Acknowledgments. Major Funding. The Bradford Foundation. Additional Sponsors

Transcription

1

2 Acknowledgments Major Funding The Bradford Foundation Additional Sponsors Phyllis Curtis Landcestry Cathy Monroe Sparetime Supply, Inc., Michael and Christine Griggs Writer/Historical Consultant Dot Brovarney Educator Karen Walsh Designer Kiersten Hanna A production of the Mendocino County Museum in conjunction with the exhibition A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County April 16, 2011 March 18, 2012 Mendocino County Museum 400 East Commercial Street Willits, California Phone: [email protected] Website: Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

3 Contents - Education Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County Introduction About this Guide 4 Curriculum Standards 5 Carl Purdy Biography 6 Pre-Visit Activities Vocabulary 12 Web: Flower Game 14 Template: Bulb or Seed? 15 Stories about Purdy and His Friends in Botany 16 Template: Carl Purdy Timeline 25 Template: Your Own Timeline 27 On-Site Activities Exhibit Description 30 Gallery Map 32 Scavenger Hunt at Exhibit (Grades 4-6) 33 Independent Study Assignment (High School level) 42 Post-Visit Activities Template: Wildflower Bloom Time 45 Template: Habitats 46 Lesson Plan: Bulb Populations Past & Present 47 Discussion/Speaker: Careers with Plants 50 Botany Field Trips 51 Teacher Source Material Story Answers 53 Scavenger Hunt Answers 55 Local Reading Resources 58 California Native Plant Society Posters 59 Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

4 About This Guide The purpose of this guide is to introduce Mendocino County students to our region s native plants and local history through the life story of Ukiah s famous wildflower expert Carl Purdy. The guide also is intended to encourage teachers, especially of Grades 4, 5, and 6 to bring their students to the Mendocino County Museum exhibit A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County continuing through March 18, The Natural Science activities geared for grades 4, 5, and 6 encourage students to: n appreciate their natural surroundings n become familiar with a variety of local native plants and habitats n understand the value of plants to humans and wildlife n become aware of the importance of plant and habitat conservation The Social Studies activities geared for grades 4, 5, 6 provide students a sense of local regional history, including: n how the Native Pomo used this land and resources to survive n ways pioneer settlers adapted the land and its resources for their use n how settlement, including agriculture, the growth of towns and cities impacted the land, especially native plants The Art activities geared for grades 4, 5, and 6 offer observation of wildflower subjects in different media and drawing experiences. An examination of the character of Carl Purdy stresses the importance of: n curiosity n passion n reading and learning n persistence and hard work n creativity and experimentation Enjoy the exhibit and feel free to let us know how this guide works for you and your students. Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

5 Curriculum Standards The contents of this exhibit guide relate to curriculum standards for Grades 4-6. Additionally, a few activities apply to Grades 7 and 12 standards. Some content may be adapted and applies to grade 3 standards, especially for Social Studies. Grade Four Social Studies: 4.2; 4.4(1); 4.4(3) Science: 3(a); 3(b) Math: 3.0 Grade Five Social Studies: 5.1(1); 5.1(2); 5.8; 5.8(2) Science: 6.0; 6(b); 6(c) Math: 2.1 Grade Six Social Studies: 6.1(2); 6.1(3) Science: 5(d); 5(e); 6(b); 6(c) ELA: (Comprehension & Analysis) 2.4 ELA: (Listening & Speaking) 1.0; 1.1; 1.4 Grade Seven ELA: (Reading Comprehension) 2.0; 2.3; 2.4 ELA (Listening & Speaking) 1.0; 1.4; 1.5; 1.6 Grade Twelve Science: (Ecology) 6.0; 6(b); 6(c) Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

6 Biography of Carl Purdy World Wide Fame: The Man with a Passion for Plants Mendocino County s Wildflower Man, Carl Purdy, became world famous during his lifetime ( ). People came to visit his Ukiah gardens, The Terraces, from all over the world. Although he didn t set out to be famous, he pursued his passion an early love of gardening and created a successful nursery business, selling California native plants across the globe. Carl Purdy didn t achieve this success through luck or a college education. Purdy earned his success by following his passion for flowers; letting his curiosity lead him; working hard; networking with his fellows; and experimenting and developing ingenious methods in business. Purdy s Role in Science Carl Purdy played an important role in California botany and in horticultural history worldwide. As a young man exploring wildflowers in Mendocino County, he discovered plants never seen nor identified by scientists. As discoverer, he was entitled to name these plants for science. His scientific names for twelve plants have stood the test of time and are still used today. (note: this guide will use common names, rather than Purdy s scientific Latin names, although the exhibit uses both) From Botany to Horticulture With his hands-on botanical training, Purdy honed his powers of observation and mastered the biology of plants. He soon began to apply his botanical skills to horticulture. Purdy Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

7 experimented with growing native plants from wild bulbs in his home garden. He developed a nursery business, serving mainly the East Coast and Europe where California native plants were considered exotic. His passion was to introduce new plants to the world. Historical Context Besides his accomplishments in the plant world, Carl Purdy has an intriguing personal history during a period of great changes in America s past. His life spanned two world wars and several economic depressions. He saw the invention of the electric light bulb, the automobile, and the airplane. Boyhood Experiences Born just two weeks before opening of the Civil War, Carl Purdy came west by wagon train with his family in 1865, arriving in Ukiah in 1870 at age 9. Here, young Carl, along with a number of Pomo employees, helped his stepfather farm hops on a ranch south of town. Soon, his older sister, Flora, introduced Purdy to the joy of gardening. When she came to California and found us living on a bare hill, one of her first efforts was to have flowers I carried every bit of rich soil from the barnyard in a bucket We had quite a garden, and it made of me, too, a flower lover. That flower garden was one of the things that changed my entire life. (Carl Purdy, My Life and My Times, p ) A Book Lover The other great pleasure of Carl s youth was reading. He grew up in a house filled with Harper s Magazines and the agricultural journals of the day. Carl s friendship with a neighbor family, the McNabs from Scotland, exposed him to one of the largest home libraries in Ukiah at the time. By his teens, he d befriended young Gavin McNab and they adopted reading as a pastime, eager to learn especially about literature and history. Gavin and I were close companions intellectually, for we both had an intense desire for cultural improvement and an insatiable love for good reading Our usual meeting place was the top of Burke s Hill, a midway point and many a Sunday afternoon we talked away there (Carl Purdy, My Life and My Times, p. 67) Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

8 Discovering Wildflowers It was Gavin s father Alexander McNab who had the biggest influence on Carl s future with plants. Mr. McNab handed me a letter from a dealer in plants and bulbs who lived in New Jersey ask [ing] Mr. McNab to collect some of the wild Californian flowers in exchange for [his] plants Take this, Carl, he said, you may be able to get some flowers for your garden. (Carl Purdy, My Life and My Times, p. 107) McNab s suggestion led Purdy out of his garden and into nature, where he quickly discovered a distinctive plant he later determined was new to science. He named this new plant of the lily family amabilis (meaning loved one ). The East Coast nurseryman was thrilled and ordered bulbs for purchase. Purdy was smitten with native plants and spent all the time he could roaming the Mendocino countryside, seeking out wildflowers to study. Learning Botany Unable to attend college due to limited resources, Purdy became a schoolteacher and took other jobs over the next ten years for income. But, all the while, he escaped into nature whenever he could, collecting and studying Mendocino native plants. Since California botany was still in its infancy, books didn t have the answers to his questions. So, Purdy took the initiative and contacted botanists at universities and museums. These botanists recognized his intelligence and enthusiasm and took his inquiries seriously. From them, Purdy gained knowledge and a reputation as an effective botanist. Some of these botanists became lifelong friends, including Luther Burbank, Golden Gate Park s Boss Gardener John McLaren, Alice Eastwood, Botany Curator at California Academy of Sciences, and Willis Jepson, famous for the Jepson Manual, considered the Bible of California wildflowers. A Global Nursery Business The successful sale of his initial wildflower discovery led Purdy to a lifetime in the nursery business. The Wildflower Man marketed his specialty plants on the East Coast and Britain, but also as far away as Japan and New Zealand. He collected western bulbs in California and Southern Oregon, at first, making trips by himself on horseback. Eventually, he hired assistants, Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

9 including his son, and they traveled by car, taking a regular route from Ukiah, through Tahoe to Yosemite. Wildflower Debate During his lifetime, Carl Purdy was criticized for harvesting bulbs from the wild. Critics claimed that his collecting depleted California s wildflower populations. Purdy disagreed, explaining that his technique (the same approach used by the Native Americans in their harvest of bulbs for food) of separating the smaller bulbs and replanting them, in fact, ensured greater growth and volume of future plants. Purdy believed that other factors related to settlement practices of the late 19th and early 20th centuries accounted for the loss of California wildflowers, including livestock grazing which compacted soils; the introduction of exotic grasses which crowded out native plants; and lack of fire, which led to growth that shaded out flowers that thrived in sun. Debate Continues The loss of wildflower populations continues to this day as the list of rare native plants in California grows. Some scientists, such as ethnobotanist Dr. Kat Anderson, believe that a closely managed scientific harvesting of wildflower populations in cooperation with Native peoples, similar to their traditional practices, could enhance and sustain many of the species at risk. Others, including members of the California Native Plant Society, claim that only strong conservation practices and a hands-off approach is the answer. Diversifying His Business: Landscaping, Writing, Lecturing When economic downturns strained his income, Carl Purdy diversified his nursery and began to sell cut flowers, seeds, and even bulb imports from Europe. He also started a landscaping business that included creating gardens for Yosemite s Ahwahnee Hotel and estates in Tahoe and the Bay Area. Purdy wrote articles published in numerous magazines and journals, including Sunset Magazine, Out West Magazine, The Garden Magazine, and Sylva and Flora. Over the years, he lectured on garden topics in the Bay Area and made a lecture tour on the East Coast. Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

10 Going Local Besides his broad influences, a number of Purdy s accomplishments had local impact. He was an early advocate for the planting of Bartlett pears in our region; he established Mendocino County s first agricultural fair; and he promoted Mendocino County at three San Franciscobased World s Fairs: the Midwinter Fair (1894), the Panama Pacific Exposition (1915) and the Golden Gate International Exposition at Treasure Island (1939). Purdy also participated in the local Pomo basket market and made a detailed study of Pomo languages, as well as basket traditions. Conclusion Despite their occurrence in the distant past, many of Carl Purdy s experiences resemble what we here in Mendocino County continue to experience today residing in a rural county, working multiple jobs to survive, tending our gardens, hiking local trails in hills and forests, and ultimately, finding joy in the beauty of nature that surrounds us. During this 150th anniversary of his birth year, Purdy s boundless curiosity and passion for life remains an inspiration. Introduction A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 10

11 Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

12 Pre-Visit Activity: Vocabulary adapt to change to fit a new place or condition agriculture the science, art, or business of farming, including cultivation of the soil for growing crops and raising animals to provide food, wool, and other products artifact a human-made object usually of historical or cultural interest botany the scientific study of plants, their parts, how they grow, and their habitat bulb an underground storage part in some plants, made of a short stem with fleshy scale leaves, that feeds the plant water and food from the soil bulblet small bulbs attached to the mother bulb ecosystem a community of living resources, habitats, and residents of an area, including plants, animals, water, soil, and people ethnobotany the scientific study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their medical, religious, and other uses exotic a plant that is not native to a place but brought from somewhere else habitat - an environment or place where a group of organisms, including plants, live together a home, neighborhood and safe haven for that group of organisms herbarium - A collection of dried plants mounted and labeled for scientific study historic document A piece of written or printed information, (including photography and art) that provides a record of the past horticulture the science or art of cultivating (growing) plants, including flowers, trees, and fruits hybrid - a cross between two different plant varieties to get the best of each variety. Hybrids are developed for many reasons, including disease resistance, size, flowering, color, taste (most modern plants sold are hybrids) Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 12

13 invasive plant a plant introduced to a place from another area; an exotic native plant - a plant that occurs naturally in the place where it evolved over thousands of years (as opposed to an invasive or exotic ) reproduction in biology, the way an animal or plant produces one or more individuals similar to itself reproduction in art, a copy from an original work specimen in botany, a dried and pressed sample of a plant storage organ - the part of a plant specifically that stores energy or water. Storage organs often grow underground, where they are better protected from attack by herbivores (animals that eat only plants) Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 13

14 Pre-Visit Activity: Web Game - Learn the Parts of a Flower Go to this website: Under Games and Puzzles, click on Label the Diagram of Plant and Flower. Play the game and find out if you might make a good botanist! Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 14

15 Pre-Visit Activity: A Bulb or a Seed? Many plants grow from seeds that are spread by birds and insects or planted by humans. But, some plants, including many wildflowers such as lilies, grow from bulbs. The bulb is a thick plant part that lives underground and stores food. It grows in layers and has a miniature version of its flower in the center. Think about these common plants and write them in the correct category. n Garlic n Sunflower n Onion n Watermelon n Tulip Grows from Seed Pre-Visit Activity Guide Grows from Bulb A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 15

16 Pre-Visit Activity: Stories About Carl Purdy and his Friends in Botany Story 1 A Visit With Carl Purdy by Lois Weston Weeth In this story, Lois Weeth recalls an important event from her childhood. She grew up to become a botanist at UC Davis and studied wildflowers in Mendocino County. In the spring of 1936 my father made arrangements for the two of us to travel to Ukiah to visit Carl Purdy and see his gardens my father, who was an architect, made a practice of visiting plant nurseries to learn more about plants available for landscaping the homes he designed. As the one of his children who was also interested in plants and propagation, I was included in many of his explorations my father made contact with Carl Purdy. The following spring, about April or May, we went to Ukiah, taking the ferry across the Bay, then driving up to Mendocino County. As we drove east from Ukiah and started up the hills, the road became graded gravel, but was easily managed in the family sedan. When we turned another corner, there was the place, The Terraces, with Mr. Purdy waiting to greet us. He was a tall, slender gentleman, 75 years old that year, wearing a white shirt, dark vest, and dark pants. He was so pleasant and polite to us, in spite of his great fame at the time. He encouraged my father to look around on his own, and then took me with him to see the place just the two of us, at 75 years and 14. He talked to me as an equal, without Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 16

17 condescension, explaining what he was doing with the various plants. His attitude was that of a generous teacher, talking about collections, hybridization, selection, growing conditions, habitats, and a range of other subjects. It was all very impressive to me. His nursery gardens were laid out into various beds and areas, some in sun, some half-shade, some full shade. He also had lath houses for propagation, with benches for flats and pots. He was growing various native lilies Native Iris included Iris purdyi, of course There were many popular garden perennials in his nursery: German iris, Peonies and many varieties of [annuals] Daffodils and Narcissus. My father and I stayed for several hours, and were both most appreciative of Carl Purdy s kind welcome and informative conversation. This visit with Carl Purdy is one of my favorite memories, as a schoolgirl interested in studying about plants. Vocabulary: condescending showing a superior attitude toward others habitat an environment or place where a group of organisms, including plants, live together. It is a home, neighborhood and safe haven for that group of organisms. hybridization crossing two different plant varieties to get the best qualities of each variety, such as disease resistance, size, flowering, color, taste and any reason a plant might be considered special. Most modern plants currently on sale are hybrids. perennial a flower that lives for three or more seasons. (Hint: P is for Permanent and for Perennial). Lilies and Iris are perennials. Perennials are different from annuals, which grow from seed and die in just one growing season. Petunias and daffodils are annuals. Annuals need to be replanted each spring. propagation deliberate, directed reproduction of plants using plant cells, tissues, or organs, including by taking cuttings or by separation of specialized structures such as tubers, rhizomes, or bulbs. This method of propagation used in agriculture, scientific research, and Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 17

18 gardening has advantages over seed propagation: it retains the genes of the plant type almost completely and is faster than seed propagation. Review Questions: 1) Name 3 things Lois Weeth remembered about Purdy that she appreciated during her visit as a teenager. 2) Lois wrote this memory of Carl Purdy in 2003 when she was 81. How many years had passed between her time with Purdy and telling her story? 3) Why do you think that Purdy had flowerbeds with different amounts of shade and sun in his nursery? Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 18

19 Story 2 Alice to the Rescue Alice Eastwood, Botanist at California Academy of Sciences and Friend of Carl Purdy Carl Purdy got to know many of California s early botanists well, especially since without a college education, he knew he had to find ways to learn on his own. So, besides studying plants in nature, he posed lots of questions to scientists who knew the answers. One of these botanists was Alice Eastwood who worked as Curator at the Cal Academy museum in San Francisco. She became friends with Purdy and named several plants for him, including Iris purdyi and Fritillaria purdyi. This story, which took place in 1906 just after the San Francisco earthquake shows her true passion for California plants. Before the earthquake, Alice Eastwood had had the foresight to store irreplaceable type specimens (the preserved specimens selected to serve as permanent reference points for scientific plant names) in one place so they could be retrieved quickly in an emergency. After the earthquake struck, she went to the academy s building on Market Street, which was partially destroyed and near a raging fire. With an assistant, Alice got into the building and pulled herself up the banister of the ruined marble staircase to the top floor, where the 1,200 precious type specimens were stored. They tied up the specimens and lowered them to the first floor with pieced-together ropes. By that time, the fire had reached the building next door and [the soldiers] were not allowing people to remove items from the area. Alice convinced the soldiers to let her take the specimens, and then found private vehicles to transport them to a safer part of the city. When that area was later threatened by fire, she moved the specimens again, and then a third time. Alice lost all of her personal possessions and most of her work, but said of her work, I do not feel the loss to be mine, but it is a great loss to the scientific world and an irreplaceable loss to California. My own destroyed work I do not lament, but it was a joy to me while I did it, and I Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 19

20 can still have the same joy in starting it again. She dedicated herself to rebuilding the collection and her expeditions were numerous, including collecting trips to Alaska, Arizona, Baja California, British Columbia, Utah, and all throughout California. By 1942, the collection numbered over 300,000 plant specimens, nearly three times the number destroyed in 1906 earthquake and fire. Vocabulary: academy a society of scholars, scientists, or artists banister - a handrail especially on a staircase curator caretaker, usually of a collection of objects in a museum foresight - care in providing for the future lament to express sorrow or regret specimen in botany, a dried and pressed sample of a plant Review Questions: 1) What did Alice Eastwood do that showed foresight? 2) How did this help her in an emergency? Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 20

21 3) How can you tell that Alice had passion for plants? 4) Name two ways Alice was persistent (someone who never gives up). Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 21

22 Story 3 A Lady, Some Grub, and a Mule story from Edith Van Allen Murphey, adapted by Liz Helenchild Born and raised a city girl, Edith Van Allen Murphey arrived in Mendocino County while in her early twenties. She became a cook for Carl Purdy and asked him to teach her about wildflower bulbs. She became an ethnobotanist, working with Indians and learning about their traditional uses of native plants. Murphey wrote about what she learned, including a book called Indian Uses of Native Plants. I fell in love with the mountains of Mendocino, the redwoods and the open range. Three years into [the last century], I arrived here when this was still wild country with Indians living all aboutmountain lion, fox, bobcat, fish, deer and coon-and the wild flowers-especially the lilies bear, The Indians used so many plants for their survivalblue camass bulbs, the potatolike bulbs of Brodiaea, and for greens, the leaves of the yellow cowslip, watercress and the montia known as miner s lettuce. There are tangy, wild onion, wild berries, rich sweet pine nuts and grass seed for Indian cereal I had a horse and burro, and I kept my saddles and other rigging. The territory I proposed cruising is that portion of the Coast Range in the extreme northeastern corner of Mendocino County This area has never been botanized. And it seems to me that transplanting bulbs Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 22

23 and seeds will conserve rare species now being devastated by grazing, logging and wildfire. As there are no roads where I proposed going, all necessities have to be carried on pack animals. A mule can carry approximately 200 pounds, a horse less. I usually take grub for 2 for 10 days, blankets, bulb boxes, tools and camp outfit. By the time the boxes are full of bulbs and roots, and the food is running low, we are on our way home, or ought to be. Frequently I am asked if I am not afraid to travel alone. Candidly, I am not. My temperamental but surefooted mule, Mandy, knows where the trail is better than I do. She is as good as a watchdog when varmints are about. Vocabulary: botanize to explore the plant life of a region and study it scientifically candidly speaking honestly conserve to protect devastate to destroy grub - food tempermental being very irritable or sensitive transplant to uproot and replant varmint - an animal considered a pest, such as those that damage crops or attack cattle or poultry Review Questions: 1) Name 3 things that Edith Van Allen Murphey found when she arrived in Mendocino County that made her feel it was still wild country. Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 23

24 2) Tell exactly the number of the year she arrived. 3) Name 2 wild plants that the Indians ate. 4) Name the 3 things that Edith believed damaged wildflower populations. 5) What made her feel safe when she was botanizing? Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 24

25 Pre-Visit Activity: Timeline - Putting Carl Purdy in History Carl Purdy was born the same year that the Civil War began and died the same year that World War II ended. Over his life span, he saw many changes, including inventions, such as the car and airplane. He also was part of the pioneer settlement of the West, coming from Michigan by wagon train. Use the left side of the timeline on the following page to add the events in the world, U.S., California, and Ukiah listed below. n Gold Rush migration n Pomos sent to reservation n first Anglo settles in Ukiah n Civil War begins n Civil War ends n Yokayo Pomo tribe buys 120 ac., Ukiah Valley n Railroad arrives in Ukiah n Cars become popular n World War I starts in Europe n Stock Market Crash; Great Depression n Golden Gate Bridge opens Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 25

26 n U.S. enters World War II Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 26

27 Pre-Visit Activity: Timeline - Your Own History! Use the timeline on the following page to create your own timeline. Go back in time to your parents and maybe even your grandparents births. Include important events in their lives and your life up to today. Make sure to include dates for each event. Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 27

28 Pre-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 28

29 On-Site Activities: A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

30 Exhibit Description A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County n 7 text/image panels (plus an introductory panel to your right as you enter the museum s main gallery) that trace Carl Purdy s life, especially his work with plants and his relationships, with his family members who worked for him and with his botanical colleagues throughout California. y Discovering Plants and Place y New Jobs, New Plants and a New Wife y Choosing the Garden Course y Friends in the World of Botany y Harvesting Bulbs, Cultivating Wildflowers y Homesteading the Terraces y California s Native Plant Diversity n 9 herbarium specimens (dried and mounted plants) of Mendocino County wildflowers labeled with both common and Latin names n 9 accompanying photographs showing each of these plants in bloom n 4 matching reproduction Grace Hudson paintings In addition to the panels and wall groupings, the exhibit contains: n 2 Grace Hudson wildflower landscape oil paintings n 1 A.R. Valentien daffodil watercolor and artist photo n 1 wildflower landscape photomural On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 30

31 4 exhibit cases containing artifacts and photographs related to Purdy s personal and work life: n y the introductory wall case on the right as you enter the museum s main gallery y the Garden case in the small Purdy gallery y the Paper case just behind the title banner for the exhibit y the Suitcase case beyond the Paper case, in front of the photomural 2 pieces of 19th century Purdy furniture: a desk refashioned from a harmonium an early organ-type instrument and a spool cabinet for storage of thread n See Gallery Map for the physical layout of exhibit. Also, log onto to see pictures of the gallery. On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 31

32 Gallery Map On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 32

33 On-Site Activity: Scavenger Hunt The Carl Purdy exhibit includes 7 large text/photo panels and 3 exhibit cases with artifacts and historic documents. Use the clues below to find the places where you ll discover answers to the scavenger hunt questions. Clue 1: Find the Panel, A) Carl Purdy discovered plants as a young person, not too much older than you. Find and write down the name of one of the people who changed Purdy s life. Think about someone in your life who has taught you something that has changed the way you think about something. Who is it and what did you learn? B) Read A Plant Discovery and find out how much money Purdy made from his first lily bulb sales at age 17. Write the amount here. If he sold 100 bulbs the next year, how much money would he earn? On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 33

34 Clue 2: Find the Panel, A) As a young man, Carl Purdy worked many jobs in rural Mendocino to make money and to find the career path best for him. One was dangerous, one included children, one involved Pomo Indians, and others involved plants. Find some of the jobs that he did and write down 2 of them. Which one is a job that you might want to try? Why? B) Read about Purdy s work for the Wells Fargo Company. In the 1880s, Wells Fargo shipped money by stagecoach. Even though Purdy worked in the office and not on a stagecoach, at times his job was scary. Find out what his job was and tell what scared him about it. C) Read about the Pomo woman Joseppa Dick. What did she do and why do you think that Purdy chose to buy and sell her work? On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 34

35 Clue 3: Look at the framed flowers on the walls Find the flower you like best and make a drawing of it in this frame. Label it. Clue 4: Find the Panel, A) Besides selling bulbs and plants, Carl Purdy worked as a landscaper (someone who designs and plants gardens for customers.) Look at the different buildings among 3 places that Purdy landscaped. One has Spanish Mission style tile roofs. Another has a huge dome, in the style of the Byzantine Empire (this empire was like the Roman Empire but was later in history from ). The third looks like a Scandinavian castle (Scandinavia includes Sweden, Norway, and Denmark and is where the Vikings came from). Use some of these building styles to design and draw your own building in this frame. On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 35

36 B) Find the domed building and Purdy s words next to it that tell about his time working for the fair. Read what he said about the fair. What do you think that he meant when he said I would not have missed it for anything and would not go through it again for anything? C) Purdy made a big decision to return to Mendocino County and not stay and work in San Francisco. Find what he says about this decision and tell why you think he made this choice. What choice would you make between living in the city or the country? Why? Clue 5: Find the Garden Exhibit Case in the middle of this room. A) Find the digging stick and the label that tells what it is made out of. Circle the correct material: iron, gold, wood. Where do you think the material comes from to make it? Indians used sticks like this one to dig up plant bulbs. Why do you think bulbs are called Indian potatoes? On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 36

37 B) Find the gardening tools that Carl Purdy used some are in the case and others are high on the wall in the small Purdy gallery. Circle the kinds of materials they are made from. gold wood metal fur Choose one of the tools and draw it in this frame. Clue 6: Find the Panel, A) Find the picture of Luther Burbank with his invention of a new cactus one without spines. He was a plant breeder someone who experimented by mixing two different plants to make a new plant called a hybrid. Burbank made a plumcot by adding apricot pollen to a plum. Many of our dog pets are hybrids, such as the labradoodle. Create either a hybrid dog or hybrid plant of your own and draw it in this frame. Give it a name. B) Find the botanist who named some of her plant discoveries for Carl Purdy. What is her name and where did she work? Choose the wildflower named for Purdy that you like best and draw a sketch of it in the frame. Label the plant with its name. C) Choose the botanist you d most like to go out in nature with. Why? On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 37

38 Clue 7: Find the Panel, A) When pioneers settled on lands that once belonged to the Native Americans, they adapted the land for their own uses. Find two things that the pioneers did that led to the decline in the number of California wildflowers. B) Why were people on the East Coast so excited to buy wildflower bulbs from Carl Purdy in California? C) Why did Carl Purdy replant the smaller bulbs when he harvested? Clue 8: Find the art that shows wildflowers in a landscape Circle the art subject you like better. single wildflower many wildflowers in nature. Explain why. On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 38

39 Clue 9: Find the Panel, A) Read about the land that Purdy settled on where he grew many plants. Name two kinds of plants he grew on his land. Why was his land so good for growing plants? B) Find the amount of pay that Purdy s granddaughter Betty earned working in the garden. If you worked in Purdy s garden for 8 hours, how much would he pay you? C) Look closely at the picture at the top left of the panel. 111 years ago, in 1900, it took Carl Purdy 2 hours to get to Ukiah from his mountain home. Why do you think it took so long? Clue 10: Find the two exhibit cases, the Paper Case and the Suitcase Case, in the main gallery behind the big hanging banner photo of Carl Purdy. A) There are many artifacts that belonged to Carl Purdy here that show what things were important in his life a bible from his sister, a book that records his Pomo basket sales, photos, his suitcase, club membership cards. If you made an exhibit of things important to you, name 3 things would you put on display? On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 39

40 B) Find the tiny Pomo basket in the bigger Paper Case. Carl Purdy bought this from Joseppa Dick, a famous Pomo basket weaver in Ukiah. As a seller of Pomo baskets during a time when Indian crafts were very popular (from the 1890s 1920s), Purdy bought and sold more than 5000 baskets. Why do you think Joseppa Dick s work has been called perfect weaving? What kind of natural resources did she use to make baskets? Look at the Pomo baskets in the case nearby. Draw your favorite one in this frame. Clue 11: Find the Panel, A.) Why is California called the land of plenty in the world of botany? B.) Name 2 kinds of plant habitats or vegetation types that are found in California. C.) Find 1 cause of plants becoming endangered or rare. On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 40

41 D.) Name one of the steps on the Native Plant Society list to protect rare plants from extinction. E.) In this frame, draw your own logo for the Native Plant Society to show what their goals are. On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 41

42 On-Site Activity: Independent Study Independent Study Assignment for High School Students Objective: Students will analyze a specific human impact on a given ecosystem and evaluate whether arguments from an earlier time were valid then and continue to be valid today. In your science classes, you have learned that stability in an ecosystem is a balance between competing effects. You have learned how to analyze changes in ecosystems resulting from changes in climate, human activity, population size or introduction of nonnative species. Keep these thoughts in mind as you work through this assignment. Visit the Purdy Exhibit and examine panel titled Harvesting Bulbs, Cultivating Wildflowers. Use the ideas in this panel to evaluate the harvest methods Purdy used to build his bulb business. 1. Do you agree with his conclusions that his techniques did not have a negative effect on the ecosystem? Why? 2. Analyze the factors that Purdy has suggested pose greater impacts on wildflower populations than his commercial harvesting techniques. 3. Were all of these factors a valid defense during the times he lived in? 4. Are any or all of these factors valid in current times? Write a two-page essay explaining Purdy s position on this subject; include answers to the questions listed above providing your thoughts on the matter. Extension: Draw a diagram of any one of the four factors Purdy uses for his defense. Make sure you include a title to your diagram so it is clear which factor you are illustrating. On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 42

43 Helpful Student Resources: Excerpt from Purdy Exhibit: During the 1880s, he traveled on his own by wagon with his camping gear throughout Northern California and Oregon, studying and collecting specimens, consulting botanists, and learning as much as possible about native plants. As his client list grew, he hired and trained employees, both locally and beyond. [When] my business grew to hundreds of thousands of bulbs a year I had to hire men to help me and educated [them], first in how to know and find the plant, and then in the best ways to dig when we dug bulbs we selected salable ones and then carefully replanted the small bulbs. In three years or so we could return for another crop. Carl Purdy, My Life and My Times, p. 114, 118 [Image: fritillary by Vishnu] Purdy describes how this technique works with Fritillaria: digging them increases rather than decreases them. This is because on each bulb there are a number of little rice like offsets [bulblets] and when these offsets are detached from the parent bulb, they grow. In fact, the very best propagation of Fritillarias is in digging them. Carl Purdy to Mendocino Coast Garden Club, 11 December 1929 California Wildflower Decline Many early settlers, including Purdy, observed the decline in some Western wildflower populations by the turn of the 20th century. Although some have questioned the role he played in this decline as a wild bulb collector and marketer, Purdy explained how his harvest practices sustained wildflowers and pointed out the range of severe impacts that native plants had suffered as a result of settlement activities. Other factors have a thousand times more bearing on the continued existence of wild flowers than does the number collected for garden use. Such factors have included: fire suppression which leads to overgrowth of brush and trees that crowd out flowers and cause over-shading invasive coarse weeds and greedy grasses that grow thickly and leave wildflowers unable to compete compacted soils due to livestock grazing, especially sheep, which eat close to the ground, leaving new growth vulnerable (at one time, sheep far outnumbered cattle in Mendocino County) agricultural cultivation of large land tracts On-Site Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 43

44 Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

45 Post-Visit Activity: California Wildflower Bloom Time Carl Purdy named, for science, 3 wildflowers that he found in Mendocino County. Another wildflower, Purdy s Iris, was named for him by botanist Alice Eastwood. Use this graph to show the bloom patterns for each of these wildflowers. Use a pencil to mark a line to show the bloom time for each. You should have 4 lines total on your graph when you are done. Now you know when to find these flowers blooming in Mendocino County. One place to look is along the City View Trail behind Low Gap Park in Ukiah. Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 45

46 Post-Visit Activity: Mendocino County Habitats Objective: Express an understanding of four of the plant habitats and their locations in Mendocino County Mendocino County Habitats Plants and animals thrive in different habitats. Use this map of Mendocino County to locate these 4 habitats. Make a legend by drawing a symbol for each habitat (an oak, ocean waves, water drops, a redwood, for example) on the boxes provided. Draw your symbols on the map to show the places where these habitats are. Which natural habitat do you live in? Oak Woodland inland valleys, including Anderson, Ukiah, Hopland, Willits, Laytonville. Coast along the Pacific Ocean Riparian (river habitat) Russian River, Eel River, Big River (do you know of or can you find others? If so, mark them too). Redwood Forest Montgomery Woods, Hendy Woods (do you know of or can you find others? if so, mark them too) Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 46

47 Post-Visit Activity: Bulb Populations Past & Present Lesson Plan: Bulb Populations Panels: California s Native Plant Diversity and Harvesting Bulbs, Cultivating Wildflowers Objective: Students compare the Native Plant Society s ideas with Purdy s ideas on bulb population variables. Students will design an experiment to test these concepts. Students will explore other variables effecting bulb populations. Materials: Background sheet Questions template Writing paper Pencil Vocabulary sheet Background: Purdy believed that bulbs in California adapted to humans digging them up. Purdy believed that harvesting the large ones and replanting the smaller bulblets increased the bulb population in the wild. Some scientists, who have studied Native American uses of the land, have concluded that Indian harvesting of bulbs for food (and replanting the bulblets) increased their numbers. The California Native Plant Society members and other scientists believe that in present times, there are so few bulbs remaining in the wild, humans should not be digging up any of them. They believe that harvesting either large or small bulbs will only result in a decrease in the bulb population in the wild. Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 47

48 You are a scientist; your job is to see who is right and to explore other variables that might impact bulb populations in the wild. 1) Design an experiment that would help prove if either group is correct. Write a procedure (instructions) that other scientists can follow to carry out your experiment. 2) Explore other variables that might impact bulb populations by answering the following questions. Variables that might impact bulb populations Yes No Fire suppression which leads to overgrowth of brush and trees that crowd out flowers and cause over-shading. Invasive non-native coarse weeds and greedy grasses that grow thickly and leave wildflowers unable to compete. Compacted soils due to livestock grazing, especially sheep, which eat close to the ground, leaving new growth vulnerable (at one time, sheep far outnumbered cattle in Mendocino County). Agricultural cultivation of large land tracts. List some other variables you can think of: (imagine you are a bulb-what is happening around you during your lifetime?) Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 48

49 Vocabulary to review with students prior to or during activity: Adapted: over time plants can change to better fit their environment and make sure that future generations of their kind will continue to thrive. Harvesting: taking a plant or animal out of the wild and using it for a human purpose. For example, harvesting a bulb and selling it to a gardener or eating the bulb. Bulblets: small bulbs attached to the mother bulb Increased: to make more of rather than less of. Population: a group of individuals of the same species in a given area. For example the population of dogs living in Willits Variables: conditions that effect a population group or outcome in an experiment. Impact: effect, for example, The lack of rain resulted in a big impact on my summer time activities. Procedure: Instructions on how to do something. For example, the process you will use to do a specific experiment. Fire suppression: to put out fires rather than allowing them to burn in a wild setting. Invasive: non-native plants that inhibit the growth of native plants in a given area. Compacted soil: When soil is pounded down by humans, animals or equipment, it reduces air spaces in the soil. It is hard for many types of plants to grow in heavily compacted soils. Agricultural cultivations: Farming crops Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 49

50 Post-Visit Activity: Careers with Plants Class Discussion/Activity: Careers with Plants Objective: to understand the variety of jobs associated with botany Carl Purdy made an interesting career out of plants by taking several different paths in the gardening world nursery, landscaping, and garden writing. Discuss as a group the many jobs related to plants, especially in California where the climate is ideal: floriculture growing flowers; agriculture crops, orchards and vineyards. Medicines, both from traditional cultures and modern drug stores, are made from plants. Think about the new trend toward green living, including going local by creating and using food sources nearby, such as farmer s markets, growing local grains, raising goats for cheese and milk; biofuels from plants that can replace fossil fuels. Activities: Invite someone in the community who works with plants to speak to the class about their experience. Possible speakers could be solicited from: Mendocino College (Agriculture and Botany); College of the Redwoods (Botany); California Native Plant Society local chapters; plant nurseries; biofuel companies; farmers; farmers markets; granges; farm bureau; community gardens; garden clubs. Have the students choose a job/career from the list that the class brainstorms. Research the job and make an oral presentation to the class. Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 50

51 Post-Visit Activity: Take A Trip! Mendocino County Low Gap Park, Ukiah. Bring your camera or drawing pad and hike the City View Trail behind the dog park between March and June. See if you can find Diogenes Lanterns, Coast Range Mariposa Lilies, Iris purdyi, Shooting Stars. Photograph or sketch what you discover, including new plants such as Chinese Houses which resemble purple and lavendar pagodas. Use the internet to see if you can learn about new wildflowers that you find in this oak woodland environment. Hendy Woods State Park, near Philo. Bring your camera or drawing pad for your hike in this redwood-filled park during spring. Look for trillium in bloom in March and April. Research wildflowers that grow in shaded areas and list some of the ones that can be found in a redwood habitat. Mendocino Coast Botanial Gardens, Fort Bragg. Check out the perennial gardens with blooms from spring through fall and look for the special hybridized-in-ft.bragg rhododendrons blooming in March and April. Explore native plant nurseries: Jughandle Creek Nature Center Native Plant Nursery, Mendocino Coast; Sanhedrin Nursery and Sparetime Supply, Willits And Beyond Luther Burbank Home and Gardens, Santa Rosa. Pay a visit to Burbank s historic home and gardens in downtown Santa Rosa and take and docent guided tour to get an opportunity to see some of the plants he created close up. Photograph or write about the plants that you find most interesting. What new intriguing information did you learn about Burbank s life and work? Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. See if you can find the statue of Purdy s friend John McLaren, known as Boss Gardener for his role in developing the park. Note the number of different environments that McLaren and park planners created to appeal to city people who needed some open space and greenery. Use your camera to shoot 3 different habitats. Which habitats do you like best and why? Post-Visit Activity Guide A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 51

52 Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County

53 Teacher Source Material: Story Answers A Visit with Carl Purdy 1) He was a tall, slender gentleman, 75 years old that year, wearing a white shirt, dark vest, and dark pants. He was so pleasant and polite to us, in spite of his great fame at the time. He took me with him to see the place just the two of us. He talked to me as an equal, without condescension, explaining what he was doing with the various plants. His attitude was that of a generous teacher, talking about collections, hybridization, selection, growing conditions, habitats, and a range of other subjects. 2) 67 years 3) so he could grow a big variety of plants, some shade-loving and others that need full sun to grow Alice to the Rescue 1) she stored the precious plant specimens together in one place so they could easily be retrieved if necessary 2) the plants were together so in the emergency they were easy to gather together quickly 3) she risked her safety and life 3 times to rescue the plants from the fast moving fire in San Francisco after the earthquake; she spent years traveling to collect plant specimens to replace the ones that were lost; she felt joyful doing her work with plants 4) she moved the precious plant specimens to safer places 3 times; she went back out collecting to replace the many plants that had been destroyed by the fire. A Lady, Some Grub, and a Mule 1) Indians, bear, mountain lion, fox, bobcat, fish, deer and coon-and the wild flowers-especially the lilies were all around 2) 1903 Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 53

54 3) blue camass bulbs, the potato-like bulbs of Brodiaea, and for greens, the leaves of the yellow cowslip, watercress and the montia known as miner s lettuce, tangy, wild onion, wild berries, rich sweet pine nuts and grass seed. 4) grazing, logging and wildfire 5) having her burro with her Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 54

55 Teacher Source Material: Scavenger Hunt Answers Clue 1: Find the Panel Discovering Place and Plants A) sister Flora; friend Gavin McNab; friend s father, neighbor rancher, Alexander McNab B) $1.50; $3.00 Clue 2: Find the Panel New Jobs, New Plants and a New Wife A) Wells Fargo agent; schoolteacher; Pomo basket seller B) job was to protect money stored in the office during transport. sometimes robbers were a threat. C) Joseppa Dick made Pomo baskets. Purdy worked with her because she was a master weaver and her baskets were very finely made. Clue 3: Wall Art: Student choice drawing Clue 4: Find the Panel Choosing the Garden Course A) Student Choice B) Although it was a great, exciting experience to have people from all over the world working together for a great end, it was also a difficult one with many disagreements and much bickering. C) He realized that although he could earn more money in the City, it would cost him more to live there. Also he seemed to want to work in his garden and rebuild his nursery business. Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 55

56 Clue 5: Find the Garden Exhibit Case in the middle of this room. A) wood; from a tree; because the Indians cooked and ate them like potatoes B) wood, metal. Student choice drawing Clue 6: Find the Panel Friends in the World of Botany A) Student choice B) Alice Eastwood; California Academy of Sciences; Student choice of Iris purdyi or Fritillaria purdyi C) Student Choice Clue 7: Find the Panel Harvesting Bulbs, Cultivating Wildflowers A) fire suppression; invasive coarse weeds and greedy grasses ; compacted soils due to livestock grazing, especially sheep, which eat close to the ground; agricultural cultivation of large land tracts B) because the blossoms appealed to many gardeners (also, since they were native to California, they were brand new to people on the East Coast.) C) because the bulbs would increase and make another crop in three years Clue 8: Wall Art: Student choice Clue 9: Find the Panel Homesteading the Terraces A) vegetables, fruit trees, flowers, including erythronium, brodaiea, and pentstemon, native bulbs; because the land had 8 springs as a water source D) $2.00 E) he was going by horse and wagon on a steep hillside without a paved road Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 56

57 Clue 10: Find the two exhibit cases in the main gallery behind the big hanging banner photo of Carl Purdy. A) Student choice B) because she could weave such a small basket that is very fine and beautiful; plants (specifically, label says: sedge and bulrush rhizomes); Student choice basket drawing. Clue 11: Find the Panel California s Native Plant Diversity A) because of the diversity of its plants is unparalleled in the U.S.; it supports over 8,000 native and naturalized species; its plant life is more varied than the flora of central and northeastern U.S. and Canada; more than 30 percent of California plants occur naturally nowhere else in the world. B) mixed conifer forest, mixed conifer-hardwood forest, oak woodland, mixed hardwood forest, chamise chaparral, serpentine chaparral, serpentine and non-serpentine grasslands, and a variety of riparian and other wetland habitat. C) human activities such as development for housing or agriculture. It may evolve from more indirect causes such as introduction of invasive exotic weeds or a lowered water table. Endangerment usually results from a combination of factors. D) Identify commercial sources of native plants and seeds, rather than removing from the wild; don t purchase plants if it s suspected that they ve been taken from the wild; growers and nurserymen should be allowed to dig up plants in salvage operations; avoid excessive or unnecessary plant collection; for educational purposes, illustrate rare plants with photos or drawings; eradicate particularly aggressive and noxious exotic plants; landscape with natives instead of exotic species. E) Student Choice Drawing Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 57

58 Teacher Source Material: Book Resources on Carl Purdy and Related Topics A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County exhibit featured at Mendocino County Museum through March 18, 2012, 400 E. Commercial St., Willits Pomo Indian Baskets and Their Makers by Carl Purdy (reissue) at Mendocino County Historical Society Research Library, 603 West Perkins St. Ukiah My Life and My Times by Carl Purdy at Mendocino County Historical Society Research Library and Mendocino County Museum, 400 E. Commercial St., Willits Indian Uses of Native Plants by Edith Van Allen Murphy at Mendocino County Historical Society Research Library and Mendocino County Museum After the First Full Moon in April: A Sourcebook of Herbal Medicine from a California Indian Elder by Josephine Grant Peters and Beverly Ortiz at Grace Hudson Museum, 431 S. Main St., Ukiah Pomo Indian Basketry by Samuel A. Barrett at available at Grace Hudson Museum Tending the Wild: Native American Knowledge and the Management of California s Resources by M. Kat Anderson at Mendocino County Museum A Gardener Touched with Genius: The Life of Luther Burbank by Peter Dreyer at Luther Burbank Home and Gardens, 204 Santa Rosa Ave., Santa Rosa The Garden of Invention: Luther Burbank and the Business of Breeding Plants by Jane S. Smith Bahai Wakidu, the Seed Seeker: A Biography of Edith Van Allen Murphey by Skee Hamann, at the Mendocino County Museum Teacher Source Material A Passion for Plants & Place: Carl Purdy of Mendocino County 58

59

60

61

62

63