, Wang SY. Effect of Cordyceps sinensis on the proliferation and differentiation of human leukemic U937 cells. Life Sci 1997;60: Chen GZ, Chen GL, Sun T, et al. Effects of Cordyceps sinensis on murine T lymphocyte subsets. Chin Med J (English) 1991;104:4-8. Zhu JS, Halpern GM, Jones K. The scientific rediscovery of a precious ancient Chinese herbal regimen: Cordyceps sinensis: part II. J Altern Complement Med 1998;4:429-57

160 Immunodeficienza Echinacea angustifolia Bauer R et al. Immunological in vivo examinations of Echinacea extracts. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1988, 38: Goel V, Chang C, Slama J, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R. Echinacea stimulates macrophage function in the lung and spleen of normal rats. J Nutr Biochem Aug;13(8):487. Rehman J, Dillow JM, Carter SM, Chou J, Le B, Maisel AS. Increased production of antigen-specific immunoglobulins G and M following in vivo treatment with the medicinal plants Echinacea angustifolia and Hydrastis canadensis. Immunol Lett Jun 1;68(2-3):391..

161 Immunodeficienza Echinacea purpurea Luettig B, Steinmuller C, Gifford GE, et al. Macrophage activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst 1989;81: Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, et al. Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified polysaccharide fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Infect Immun 1984;46: Bauer R et al. Immunological in vivo examinations of Echinacea extracts. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 1988, 38: Goel V, Chang C, Slama J, Barton R, Bauer R, Gahler R. Echinacea stimulates macrophage function in the lung and spleen of normal rats. J Nutr Biochem Aug;13(8):487. Stotzem CD, Hungerland U, Mengs U. Influence of Echinacea purpurea on the phagocytosis of human granulocytes. Medical science research, 1992, 20: Bodinet C, Lindequist U, Teuscher E, Freudenstein J. Effect of an orally applied herbal immunomodulator on cytokine induction and antibody response in normal and immunosuppressed mice. Phytomedicine Oct;9(7): Related Articles, Links.

162 Immunodeficienza Eleuterococco Szolomicki S, Samochowiec L, Wojcicki J, Drozdzik M. The influence of active components of Eleutherococcus senticosus on cellular defense and physical fitness in man. Phytother Res 2000;14:30-5.

163 Immunodeficienza Ganoderma Wasser SP, Weis AL. Therapeutic effects of substances occurring in higher Basidiomycetes mushrooms: a modern perspective. Crit Rev Immunol. 1999;19(1): Wasser SP Medicinal mushrooms as a source of antitumor and immunomodulating polysaccharides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Nov;60(3): Wang SY, Hsu ML, Hsu HC, et al. The anti-tumor effect of Ganoderma lucidum is mediated by cytokines released from activated macrophages and T lymphocytes. Int J Cancer 1997;70: Yuen JW, Gohel MD. Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence. Nutr Cancer 2005;53: Kim HS, Kacew S, Lee BM. In vitro chemopreventive effects of plant polysaccharides (Aloe barbadensis miller, Lentinus edodes, Ganoderma lucidum and Coriolus versicolor). Carcinogenesis 1999;20:

164 Immunodeficienza Schisandra Kormosh N, Laktionov K, Antoshechkina M. Effect of a combination of extract from several plants on cell-mediated and humoral immunity of patients with advanced ovarian cancer. Phytother Res May;20(5):424-5.

165 Immunodeficienza Uncaria Lin et al Lin CC, Lin JM, Chili HF. Studies on folk medicine "thang-kau-tin" from Taiwan (I), the antiinflammatory and liver-protectant effect. Chung-kuo chung yao tsa chi li, 1990, 15: Kiuchi F et al. Inhibition of prostaglandin biosynthesis by the constituents of medicinal plants. Chemical and pharmaceutical bulletin, 1983, 31: Sandoval M, Charbonnet RM, Okuhama NN, et al. Cat's claw inhibits TNFalpha production and scavenges free radicals: Role in cytoprotection. Free Radical Biol Med 29:71-78, Lemaire I, Assinewe V, Cano P, et al. Stimulation of interleukìn-1 and -6 production in alveolar macrophages by the neotropical liana, Uncaria tomentosa (Uña de Gato). J Ethnopharmacol 64: , Keplinger K, Laus G, Wurm M, al al. Uncaria tomentosa (Willd.) DC Ethno medicinal use and new pharmacological, toxicological and botanical results. J Ethnopharmacol 64:23-34, Wagner H, Kreutzkamp B, Jurcic K. The alkaloids of Uncaria tomentosa and their phagocytosis-stimulating action. Planta Med 5: , Sheng Y, Bryngelsson C, Pero RW. Enhanced DNA repair, immune function and reduced toxicity of C-MED-100, a novel aqueous extract from Uncaria tomentosa. J Ethnopharmcol 69: , Sheng Y, Pero AG, Wagner H. Treatment of chemotherapy-induced leukopenia in a rat model with aqueous extract from Uncaria tomentosa. Phytomed 7: , 2000.

166 Insonnia 2 Biancospino PhR Crataegus oxyacantha Cimicifuga Cimicifuga racemosa Eleuterocco Eleutherococcus senticosus Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum Luppolo PhR ClR Humulus lupulus Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Melissa ClR Melissa officinalis Passiflora PhR Passiflora incarnata Primula, Fiori Primula veris Salice Salix alba Valeriana PhR ClR Valeriana officinalis Withania PhR Withania somnifera

167 Insonnia Biancospino Beretz A et al. Choix de méthodes pharmacologiques pour l étude des activités de l aubépine. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie, 1978, 12: Della Loggia R et al. Depressive effect of Crataegus oxyacantha L. on central nervous system in mice. Science and Pharmacy, 1983, 51:

168 Insonnia Luppolo Schmitz, M. and M. Jackel Comparative study for assessing quality of life of patients with exogenous sleep disorders (temporary sleep onset and sleep interruption disorders) treated with a hopsvalerian prepararion and a benzodiazepine drug. Wien Med Wochenschr 148{13): Wohlfart R, Hansel R, Schmidt H. The sedative-hypnotic action of hops. Pharmacology of the hop substance 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol. Planta Med Jun;48(2): Wohlfart R, Wurm G, Hansel R, Schmidt H. Detection of sedativehypnotic active ingredients in hops. 5. Degradation of bitter acids to 2- methyl-3-buten-2-ol, a hop constituent with sedative-hypnotic activity. Arch Pharm (Weinheim). 1983;316(2):132-7.

169 Insonnia Melissa Cerny A, Schmid K: Tolerability and efficacy of valerian/lemon balm in healthy volunteers (a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre study). Fitoterapia 70: , Dressing H, Riemann D, Low H, et al: Insomnia: Are valerian/balm combinations of equal value to benzodiazepine? Therapiewoche 42: ,1992.

170 Insonnia Passiflora Speroni E, Billi R, Mercati V, et al: Sedative effects of crude extract of Passiflora incarnata after oral administration. Phytotherapy Res 10:S92-S94, 1996.

171 Insonnia Valeriana Yuan CS, Mehendale S, Xiao Y, et al. The gamma-aminobutyric acidergic effects of valerian and valerenic acid on rat brainstem neuronal activity. Anesth Analg 2004;98: Leathwood PD, Chauffard F, Heck E, Munoz-Box R. Aqueous extract of valerian root (Valeriana officinalis L.) improves sleep quality in man. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1982; 17: Poyares DR, Guilleminault C, Ohayon MM, Tufik S. Can valerian improve the sleep of insomniacs after benzodiazepine withdrawal.? Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2002; 26: Francis AJ, Dempster RJ. Effect of valerian, Valeriana edulis, on sleep difficulties in children with intellectual deficits: randomised trial. Phytomedicine 2002; 9: Donath F, Quispe S, Diefenbach K, et al. Critical evaluation of the effect of valerian extract on sleep structure and sleep quality. Pharmacopsych 2000; 33: Stevinson C, Ernst E. Valerian for insomnia: a systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Sleep Med 2000; 1:91-9

172 Insonnia Withania Mishra LC, Singh BB, Dagenais S. Scientific basis for the therapeutic use of Withania somnifera (ashwagandha): a review. Altern Med Rev Aug;5(4):

173 Iperlipemia 2 Aglio PhR ClR Allium sativum Aloe ClR Aloe vera Carciofo ClR Cynara scolymus Curcuma ClR Curcuma longa Ficodindia PhR Opuntia ficus indica Fieno Greco ClR Trigonella foenum graecum Psillio bianco ClR1 ClR2 Plantago ovata, Plantago ispaghula

174 Iperlipemia Aglio Lawson LD et al. HPLC analysis of allicin and other thiosulfinates in garlic clove homogenates. Planta medica, 1991, 57: Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidemia with garlic-powder tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General Practitioner's multicentric placebo-controlled, double-blind study. Arzneimittel- Forschung, 1990,40: Lata S et al. Beneficial effects of Allium.sativum, Allium cepa, and Commiphora mukul on experimental hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis: a comparative evaluation. Journal of postgraduate medicine, 1991,37: Gebhardt R. Multiple inhibitory effects of garlic extracts on cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Lipids, 1993,28: Gebhardt R. Amplification of palmitate-induced inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes by garlic-derived organosulfur compounds. Phytomedicine, 1995, 2: Platt D, Brosche T, Jacob BG. Cholesterin-senkende Wirkung von Knoblauch? Deutsche Medizinische Wochenschrift, 1992, 117: Grαünwald J. Knoblauch: Cholesterinsenkende Wirkung doppelblind nachgewiesen. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung, 1992, 132:1356.

175 Iperlipemia Aglio Silagy CA, Neil A. Garlic as a lipid lowering agent: a meta-analysis. Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of London, 1994, 28: Warshafsky S, Kamer RS, Sivak SL. Effect of garlic on total serum cholesterol. A meta-analysis. Annals of internal medicine, 1993, 119: Brosche T, Platt D. Garlic as a phytogenic lipid lowering drug: a review of clinical trials with standardized garlic powder preparation. Fortschritte der Medizin, 1990, 108: Auer, W. et al Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia: garlic helps in mild cases. Br J Clin Pract Suppl44(suppl.69):3-6.

176 Iperlipemia Aloe Vogler BK, Ernst E: Aloe vera: A systematic review of its clinical effectiveness. Br J Gen Pract 49: , 1999.

177 Iperlipemia Carciofo Lietti A. Choleretic and cholesterol lowering properties of two artichoke extracts. Fitoterapia, 1977,48: Montini M et al. Controlled application of cynarin in the treatment of hyperlipemic syndrome. Observations in 60 cases. Arzneimittel- Forschung, 1975,25: Petrowicz o et al.. Effects of artichoke leaf extract (ALE) on lipoprotein metabolism in vitro and in vivo. Atherosclerosis, 1997, 129: 147.

178 Iperlipemia Curcuma Soni KB, Kuttan R. Effect of oral curcumin administration on serum peroxides and cholesterol levels in human volunteers. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 1992;36: Chang H-M, But PP-H, Pharmacology and Applications of Chinese Materia Medica. Vol. 2, Singapore, World Scientific, 1986, pp

179 Iperlipemia Ficodindia Fernandez ML, Lin EC, Trejo A, McNamara DJ. Prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) pectin alters hepatic cholesterol metabolism without affecting cholesterol absorption in guinea pigs fed a hypercholesterolemic diet. J Nutr Jun;124(6):

180 Iperlipemia Fienogreco Prasanna M. Hypolipidemic effect of fenugreek: A clinical study. Indian J Pharmacol 32:34-36, Sharma RD, Sarkar A, Hazra DK, et al. Hypolipidemic effect of fenugreek seeds: A chronic study in noninsulin-dependent diabetic patients. Phytother Res 10: , Kuppurajan K, Srivatsa A,. Krishnaswami CV, et al. Hypoglycemic and hypotriglyceridemic effects of methica churna (fenugreek). The Antiseptjc (3):78-79,1995. Sowmya A, Rajyalakshmi P. Hypocholesterolemic effect of germinated fenugreek seeds in human subjects. Plant Food Human Nutr 53: ,1999.

181 Iperlipemia Psillio bianco 1 Anderson JW, Allgood LD, Lawrence A, Altringer LA, Jerdack GR, Hengehold DA, Morel JG. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium intake adjunctive to diet therapy in men and women with hypercholesterolemia: meta-analysis of 8 controlled trials. Am J Clin Nutr Feb; 71(2): Sprecher DL, Harris BV, Goldberg AC, Anderson EC, Bayuk LM, Russell BS, Crone DS, Quinn C, Bateman J, Kuzmak BR, Allgood LD. Efficacy of psyllium in reducing serum cholesterol levels in hypercholesterolemic patients on high- or low-fat diets. Ann Intern Med Oct 1;119(7 Pt 1): Anderson JW, Davidson MH, Blonde L, Brown WV, Howard WJ, Ginsberg H, Allgood LD, Weingand KW. Long-term cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium as an adjunct to diet therapy in the treatment of hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr Jun; 71(6): Davidson MH, Maki KC, Kong JC, Dugan LD, Torri SA, Hall HA, Drennan KB, Anderson SM, Fulgoni VL, Saldanha LG, Olson BH. Long-term effects of consuming foods containing psyllium seed husk on serum lipids in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr Mar; 67(3): Anderson JW, Riddell-Mason S, Gustafson NJ, Smith SF, Mackey M. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium-enriched cereal as an adjunct to a prudent diet in the treatment of mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. Am J Clin Nutr Jul; 56(1):93-8.

182 Iperlipemia Psillio bianco 2 Roberts DC, Truswell AS, Bencke A, Dewar HM, Farmakalidis E. The cholesterol-lowering effect of a breakfast cereal containing psyllium fibre. Med J Aust Dec 5-19; 161(11-12): Bell LP, Hectorne K, Reynolds H, Balm TK, Hunninghake DB Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid. Adjunct therapy to a prudent diet for patients with mild to moderate hypercholesterolemia. JAMA Jun 16; 261(23): Anderson JW, Zettwoch N, Feldman T, Tietyen-Clark J, Oeltgen P, Bishop CW. Cholesterol-lowering effects of psyllium hydrophilic mucilloid for hypercholesterolemic men. Arch Intern Med Feb; 148(2): Gelissen IC, Brodie B, Eastwood MA. Effect of Plantago ovata (psyllium) husk and seeds on sterol metabolism: studies in normal and ileostomy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr Feb; 59(2): Schectman G, Hiatt J, Hartz A Evaluation of the effectiveness of lipidlowering therapy (bile acid sequestrants, niacin, psyllium and lovastatin) for treating hypercholesterolemia in veterans. Am J Cardiol Apr 1; 71(10): Moreyra AE, Wilson AC, Koraym A. Effect of combining psyllium fiber with simvastatin in lowering cholesterol. Arch Intern Med May 23; 165(10):

183 Ipertensione di grado lieve 1 Aglio PhR ClR Allium sativum Biancospino PhR ClR Crataegus oxyacantha Ipertensione, come coadiuvante 1 Achillea Angelica cinese Achillea millefolium Angelica sinensis Astragalo PhR Astragalus membranaceus Chelidonia Chelidonium majus Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum Ginseng Panax ginseng Tribolo PhR Tribulus terrestris Valeriana Valeriana officinalis Vischio Viscum album

184 Ipertensione Aglio Petkov V. Pharmacological and clinical studies of garlic. Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung, 1966, 106: Ogawa H et al. Effect of garlic powder on lipid metabolism in strokeprone spontaneously hypertensive rats. Nippon eiyo, shokuryo gakkaishi, 1993, 46: Foushee DB, Ruffin J, Banerjee U. Garlic as a natural agent for the treatment of hypertension: A preliminary report. Cytobios, 1982: Ozturk Y et al. Endothelium-dependent and independent effects of garlic on rat aorta. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 1994, 44: Das I, Khan NS, Sooranna SR. Nitric oxide synthetase activation is a unique mechanism of garlic action. Biochemical Society transactions, 1995, 23:S136. Das I, Khan NS, Sooranna SR. Potent activation of nitric oxide synthetase by garlic: a basis for is therapeutic applications. Current medical research opinion, 1995, 13:

185 Ipertensione Aglio Rashid A, Hussain M, Khan HH. Bioassay for prostaglandin-like activity of garlic extract using isolated rat fundus strip and rat colon preparation. Journal of the Pakistan Medical Association, 1986, 36: Neil HA, Silagy CA. Garlic: its cardioprotectant properties. Current opinions in lipidology, 1994, 5:6-10. Silagy CA, Neil A. A meta-analysis of the effect of garlic on blood pressure. Journal of hypertension, 1994, 12:

186 Ipertensione Biancospino Occhiuto F et al. Étude comparée de l activité cardiovasculaire des jeunes pousses, des feuilles et des fleurs de Crataegus oxyacantha L. I. Activité electrique et tension arterielle chez le rat. Plantes médicinales et Phytothérapie, 1986, 20: Abdul-Ghani AS et al. Hypotensive effect of Crataegus oxyacantha. International Journal of Crude Drug Research, 1987, 25: Fehri B et al. Valeriana officinalis et Crataegus oxyacantha toxicité par administrations réitérées et investigations pharmacologiques. Journal de Pharmacie de Belgique, 1991,46: Liévre M et al. Étude des effets cardiovasculaires de l hyperoside extrait del Aubépine chez le chien anesthésié. Annales pharmaceutiques françaises, 1985,5: Rácz-Kotilla E et al. Hypotensive and beta-blocking effect of procyanidins of Crataegus monogyna. Planta Medica, 1980, 39:239. Thompson RS et al. Plant proanthocyanidins. Part 1. Introduction: the isolation, structure, and distribution in nature of plant procyanidins. Journal of the Chemical Society Perkin Transactions I, 1972:

187 Menopausa 2 Agnocasto ClR Vitex agnus-castus Angelica cinese Angelica sinensis Cimicifuga PhR ClR Cimicifuga racemosa Luppolo ClR Humulus lupulus Meliloto Melilotus officinalis Salvia Salvia officinalis Withania Withania somnifera

188 Menopausa Agnocasto Upton R (ed). Chaste tree fruit: Vitex agnus-castus. American Herbal Pharmacopoeia and Therapeutic Compendium. Santa Cruz, CA,American Herbal Pharmacopoeia,

189 Menopausa Cimicifuga 1 Lehmann-Willenbrock E, Riedel HH. Klinische und endokrinologische Untersuchungen zur Therapie ovarieller Ausfallerscheinungen nach Hysterektomie unter Belassung der Adnexe. Zentralblatt Gynäkologie, 1988, 110: Vorberg G. Therapie klimakterischer Beschwerden. Erfolgreiche hormonfreie Therapie mit Remifemin. Zeitschrift für Allgemeinmedizin, 1984, 60 (Suppl.): Daiber W. Klimakterische Beschwerden: ohne Hormone zum Erfolgl Ärztliche Praxis, 1983, 35: Földes J. Die Wirkungen eines Extraktes aus Cimicifuga racemosa. Ärztliche Forschung, 1959, 13: Pethö A. Klimakterische Beschwerden. Umstellung einer Hormonbehandlung auf ein pflanzliches Gynäkologikum möglich? Ärztliche Praxis, 1987, 38: Stolze H. Der andere Weg, klimakterische Beschwerden zu behande. ln. Gyne, 1982, 1: Liske E, Wüstenberg P, Boblitz N. Human-pharmacological investigations during treatment of climacteric complaints with Cimicifuga racemosa (Remifemin ): no estrogen-like effects. In: Proceedings of the Fifth International ESCOP Symposium. London, European Scientific Community on Phytotherapy, 1998.

190 Menopausa Cimicifuga 2 Liske E, Wüstenberg P. Efficacy and safety of phytomedicines with particular reference to Cimicifuga racemosa. Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand, 1998, 81 (Suppl. 1):S108. Liske E, Wüstenberg P. Therapy of climacteric complaints with Cimicifuga racemosa: herbal medicine with clinically proven evidence. Menopause, 1998, 5:250. Lieberman S. A review of the effectiveness of Cimicifuga racemosa (black cohosh) for the symptoms of menopause. Journal of Women s Health, 1998, 7: Stoll W. Phytotherapeutikum beeinflusst atrophisches Vaginalepithel: Doppelblindversuch Cimicifuga vs. Östrogenpräparat. Therapeutikon, 1987, 1: Warnecke G. Influencing menopausal symptoms with a phytotherapeutic agent. Die Medizinische Welt, 1985, 36: Düker EM et al. Effects of extracts from Cimicifuga racemosa on gonadotropin release in menopausal women and ovariectomized rats. Planta Medica, 1991, 57:

191 Menopausa Luppolo Heyerick A, Vervarcke S, Depypere H, Bracke M, Keukeleire DD. A first prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on the use of a standardized hop extract to alleviate menopausal discomforts. Maturitas Nov 28..

192 Stipsi 3 Aloe Aloe vera solo Altea Althea officinalis ClR Angelica cinese Angelica sinensis Carciofo PhR Cynara scolymus Ficodindia Opuntia ficus indica Psillio nero ClR Plantago afra, Plantago indica Rabarbaro ClR Rheum palmatum Sambuco, Frutti Sambucus nigra

193 Stipsi Psillio nero Read NW. Dietary fiber and bowel transit. In: Vahouny GV, Kritchevsky D, eds. Dietary fiber. Basic and clinical aspects. New York, Plenum Press, Stevens J et al. Comparison of the effects of psyllium and wheat bran on gastrointestinal transit time and stool characteristics. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1988, 88: Marteau P et al. Digestibility and bulking effect of ispaghula husks in healthy humans. Gut, 1994, 35: Sölter H, Lorenz D. Summary of clinical results with Prodiem Plain, a bowel regulating agent. Today's therapeutic trends, 1983, 1: Read NW. Dietary fiber and bowel transit. In: Vahouny GV, Kritchevsky D, eds. Dietary fiber. Basic and clinical aspects. New York, Plenum Press, Read NW. Dietary fiber and bowel transit. In: Vahouny GV, Kritchevsky D, eds. Dietary fiber. Basic and clinical aspects. New York, Plenum Press, Stevens J et al. Comparison of the effects of psyllium and wheat bran on gastrointestinal transit time and stool characteristics. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 1988, 88: Dahl WJ, Lockert EA, Cammer AL, Whiting SJ. Effects of flax fiber on laxation and glycemic response in healthy volunteers. J Med Food Winter; 8(4):508-1.

194 Stipsi Rabarbaro 20. Nishioka I. Biological activities and the active components of rhubarb. International journal of Oriental medicine, 1991, 16:

195 Stress 3 Centella Centella asiatica sol o Eleuterocco Eleutherococcus senticosus Cl R Ganoderma Ganoderma lucidum Ginseng ClR Panax ginseng Rodiola ClR Rhodiola rosea Schisandra Schisandra sinensis Tribolo Tribulus terrestris Valeriana Valeriana officinalis Withania ClR Withania somnifera

196 Stress Ginseng Vogler BK, Pittler MH, Ernst E. The efficacy of ginseng. A systematic review of randomised clinical trials. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999;55: Bahrke MS, Morgan WP. Evaluation of the ergogenic properties of ginseng: an update. Sports Med 2000:29: Pieralisi G, Ripari P, Vecchiet L. Effects of a standardized ginseng extract combined wìth dimethylaminoethanol bitartrate, vitamins, minerals, and trace elements on physical performance during exercise. Clin Therapeut 1991; 13: Kolokouri I, Engels H-J, Cieslak T, Wirth JC. Effect of chronic ginseng supplementation on short duration, supramaximal exercise test performance. Med Sci Sports Exercise 1999;31(Suppl):S117(abstract). Le Gal M, Cathebras P, Struby K. Pharmaton capsules in the treatment of functional fatigue: a double-blìnd study versus placebo evaluated by a new methodology. Phytother Res 1996;10: Caso Marasco A, Vargas Ruiz R, Salas Villagomez A, Begona Infante C. Double-blind study of a multivitamin complex supplemented with ginseng extract. Drugs Exptl Clin Res 1996;22:

197 Stress Rodiola Shevtsov VA et al. A randomized trial of two different doses of a SHR-5 Rhodiola rosea extract versus placebo and control of capacity for mental work. Phytomedicine, 2003, 10: Darbinyan V et al. Rhodiola rosea in stress induced fatigue - a double blind cross-over study of a standardized extract SHR-5 with a repeated low-dose regimen on the mental performance of healthy physicians during night duty. Phytomedicine, 2000, 7: Spasov AA et al. A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study of the stimulating and adaptogenic effect of Rhodiola rosea SHR-5 extract on the fatigue of students caused by stress during an examination period with a repeated low-dose regimen. Phytomedicine, 2000, 7:85-89.

198 Stress Witania Nadkarni AK, ed. Dr. K.M Na dkarni's lndian material medica, Vol. 1, Bombay, Popular Prakshan, Wenkatraghavan S et al. Clinical Application of Ayurvedic and Chinese Herbs, Monography for the Western Herbal practitioner. J Res Ayu. Sid 1: 370, Warvic, Queensland: Phytoterapy Press 1980

199 Tumori, come coadiuvante 2 sol o Aloe Astragalo ClR Aloe vera Astragalus membranaceus ClR Avena ClR Avena sativa Boswellia Boswellia serrata Chelidonia Chelidonium majus Curcuma Curcuma longa Echinacea a. Echinacea angustifolia Ganoderma ClR Ganoderma lucidum Ginseng ClR Panax ginseng Meliloto ClR Melilotus officinalis Uncaria, PhR Uncaria procumbens Vischio PhR Viscum album

200 Tumori Astragalo. Upton R, ed. Astragalus Root: Analytical, quality control, and therapeutic monograph. Santa Cruz, CA: American Herbal Pharmacopoeia. 1999:1-25.

201 Tumori Avena. Terry P, Lagergren J, Ye W, et al. Inverse association between intake of cereal fiber and risk of gastric cardia cancer. Gastroenterology 2001;120: Schatzkin A, Lanza E, Corle D, et al. Lack of effect of a low-fat, high-fiber diet on the recurrence of colorectal adenomas. Polyp Prevention Trial Study Group. N Engl J Med 2000;342: Reddy BS. Role of dietary fiber in colon cancer: an overview. Am J Med 1999;106:16S-9S.

202 Tumori Ganoderma. Gao Y, Tang W, Dai X, Gao H, Chen G, Ye J, Chan E, Koh HL, Li X, Zhou S. Effects of water-soluble Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides on the immune functions of patients with advanced lung cancer. J Med Food Summer;8(2): Yuen JW, Gohel MD. Anticancer effects of Ganoderma lucidum: a review of scientific evidence. Nutr Cancer. 2005;53(1):11-7. Chang, R (1993) Limitations and Potential applications of Ganoderma and related fungal polyglycans in clinical oncology; First International Conference on Mushroom Biology and Mushroom products: 96 Gao Y, Zhou S, Jiang W, et al. Effects of ganopoly (a Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extract) on the immune functions in advanced-stage cancer patients. Immunol Invest 2003;32:

203 Tumori Ginseng Yun TK, Choi SY (1998). Non-organ specific cancer prevention of ginseng: A prospective study in Korea. International Journal of Epidemiology 27 (3):

204 Tumori Meliloto Thornes RD, Daly L, Lynch G, Breslin B, Browne H, Browne HY, Corrigan T, Daly P, Edwards G, Gaffney E, et al. Treatment with coumarin to prevent or delay recurrence of malignant melanoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1994;120 Suppl:S32-4. Mohler JL, Williams BT, Thompson IM, Marshall ME. Coumarin (1,2- benzopyrone) for the treatment of prostatic carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol. 1994;120 Suppl:S35-8. Marshall ME, Mendelsohn L, Butler K, Riley L, Cantrell J, Wiseman C, Taylor R, Macdonald JS. Treatment of metastatic renal cell carcinoma with coumarin (1,2-benzopyrone) and cimetidine: a pilot study. J Clin Oncol Jun;5(6):862-6.

205 Evidenze cliniche in agopuntura secondo l OMSl Selection of clinical trial reports randomized controlled trials (mostly with sham acupuncture or conventional therapy as control) with an adequate number of patients observed; nonrandomized controlled clinical trials (mostly group comparisons) with an adequate number of patients observed and comparable conditions in the various groups prior to treatment.

206 1. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which acupuncture has been en proved through controlled trials to to be an effective treatment: Adverse reactions to radiotherapy and / or chemotherapy Allergic rhinitis (including hay fever) Biliary colic Depression (including depressive neurosis and depression following stroke) Dysentery, acute bacillary Dysmenorrhoea, primary Epigastralgia, acute (in peptic ulcer, acute and chronic gastritis, and gastrospasm) Facial pain (including craniomandibular disorders) Headache Hypertension, essential Hypotension, primary Induction of labour Knee pain Leukopenia Low back pain Malposition of fetus, correction of Morning sickness Nausea and vomiting Neck pain Pain in dentistry (including dental pain and temporomandibular dysfunction) Periarthritis of shoulder Postoperative pain Renal colic Rheumatoid arthritis Sciatica Sprain Stroke Tennis elbow

207 2. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which the therapeutic effect fect of acupuncture has been shown but for which further proof is needed: Abdominal pain (in acute gastroenteritis or due to gastrointestinal spasm) Acne vulgaris Alcohol dependence and detoxification Bell's palsy Bronchial asthma Cancer pain Cardiac neurosis Cholecystitis, chronic, with acute exacerbation Cholelithiasis Competition stress syndrome Craniocerebral injury, closed Diabetes mellitus, non-insu1in-dependent Earache Epidemic haemorrhagic fever Epistaxis, simple (without genera1ized or local disease) Eye pain due to subconjunctival injection Female inferti1ity Facial spasm Female urethral syndrome Fibromyalgia and fasciitis Gastrokinetic disturbance Gouty arthritis Hepatitis B virus carrier status Herpes zoster (human (alpha) herpesvirus 3) Hyperlipaemia Hypo-ovarianism Insomnia Labour pain Lactation, deficiency Male sexual dysfunction, non-organic Menière disease Neuralgia, post-herpetic

208 2. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which the therapeutic effect fect of acupuncture has been shown but for which further proof is needed: Neurodermatitis Obesity Opium, cocaine and heroin dependence Osteoarthritis Pain due to endoscopic examination Pain in thromboangiitis obliterans Polycystic ovary syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome) Postextubation in children Postoperative convalescence Premenstrual syndrome Prostatitis, chronic Pruritus Radicular and pseudoradicular pain syndrome Raynaud syndrome, primary Recurrent lower urinary-tract infection Reflex sympathetic dystrophy Retention of urine, traumatic Schizophrenia Sialism, drug-induced Sjogren syndrome Sore throat (including tonsillitis) Spine pain, acute Stiff neck Temporomandibular joint dysfunction Tietze syndrome Tobacco dependence Tourette syndrome Ulcerative colitis, chronic Urolithiasis Vascular dementia Whooping cough (pertussis)

209 3. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which there are only individual ividual controlled trials reporting some therapeutic effects, but for which acupuncture is worth trying because treatment by conventional and other therapies is difficult: Chloasma Choroidopathy, central serous Clour dness Irritable colon syndrome Neuropathic bladder in spinal cord injury Small airway obstruction Insufficienza vascolare venosa** Parodontopatia** Sindrome del Tunnel Carpale**

210 4. Diseases, symptoms or conditions for which acupuncture may be tried provided the practitioner has special modern medical knowledge and a adequate monitoring equipment: Breathlessness in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Coma Convulsions in infants Coronary heart disease ( angina pectoris ) Diarrhoea in infants and young children Encephalitis, viral, in children, late stage Paralysis, progressive bulbar and pseudobulbar Linfedema post-mastectomia**

211 Homeopathy Clinical Studies Selection of clinical trial reports Systematic reviews and meta-analyses of homeopathy in humans Selected Randomized Controlled Trials - selected randomized controlled trials on high dilutions. - selected randomized controlled trials with low dilutions

212 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A Dr.ESWARA DAS. MD(Hom), MBA (Health Care) Deputy Adviser (Homoeopathy) Ministry of Health & Family Welfare Government of India.

213 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A HOMOEOPATHY IN INDIA Homoeopathy is recognized as one of the National systems of Medicine. Government has taken steps on the following four sectors to develop Homoeopathy EDUCATION RESEARCH** DRUG DEVELOPMENT HEALTH CARE SERVICES

214 G O V E R N M E N T RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHTY Research in Homoeopathy is encouraged through two routes: INTRAMURAL ROUTE O F I N D I A EXTRAMURAL ROUTE

215 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A CENTRAL COUNCIL FOR RESEARCH IN HOMOEOPATHY Carry out: Clinical Research Drug Research Drug Standardization Literary Research Documentation Survey of Medicinal Plants used in Homoeopathy

216 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A MAJOR RESEARCH WORKS BEING CARRIED OUT HIV/AIDs Pilot study suggest Homoeopathic medicines could control opportunistic infections and improve the quality of life of the patients. Homoeopathic medicines have a major role in drug de-addiction programmes Proved 36 Indian Drugs and Monographs published.

217 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A EXTRAMURAL ROUTE In the Extramural Route, the Government extend funds to other organizations/ Universities/ Institutions to carry out research in identified areas. This is to encourage the talents available out side the Government institution to contribute development of the system Research work is awarded to accredited institutions Financial assistance subject to a maximum of Rs 25 lakhs is provided to projects. The projects are assessed by Technical evaluation Committee by Technical experts and finally approved by a Screening Committee headed by Secretary (AYUSH)

218 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A RESEARCH COMPLETED/ONGOING Homoeopathic Medicines are found to be useful in detoxifying Chronic Arsenicosis by National Institute of Homeopathy Homoeopathic Medicines are found to be effective in the treatment of Keloid by Aurobindo Ashram jointly with Jawaharlal Nehru Institute of Post Graduate Medicinal Education and Research. Rheumatoid Arthritis at two centers Obesity at one center Lead poisoning in one center. Cancer research at All India Institute of Medical Sciences Chelidoniun 30, is found to be effective in the management of Liver Toxicity in animal studies.

219 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A EVIDENCE BASED HOMOEOPATHY -HEALTH CARE Homoeopathic Medicines are widely used as an independent or as an adjuvant treatment in Cancer. Improve the quality of life of patients with HIV/AIDs People uses widely for Skin complaints, Viral infections, various Iatrogenic conditions, Allergic diseases, Pediatric problems and Behavioral disorders.

220 G O V E R N M E N T O F I N D I A PREVENTIVE AND PROMOTIVE HEALTH CARE Uses in Drug- de- addiction programme by Delhi police. Uses in Japanese Encephalitis control programme by the Government of Andhra Pradesh. Leptospirosis by the Government of Kerala. Found to be effective in Drug resistant Tuberculosis. research is going on under the State Research programme of Govt. of Delhi. In the Hypothyroidism and Malnutrition syndromes. Primary Health care through 10,000 Govt. and thousand of Private and Charitable institutions.

221 G O V E R N M E N T O F NEW AREAS OF INTEREST Use of Homoeopathy in veterinary practice is increasing. In plant protection Homoeopathic medicines are used. Dental diseases Homoeopathic medicines are getting more popular. I N D I A

222

223