Honors Unit 7 Notes Bonding & Molecular Geometry (Chapter 7 in Masterton & Hurley textbook)
|
|
- Randall Rose
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Name: Honors Unit 7 Notes Bonding & Molecular Geometry (Chapter 7 in Masterton & Hurley textbook) Objectives: 1. Students will form an understanding of the conceptual difference between covalent and ionic bonds and the resulting structures based on these two major types of bonds. 2. Students will be able to draw Lewis structures for neutral atoms, ions, ionic bonds, and covalent compounds. 3. Students will apply their understanding of the concept of electronegativity and be able to use that to predict the polarity of individual bonds. 4. Students will be able to successfully apply VSEPR Theory to predict molecular shapes, bond angles and molecular polarity including structures with and without nonbonding pairs of electrons. 5. Students will be able to predict whether or not molecules are dipoles (polar). 6. Students will become familiar with the concept of hybridization and will be able to predict the hybridization of central atoms in simple molecules. Types of Chemical Bonds_ o Definition of a chemical bond-- o Electrons that are available for bonding are called electrons. o Two types of chemical bonds are and. IONIC BOND: COVLENT BOND: o Octet Rule: Most atoms prefer to have electrons in their valence shell. ***Exception: want a duet.
2 Lewis Structures- 2 Lewis dot diagram depicts an atom as Ex.) Lewis Dot Diagram for Carbon How to Write a Lewis Dot Structure for an Element: Electrons are placed one at a time in a clockwise manner around the symbol in the north, east, south and west positions,. Same group # = Ex.) s we can see from the chlorine example, there are six electrons that are paired up and one that is unpaired. When it comes to bonding, atoms tend to. bond that forms when one atom gives an unpaired electron to another atom is called an. bond that forms when atoms share unpaired electrons between each other is called a. ***Note: In the final structure, placement of the dots around the element is not crucial. Maximum # of valence electrons =
3 Lewis Structures for Ionic Compounds 3 1. The ionic bond forms from attraction of for. 2. Structure of ionic compounds = crystal lattice a. Ionic compounds have which show the ratio of ions in the crystal lattice. 3. To write a Lewis structure for an ionic compound: a. Uses or dots, brackets and a superscript to designate ion charge. Ex.) Li 1+ Be 2+ B 3+ C 4+ N 3- O 2- F 1- Ex.) MgO Ex.) Li2O Lewis Structures for Covalent Compounds Covalent compounds are substances made up of atoms which are held together by covalent bonds (in which ). o Covalent compounds are also called.
4 4 Lewis structures for covalent compounds show the bonds and how the atoms will connect. o Shared electrons (bonding pair electrons) = Bonding pair generally shown as a between atoms. o Non-shared electrons (non-bonding electrons) = Ex.) H2O Types of Covalent Bonds o Single Bond are shared in a bond ( from each atom) o Double Bond of e- are shared ( total, from each atom) o Triple Bond of e- are shared ( total, from each atom) Rules for Drawing Lewis Structures 1. dd up the total number of valence e - for each atom in the molecule. a. Each (-) sign counts as 1 electron added to the total, each (+) sign subtracts one electron from the total. 2. Write the symbol for the central atom, then use one pair of electrons to form bonds between the central atom and the remaining atoms. 3. Count the number of electrons remaining and distribute to the surrounding atoms according to the octet rule (or the duet rule for hydrogen). 4. If there are not enough pairs, make sure the most electronegative elements are satisfied. Then, start shifting pairs into double bonds and triple bonds to satisfy the octet rule. 5. If there are extra electrons, stick them on the central atom. *****But Remember...The Structure MUST Have: the right number of atoms for each element, the right number of electrons, the right overall charge, and 8 electrons around each atom (ideally) Hints: (1) H is NEVER a central atom. (2) Halogens are USULLY NOT central atoms. (3) IF you have ONLY ONE of a certain element, it is USULLY the central atom.
5 Examples: Drawing Covalent Lewis Structures F2 HF 5 H2O NH3 OCl - NH4 + PO4 3- SO3 2- O2 N2 CH4 CH3OH
6 Exceptions to the Octet Rule 6 1. Reduced Octets electron deficient molecules (Be and B) Be: B: 2. Expanded Octets (P, S, Cl, s, Se, Br, Kr, e) How to recognize: o The central atom in Period 3 or greater is surrounded by more than 4 atoms. Examples: PF5 o You draw the Lewis diagram & the results don t make sense central atom has > 8 e- Examples: ef4 3. Resonance Structures when a single Lewis structure does not adequately represent a substance; the true structure is o Resonance Structures are created by, NOT. o Resonance Examples: SO2 NO3 -
7 4. Radicals 7 o Example: NO o Radicals are ; they want to have paired electrons to be more stable! Molecular Geometry- Molecular geometry describes the of atoms in a molecule. o There is a fundamental geometry that corresponds to the total number of electron pairs around the central atom: 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 VSEPR Theory: Dictating the Shape of Molecules VSEPR Theory = o Based on idea that electron pairs want to be as far apart as possible The molecule adopts the shape that minimizes the e - pair Based on molecular shape of Lewis structure o We define the 3D space of LL electron pairs (bonding and non-bonding). by the positions in o The only considers the positions of the bonded electrons.
8 To determine the electron pair geometry: (To determine the molecular geometry) Look at the shape of the molecule based on the bonded atoms (not the lone pair electrons on the central atom). Basic Electron Pair Geometries SHPE 1. linear SUM OF BONDED TOMS & LONE PIR ELECTRONS 2. trigonal planar 3. tetrahedral 4. trigonal bipyramidal 5. octahedral Molecular Geometry Notation : BPs: : LPs: E:
9 Possible Molecular Geometry Options (you must memorize these!!) Total Bonds to Central tom ( + E) Bonded toms () Lone Pairs on C.. (E) E Notation Molecular Geometry Name Shape Bond ngle(s) 9 Example 2 (Linear) 2 0 BeCl2 3 (Trigonal Planar) 3 0 BCl3 2 1 NO2-4 (Tetrahedral) 4 0 CCl4 3 1 NH3 5 (Trigonal Bipyramidal) H2O scl5 4 1 SeCl4 3 2 BrCl3 2 3 ef2 6 (Octahedral) 6 0 TeBr6 5 1 BrF5 4 2 ef4
10 Tips for Determining the Molecular Geometry of a Molecule: o If there is more than one central atom, you must determine the geometry for each central atom separately. 10 o Molecules with only two atoms are always linear. Examples: What shape (molecular geometry) would the compounds have based on VSEPR theory? O2 SeCl2 2- PBr5 CFCl3 H2S C2H2
11 11 Polarity_ Predicting Bond Polarity o Polar bond = Example: o Nonpolar bond = Example: Calculate the electronegativity difference between the Pauling electronegativity values for the 2 elements involved in the bond. The difference will dictate the type of bond. Type of Bond IONIC POLR Covalent NON-POLR Types of toms Electronegativity Difference Non-polar covalent bond Polar covalent bond (more e/n element has greater pull) 1.7 and up Ionic bond (electrons are transferred between atoms) Examples: What type of bond is shown below? Cl--Na O--F
12 Predicting Molecule Polarity 12 Polar molecule (dipole) = o Molecules are polar if the pull in any one direction is not balanced out by an equal and opposite pull in the opposite direction o Positive and negative regions shown by (δ + or δ - ) o Example: CH3Cl o Polar molecules have a ; they will align with an electric field Rules for Determining Molecular Polarity (see flowchart!) molecule is polar if: o It has only 2 atoms in it and both are different. o It has 3 or more atoms and has lone pairs on the central atom (it is classified as an E) **Exception: when lone pairs are symmetrical to axis of bonded atoms (4E2 or 2E3) o It has 3 or more atoms in an n classification and all of the s are not the same atom. Examples: Determine the polarity of the following molecules based on their molecular geometry. BF3 BF2Cl CO2 H2O H3O + ef4 PF5
13 Hybridization of tomic Orbitals 1. The solutions of the Schrodinger equation led to these atomic orbitals: However, overlap of these orbitals does not give a satisfactory explanation. In order to explain bonding, these orbitals are to form new sets of orbitals this method is called. sp sp 2 sp 3 sp 3 d sp 3 d 2 2 sp hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and a p orbital 3 sp 2 hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and 2 p orbitals 4 sp 3 hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and 3 p orbitals 5 sp 3 d hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and 3 p and a d orbital 6 sp 3 d 2 hybrid orbitals from mixing of a s and 3 p and 2 d orbitals ***Notice that there are five hybrid orbital types (same number as electron pair geometries). Superscripts on s, p, d added together = Examples: Predict the molecular geometry and the hybridization of the central atom in the following: OF2 NH4 + CO2 COCl2 ef4
EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules
EXPERIMENT 9 Dot Structures and Geometries of Molecules INTRODUCTION Lewis dot structures are our first tier in drawing molecules and representing bonds between the atoms. The method was first published
More informationMolecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory Concept Check 10.1 An atom in a molecule is surrounded by four pairs of electrons, one lone pair and three bonding pairs. Describe how the four
More informationLaboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures
Introduction Laboratory 11: Molecular Compounds and Lewis Structures Molecular compounds are formed by sharing electrons between non-metal atoms. A useful theory for understanding the formation of molecular
More informationEXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory
EXPERIMENT 17 : Lewis Dot Structure / VSEPR Theory Materials: Molecular Model Kit INTRODUCTION Although it has recently become possible to image molecules and even atoms using a high-resolution microscope,
More informationChapter 7. Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds. Ionic Bonds. Types of Bonds. Quick Review of Bond Types. Covalent Bonds
Comparing Ionic and Covalent Bonds Chapter 7 Covalent Bonds and Molecular Structure Intermolecular forces (much weaker than bonds) must be broken Ionic bonds must be broken 1 Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds
More information5. Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for SOCl 2
Unit C Practice Problems Chapter 8 1. Draw the lewis structures for the following molecules: a. BeF 2 b. SO 3 c. CNS 1- d. NO 2. The correct Lewis symbol for ground state carbon is a) b) c) d) e) 3. Which
More informationAP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts
AP Chemistry A. Allan Chapter 8 Notes - Bonding: General Concepts 8.1 Types of Chemical Bonds A. Ionic Bonding 1. Electrons are transferred 2. Metals react with nonmetals 3. Ions paired have lower energy
More informationC has 4 valence electrons, O has six electrons. The total number of electrons is 4 + 2(6) = 16.
129 Lewis Structures G. N. Lewis hypothesized that electron pair bonds between unlike elements in the second (and sometimes the third) row occurred in a way that electrons were shared such that each element
More informationHealth Science Chemistry I CHEM-1180 Experiment No. 15 Molecular Models (Revised 05/22/2015)
(Revised 05/22/2015) Introduction In the early 1900s, the chemist G. N. Lewis proposed that bonds between atoms consist of two electrons apiece and that most atoms are able to accommodate eight electrons
More informationch9 and 10 practice test
1. Which of the following covalent bonds is the most polar (highest percent ionic character)? A. Al I B. Si I C. Al Cl D. Si Cl E. Si P 2. What is the hybridization of the central atom in ClO 3? A. sp
More information2. Atoms with very similar electronegativity values are expected to form
AP hemistry Practice Test #6 hapter 8 and 9 1. Which of the following statements is incorrect? a. Ionic bonding results from the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. b. Dipole moments result
More informationBonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson
Bonding & Molecular Shape Ron Robertson r2 n:\files\courses\1110-20\2010 possible slides for web\00bondingtrans.doc The Nature of Bonding Types 1. Ionic 2. Covalent 3. Metallic 4. Coordinate covalent Driving
More informationSOME TOUGH COLLEGE PROBLEMS! .. : 4. How many electrons should be shown in the Lewis dot structure for carbon monoxide? N O O
SME TUGH CLLEGE PRBLEMS! LEWIS DT STRUCTURES 1. An acceptable Lewis dot structure for 2 is (A) (B) (C) 2. Which molecule contains one unshared pair of valence electrons? (A) H 2 (B) H 3 (C) CH 4 acl 3.
More informationTheme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8)
Theme 3: Bonding and Molecular Structure. (Chapter 8) End of Chapter questions: 5, 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 23, 27, 28, 32, 33, 39, 43, 46, 67, 77 Chemical reaction valence electrons of atoms rearranged (lost,
More informationMolecular Geometry and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland Community College for the use of this experiment.
Molecular and VSEPR We gratefully acknowledge Portland ommunity ollege for the use of this experiment. Objectives To construct molecular models for covalently bonded atoms in molecules and polyatomic ions
More informationChemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2
Chem 1A Dr. White Updated /5/1 1 Chemistry Workbook 2: Problems For Exam 2 Section 2-1: Covalent Bonding 1. On a potential energy diagram, the most stable state has the highest/lowest potential energy.
More informationChapter 10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory
Chem 1: Chapter 10 Page 1 Chapter 10 Molecular Geometry and Chemical Bonding Theory I) VSEPR Model Valence-Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion Model A) Model predicts Predicts electron arrangement and molecular
More informationA pure covalent bond is an equal sharing of shared electron pair(s) in a bond. A polar covalent bond is an unequal sharing.
CHAPTER EIGHT BNDING: GENERAL CNCEPT or Review 1. Electronegativity is the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself. Electronegativity is a bonding term. Electron affinity is the
More informationVocabulary: VSEPR. 3 domains on central atom. 2 domains on central atom. 3 domains on central atom NOTE: Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory
Vocabulary: VSEPR Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory domain = any electron pair, or any double or triple bond is considered one domain. lone pair = non-bonding pair = unshared pair = any electron
More informationCHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding
CHAPTER 6 Chemical Bonding SECTION 1 Introduction to Chemical Bonding OBJECTIVES 1. Define Chemical bond. 2. Explain why most atoms form chemical bonds. 3. Describe ionic and covalent bonding.. 4. Explain
More informationSelf Assessment_Ochem I
UTID: 2013 Objective Test Section Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. There is only one correct answer; please carefully bubble your choice on the scantron sheet.
More informationBonding Models. Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Resonance Structures. Section 2 (Chapter 3, M&T) Chemical Bonding
Bonding Models Section (Chapter, M&T) Chemical Bonding We will look at three models of bonding: Lewis model Valence Bond model M theory Bonding Models (Lewis) Bonding Models (Lewis) Lewis model of bonding
More informationQuestion 4.2: Write Lewis dot symbols for atoms of the following elements: Mg, Na, B, O, N, Br.
Question 4.1: Explain the formation of a chemical bond. A chemical bond is defined as an attractive force that holds the constituents (atoms, ions etc.) together in a chemical species. Various theories
More information: : Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems
Solutions to Additional Bonding Problems 1 1. For the following examples, the valence electron count is placed in parentheses after the empirical formula and only the resonance structures that satisfy
More informationCHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING
CHAPTER 12: CHEMICAL BONDING Active Learning Questions: 3-9, 11-19, 21-22 End-of-Chapter Problems: 1-36, 41-59, 60(a,b), 61(b,d), 62(a,b), 64-77, 79-89, 92-101, 106-109, 112, 115-119 An American chemist
More informationName: Class: Date: 3) The bond angles marked a, b, and c in the molecule below are about,, and, respectively.
Name: Class: Date: Unit 9 Practice Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) The basis of the VSEPR model of molecular bonding is. A) regions of
More informationCHEMISTRY BONDING REVIEW
Answer the following questions. CHEMISTRY BONDING REVIEW 1. What are the three kinds of bonds which can form between atoms? The three types of Bonds are Covalent, Ionic and Metallic. Name Date Block 2.
More informationChapter10 Tro. 4. Based on the Lewis structure, the number of electron domains in the valence shell of the CO molecule is A) 1 B) 2 C) 3 D) 4 E) 5
Chapter10 Tro 1. All of the geometries listed below are examples of the five basic geometries for molecules with more than 3 atoms except A) planar triangular B) octahedral C) tetrahedral D) trihedral
More informationExercises Topic 2: Molecules
hemistry for Biomedical Engineering. Exercises Topic 2 Authors: ors: Juan Baselga & María González Exercises Topic 2: Molecules 1. Using hybridization concepts and VSEPR model describe the molecular geometry
More informationChemistry 105, Chapter 7 Exercises
hemistry 15, hapter 7 Exercises Types of Bonds 1. Using the periodic table classify the bonds in the following compounds as ionic or covalent. If covalent, classify the bond as polar or not. Mg2 4 i2 a(3)2
More informationCHEM 1301 SECOND TEST REVIEW. Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons (ALWAYS valence electrons). Use Lewis structures to show this sharing.
CEM 1301 SECOND TEST REVIEW Lewis Structures Covalent bonds are sharing of electrons (ALWAYS valence electrons). Use Lewis structures to show this sharing. Rules OCTET RULE an atom would like to have 8
More informationGeometries and Valence Bond Theory Worksheet
Geometries and Valence Bond Theory Worksheet Also do Chapter 10 textbook problems: 33, 35, 47, 49, 51, 55, 57, 61, 63, 67, 83, 87. 1. Fill in the tables below for each of the species shown. a) CCl 2 2
More information5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules
5. Structure, Geometry, and Polarity of Molecules What you will accomplish in this experiment This experiment will give you an opportunity to draw Lewis structures of covalent compounds, then use those
More informationSHAPES OF MOLECULES (VSEPR MODEL)
1 SAPES MLEULES (VSEPR MDEL) Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion model - Electron pairs surrounding atom spread out as to minimize repulsion. - Electron pairs can be bonding pairs (including multiple
More informationA REVIEW OF GENERAL CHEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES
A REVIEW OF GENERAL CEMISTRY: ELECTRONS, BONDS AND MOLECULAR PROPERTIES A STUDENT SOULD BE ABLE TO: 1. Draw Lewis (electron dot and line) structural formulas for simple compounds and ions from molecular
More informationDCI for Electronegativity. Data Table:
DCI for Electronegativity Data Table: Substance Ionic/covalent EN value EN Value EN NaCl ionic (Na) 0.9 (Cl) 3.0 2.1 KBr (K) 0.8 (Br) 2.8 MgO (Mg) 1.2 (O) 3.5 HCl (H) 2.1 (Cl) 3.0 HF (H) 2.1 (F) 4.0 Cl
More informationChapter 9. Chemical reactivity of molecules depends on the nature of the bonds between the atoms as well on its 3D structure
Chapter 9 Molecular Geometry & Bonding Theories I) Molecular Geometry (Shapes) Chemical reactivity of molecules depends on the nature of the bonds between the atoms as well on its 3D structure Molecular
More informationCHEMISTRY 1710 - Practice Exam #5 - SPRING 2014 (KATZ)
CHEMISTRY 1710 - Practice Exam #5 - SPRING 2014 (KATZ) Name: Score: This is a multiple choice exam. Choose the BEST answer from the choices which are given and write the letter for your choice in the space
More informationCH101/105, GENERAL CHEMISTRY LABORATORY
CH101/105, GENERAL CHEMITRY LABORATORY LABORATORY LECTURE 5 EXPERIMENT 5: LEWI TRUCTURE AND MOLECULAR HAPE Lecture topics I. LEWI TRUCTURE a) calculation of the valence electron numbers; b) choosing the
More informationStructures and Properties of Substances. Introducing Valence-Shell Electron- Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory
Structures and Properties of Substances Introducing Valence-Shell Electron- Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory The VSEPR theory In 1957, the chemist Ronald Gillespie and Ronald Nyholm, developed a model for
More informationACE PRACTICE TEST Chapter 8, Quiz 3
ACE PRACTICE TEST Chapter 8, Quiz 3 1. Using bond energies, calculate the heat in kj for the following reaction: CH 4 + 4 F 2 CF 4 + 4 HF. Use the following bond energies: CH = 414 kj/mol, F 2 = 155 kj/mol,
More informationChapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of the Chemical Bonding 1. There are paired and unpaired electrons in the Lewis symbol for a phosphorus atom. (a). 4, 2 (b). 2, 4 (c). 4, 3 (d). 2, 3 Explanation: Read the question
More informationCovalent Bonding & Molecular Compounds Multiple Choice Review PSI Chemistry
Covalent Bonding & Molecular Compounds Multiple Choice Review PSI Chemistry Name 1) Which pair of elements is most apt to form a molecular compound with each other? A) aluminum, oxygen B) magnesium, iodine
More informationChem 121 Problem Set V Lewis Structures, VSEPR and Polarity
hemistry 121 Problem set V olutions - 1 hem 121 Problem et V Lewis tructures, VEPR and Polarity AWER 1. pecies Elecronegativity difference in bond Bond Polarity Mp 3 E = 3.0-3.0 = 0 for - very weakly polar
More informationExam. Name. 1) Chlorine (atomic number = 17) has the electronic configuration:. E) 1s22s22d103s2
Exam Name 1) Chlorine (atomic number = 17) has the electronic configuration:. A) 1s22s22p62d63s1 B) 1s22s22p63s23d5 C) 1s22s22p62d53s2 D) 1s22s22p63s23p5 E) 1s22s22d103s2 2) The complete electron configuration
More informationWe emphasize Lewis electron dot structures because of their usefulness in explaining structure of covalent molecules, especially organic molecules.
Chapter 10 Bonding: Lewis electron dot structures and more Bonding is the essence of chemistry! Not just physics! Chemical bonds are the forces that hold atoms together in molecules, in ionic compounds,
More informationA mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together is called a(n)
Chemistry I ATOMIC BONDING PRACTICE QUIZ Mr. Scott Select the best answer. 1) A mutual electrical attraction between the nuclei and valence electrons of different atoms that binds the atoms together is
More informationEXPERIMENT # 17 CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR POLARITY
EXPERIMENT # 17 CHEMICAL BONDING AND MOLECULAR POLARITY Purpose: 1. To distinguish between different types of chemical bonds. 2. To predict the polarity of some common molecules from a knowledge of bond
More informationIonic and Covalent Bonds
Ionic and Covalent Bonds Ionic Bonds Transfer of Electrons When metals bond with nonmetals, electrons are from the metal to the nonmetal The becomes a cation and the becomes an anion. The between the cation
More informationChapter 8 Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Chapter 8 Concepts of Chemical Bonding Chemical Bonds Three types: Ionic Electrostatic attraction between ions Covalent Sharing of electrons Metallic Metal atoms bonded to several other atoms Ionic Bonding
More information7) How many electrons are in the second energy level for an atom of N? A) 5 B) 6 C) 4 D) 8
HOMEWORK CHEM 107 Chapter 3 Compounds Putting Particles Together 3.1 Multiple-Choice 1) How many electrons are in the highest energy level of sulfur? A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 8 2) An atom of phosphorous has how
More informationLewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance
Lewis Dot Notation Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Polar Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Notation Revisited Resonance Lewis Dot notation is a way of describing the outer shell (also called the valence shell) of an
More informationCHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES
ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE 10.1 To be the central atom in a compound, the atom must be able to simultaneously bond to at least two other atoms. e,, and cannot serve as central atoms in a Lewis structure. elium
More information4.2. Molecular Shape and Polarity. Lewis Structures for Molecules and Polyatomic Ions
Molecular Shape and Polarity 4.2 molecule is a discrete chemical entity, in which atoms are held together by the electrostatic attractions of covalent bonds. In previous chemistry courses, you used Lewis
More informationCHAPTER 6 REVIEW. Chemical Bonding. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
Name Date lass APTER 6 REVIEW hemical Bonding SETIN 1 SRT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. a A chemical bond between atoms results from the attraction between the valence
More informationLEWIS DIAGRAMS. by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY
by DR. STEPHEN THOMPSON MR. JOE STALEY The contents of this module were developed under grant award # P116B-001338 from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), United States Department
More informationMolecular Geometry & Polarity
Name AP Chemistry Molecular Geometry & Polarity Molecular Geometry A key to understanding the wide range of physical and chemical properties of substances is recognizing that atoms combine with other atoms
More informationWhich substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s)
BONDING MIDTERM REVIEW 7546-1 - Page 1 1) Which substance contains positive ions immersed in a sea of mobile electrons? A) O2(s) B) Cu(s) C) CuO(s) D) SiO2(s) 2) The bond between hydrogen and oxygen in
More informationSample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the ionic compounds NaF, CsI, and CaO in order of increasing lattice energy. Analyze From the formulas for three
More informationSample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies
Sample Exercise 8.1 Magnitudes of Lattice Energies Without consulting Table 8.2, arrange the following ionic compounds in order of increasing lattice energy: NaF, CsI, and CaO. Analyze: From the formulas
More informationQuestions on Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding
Questions on Chapter 8 Basic Concepts of Chemical Bonding Circle the Correct Answer: 1) Which ion below has a noble gas electron configuration? A) Li 2+ B) Be 2+ C) B2+ D) C2+ E) N 2-2) Of the ions below,
More informationThe Lewis structure is a model that gives a description of where the atoms, charges, bonds, and lone pairs of electrons, may be found.
CEM110 Week 12 Notes (Chemical Bonding) Page 1 of 8 To help understand molecules (or radicals or ions), VSEPR shapes, and properties (such as polarity and bond length), we will draw the Lewis (or electron
More information7.14 Linear triatomic: A-----B-----C. Bond angles = 180 degrees. Trigonal planar: Bond angles = 120 degrees. B < B A B = 120
APTER SEVEN Molecular Geometry 7.13 Molecular geometry may be defined as the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in a molecule. The study of molecular geometry is important in that a molecule s geometry
More informationCHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES
ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE EMIAL ETI BED READIG RBLEM B10.1 lan: Examine the Lewis structure, noting the number of regions of electron density around the carbon and nitrogen atoms in the two resonance structures.
More informationCovalent Bonding and Molecular Geometry
Name Section # Date of Experiment Covalent Bonding and Molecular Geometry When atoms combine to form molecules (this also includes complex ions) by forming covalent bonds, the relative positions of the
More informationMolecular Geometry and Hybrid Orbitals. Molecular Geometry
Molecular Geometry and ybrid Orbitals + -- bond angle 90 o Molecular Geometry Why Should I are bout Molecular Geometry? Molecular geometry (shape) influences... 3 Physical properties: 3 3 3 3 3 Pentane
More informationBonding Practice Problems
NAME 1. When compared to H 2 S, H 2 O has a higher 8. Given the Lewis electron-dot diagram: boiling point because H 2 O contains stronger metallic bonds covalent bonds ionic bonds hydrogen bonds 2. Which
More informationMolecular Structures. Chapter 9 Molecular Structures. Using Molecular Models. Using Molecular Models. C 2 H 6 O structural isomers: .. H C C O..
John W. Moore onrad L. Stanitski Peter. Jurs http://academic.cengage.com/chemistry/moore hapter 9 Molecular Structures Stephen. oster Mississippi State University Molecular Structures 2 6 structural isomers:
More informationChemical Bonding: Covalent Systems Written by Rebecca Sunderman, Ph.D Week 1, Winter 2012, Matter & Motion
Chemical Bonding: Covalent Systems Written by Rebecca Sunderman, Ph.D Week 1, Winter 2012, Matter & Motion A covalent bond is a bond formed due to a sharing of electrons. Lewis structures provide a description
More informationVSEPR Model. The Valence-Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model. Predicting Molecular Geometry
VSEPR Model The structure around a given atom is determined principally by minimizing electron pair repulsions. The Valence-Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Model The valence-shell electron pair repulsion
More information3/5/2014. iclicker Participation Question: A. MgS < AlP < NaCl B. MgS < NaCl < AlP C. NaCl < AlP < MgS D. NaCl < MgS < AlP
Today: Ionic Bonding vs. Covalent Bonding Strengths of Covalent Bonds: Bond Energy Diagrams Bond Polarities: Nonpolar Covalent vs. Polar Covalent vs. Ionic Electronegativity Differences Dipole Moments
More information3) Of the following, radiation has the shortest wavelength. A) X-ray B) radio C) microwave D) ultraviolet E) infrared Answer: A
1) Which one of the following is correct? A) ν + λ = c B) ν λ = c C) ν = cλ D) λ = c ν E) νλ = c Answer: E 2) The wavelength of light emitted from a traffic light having a frequency of 5.75 1014 Hz is.
More informationChapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds
Chapter 4: Structure and Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds 4.1 Chemical Bonding o Chemical Bond - the force of attraction between any two atoms in a compound. o Interactions involving valence
More informationUnit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding
Selected Honour Chemistry Assignment Answers pg. 9 Unit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding Chapter 7: The Electronic Structure of Atoms (pg. 240 to 241) 48. The shape of an s-orbital is
More informationPolarity. Andy Schweitzer
Polarity Andy Schweitzer What does it mean to be polar? A molecule is polar if it contains + and somewhere in the molecule. Remember: Protons can not move. So for a molecule to get a +/- it must somehow
More information2. Which one of the ions below possesses a noble gas configuration? A) Fe 3+ B) Sn 2+ C) Ni 2+ D) Ti 4+ E) Cr 3+
Chapter 9 Tro 1. Bromine tends to form simple ions which have the electronic configuration of a noble gas. What is the electronic configuration of the noble gas which the bromide ion mimics? A) 1s 2 2s
More informationUnit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding. Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry & Intermolecular Forces
onour Chemistry Unit 3: Quantum Theory, Periodicity and Chemical Bonding Chapter 10: Chemical Bonding II Molecular Geometry & Intermolecular orces 10.1: Molecular Geometry Molecular Structure: - the three-dimensional
More informationChapter 9 - Covalent Bonding: Orbitals
Chapter 9 - Covalent Bonding: Orbitals 9.1 Hybridization and the Localized Electron Model A. Hybridization 1. The mixing of two or more atomic orbitals of similar energies on the same atom to produce new
More informationCHAPTER 10 THE SHAPES OF MOLECULES
ATER 10 TE AE MLEULE 10.1 To be the central atom in a compound, the atom must be able to simultaneously bond to at least two other atoms. e,, and cannot serve as central atoms in a Lewis structure. elium
More informationChapter 8: Covalent Bonding and Molecular Structure
hapter 8 ovalent Bonding and Molecular Structure 8-1 hapter 8: ovalent Bonding and Molecular Structure hapter 8 8.1 Interactions Between Particles: oulomb s Law 8.2 ovalent Bonding Basics 8.3 Lewis Structures
More informationChapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2 The Chemical Context of Life Multiple-Choice Questions 1) About 25 of the 92 natural elements are known to be essential to life. Which four of these 25 elements make up approximately 96% of living
More informationCHEM 1211K Test IV. MULTIPLE CHOICE (3 points each)
CEM 1211K Test IV MULTIPLE COICE (3 points each) 1) ow many single covalent bonds must a silicon atom form to have a complete octet in its valence shell? A) 4 B) 3 C) 1 D) 2 E) 0 2) What is the maximum
More informationList the 3 main types of subatomic particles and indicate the mass and electrical charge of each.
Basic Chemistry Why do we study chemistry in a biology course? All living organisms are composed of chemicals. To understand life, we must understand the structure, function, and properties of the chemicals
More informationpre -TEST Big Idea 2 Chapters 8, 9, 10
Name: AP Chemistry Period: Date: R.F. Mandes, PhD, NBCT Complete each table with the appropriate information. Compound IMF Compound IMF 1 NiCl 3 7 ClCH 2 (CH 2 ) 3 CH 3 2 Fe 8 H 2 CF 2 3 Ar 9 H 2 NCH 2
More informationHybrid Molecular Orbitals
Hybrid Molecular Orbitals Last time you learned how to construct molecule orbital diagrams for simple molecules based on the symmetry of the atomic orbitals. Molecular orbitals extend over the entire molecule
More informationChapter 2 Polar Covalent Bond Covalent bond in which the electron pairs are not shared equally.
hapter 2 Polar ovalent Bond ovalent bond in which the electron pairs are not shared equally. Pure ovalent Bond (non-polar) increasing bond polarity Ionic Bond X X X Y X + Y - Electronegativity, c ability
More informationAP* Bonding & Molecular Structure Free Response Questions page 1
AP* Bonding & Molecular Structure ree Response Questions page 1 (1) AP is a registered trademark of the ollege Board. The ollege Board was not involved in the production of and does not endorse this product.
More informationEXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models
EXPERIMENT 1: Survival Organic Chemistry: Molecular Models Introduction: The goal in this laboratory experience is for you to easily and quickly move between empirical formulas, molecular formulas, condensed
More informationValence Bond Theory: Hybridization
Exercise 13 Page 1 Illinois Central College CEMISTRY 130 Laboratory Section: Valence Bond Theory: ybridization Name: Objectives To illustrate the distribution of electrons and rearrangement of orbitals
More informationMolecular Models & Lewis Dot Structures
Molecular Models & Lewis Dot Structures Objectives: 1. Draw Lewis structures for atoms, ions and simple molecules. 2. Use Lewis structures as a guide to construct three-dimensional models of small molecules.
More informationPOLARITY AND MOLECULAR SHAPE WITH HYPERCHEM LITE
POLARITY AND MOLECULAR SHAPE WITH HYPERCHEM LITE LAB MOD4.COMP From Gannon University SIM INTRODUCTION Many physical properties of matter, such as boiling point and melting point, are the result of the
More informationChapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases
John E. McMurry www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds: Acids and Bases Modified by Dr. Daniela R. Radu Why This Chapter? Description of basic ways chemists account for chemical
More informationIn the box below, draw the Lewis electron-dot structure for the compound formed from magnesium and oxygen. [Include any charges or partial charges.
Name: 1) Which molecule is nonpolar and has a symmetrical shape? A) NH3 B) H2O C) HCl D) CH4 7222-1 - Page 1 2) When ammonium chloride crystals are dissolved in water, the temperature of the water decreases.
More informationCHEMISTRY 101 EXAM 3 (FORM B) DR. SIMON NORTH
1. Is H 3 O + polar or non-polar? (1 point) a) Polar b) Non-polar CHEMISTRY 101 EXAM 3 (FORM B) DR. SIMON NORTH 2. The bond strength is considerably greater in HF than in the other three hydrogen halides
More informationOCTET RULE Generally atoms prefer electron configurations with 8 valence electrons. - Filled s and p subshells
TYPES EMIAL BDIG 1 Ionic Bonding - Bond between ions whose charges attract each other - ne atom gives electrons and one atom takes electrons. Example a + l - ionic bond ovalent Bonding - two atoms each
More informationChapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases
John E. McMurry http://www.cengage.com/chemistry/mcmurry Chapter 2 Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases Javier E. Horta, M.D., Ph.D. University of Massachusetts Lowell Polar Covalent Bonds: Electronegativity
More informationStart: 26e Used: 6e Step 4. Place the remaining valence electrons as lone pairs on the surrounding and central atoms.
Section 4.1: Types of Chemical Bonds Tutorial 1 Practice, page 200 1. (a) Lewis structure for NBr 3 : Step 1. The central atom for nitrogen tribromide is bromine. 1 N atom: 1(5e ) = 5e 3 Br atoms: 3(7e
More information1.15 Bonding in Methane and Orbital Hybridization
1.15 Bonding in Methane and Orbital Hybridization Structure of Methane tetrahedral bond angles = 109.5 bond distances = 110 pm but structure seems inconsistent with electron configuration of carbon Electron
More informationH 2O gas: molecules are very far apart
Non-Covalent Molecular Forces 2/27/06 3/1/06 How does this reaction occur: H 2 O (liquid) H 2 O (gas)? Add energy H 2O gas: molecules are very far apart H 2O liquid: bonding between molecules Use heat
More informationChapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life
Chapter 2: The Chemical Context of Life Name Period This chapter covers the basics that you may have learned in your chemistry class. Whether your teacher goes over this chapter, or assigns it for you
More information