Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows

Transcription

1 NACM Central Region Credit Conference 2012 Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows John A. Jaeger, CCE Manager Credit & Accounts Receivable Follett Higher Education Group 1 1 Analyzing the Statement of Cash Flows Operating Activities 2013 NACM Gateway Region Credit Conference By John A. Jaeger, CCE 2 Objectives of this Educational Session Show how the statement of cash flows (SCF) is prepared Discuss how to interpret the SCF Examine the difference between accrual profits and cash profits. 3 1

2 Overview of the SCF Why is it called the Statement of Cash Flows? Shows changes in the cash account over a period of time. Take the perspective that all transactions are run through the cash account. The statement shows which activities contributed to cash and which activities reduced cash. 4 Parts of the SCF Statement consists of three basic parts Cash flows from operating activities Cash flows from investing activities Cash flows from financing activities The sum of these activities equals the change in the cash account on the balance sheet 5 Formats for the SCF Two basic formats for determining Cash Flow from Operating Activities Direct approach Income statement format Indirect approach Starts with income & makes adjustments Both approaches arrive at the same answer Most firms use the indirect approach Bank lending officers wanted firms to use the direct approach. 6 2

3 Preparing a SCF Calculate changes in all balance sheet accounts Rules: Treat an increase in an asset as a use (outflow) of cash and a decrease as a source (inflow) of cash Treat an increase in a liability or equity account as a source (inflow) of cash and a decrease as a use (outflow) of cash Treat revenues as sources (inflows) of cash and expenses as uses (outflows) of cash Total sources = Total uses. 7 Example: SCF Balance Sheet: Beginning Ending Change Cash Use Receivables Source Inventory Use Fixed assets Use Total assets Use Payables Source Accruals Source Longterm debt Use Common stock Retained earnings Source Total financing Source 8 Example: Continued Income Statement: Sales 300 Source Cost of sales 160 Use Gross profit 140 SG&A 80 Use Operating profit 60 Interest Expense 5 Use Earnings before taxes 55 Taxes 15 Use Net income 40 Source 9 3

4 The Balancing Figure The SCF uses the change in cash as the balancing figure Definition of cash: Cash + liquid marketable securities with maturities of 90 days or less. 10 What Goes into Operating Activities? Start with the income statement Revenues Expenses What accounts on the income statement affect accounts on the balance sheet? Sales Accounts receivable and deferred revenue Cost of sales Inventory and accounts payable SG&A Prepaid expense and accrued liabilities Income taxes Taxes payable and deferred taxes 11 Calculating Cash from Sales Example: Sales from the income statement $215,600 Opening balance in receivables 8,350 Closing balance in receivables 8,960 Accounts Receivable Account Beginning balance 8,350 Sales 215,600 Ending balance 8,960 Collections??? Collections = $8, ,600 8,960 = $214,

5 Alternatively Cash collected from sales = Sales on the income statement + decrease in accounts receivable balance increase in accounts receivable balance A decrease is a source of cash An increase is a use of cash Answer: $215, = $214,990 Same answer as using Taccounts Thus, not necessary to use Taccounts. 13 Calculating Cash Cost of Sales Example: Income statement s cost of sales $129,364 Use Beginning inventory balance $ 36,769 Ending inventory balance 47,041 Increase in inventory $ 10,272 Use Beginning accounts payable balance $ 7,591 Ending accounts payable balance 14,294 Increase in accounts payable $ 6,703 Source Cash cost of sales= $129, ,272 6,703 = $132,933 Adding the increase in inventory assumes the inventory was paid for Deducting the increase in accounts payable corrects the assumption. 14 Example: Calculating Cash SG&A Income statement s SG&A + other $66,993 Use Beginning accrued liabilities $ 5,313 Ending accrued liabilities 5,669 Increase in accrued liabilities $ 356 Source Beginning prepaid expenses $ 759 Ending prepaid expenses 512 Decrease in prepaid expenses $ 247 Source Depreciation and amortization $ 3,998 Source Cash operating costs= $66, ,998 = $62,

6 Calculating Cash Income Taxes Example: Income statement s tax expense $7,686 Use Beginning deferred income taxes $ 635 Ending deferred income taxes 843 Increase in accrued liabilities $ 208 Source Cash income taxes= $7, = $7, Pulling It Together Cash Flow From Operating Activities Cash sales $214,990 Cash cost of sales 132,933 Cash gross profit margin $ 82,057 Cash SG&A + other costs 62,392 Cash income before interest & taxes $ 19,665 Cash interest expense 2,163 Cash income before taxes $ 17,502 Cash income taxes 7,478 Cash profits $ 10, An Indirect Look at Cash Profits Net income (Accounting profit) $9,394 Noncash charges: Depreciation 3,998 Increase in deferred tax liability 208 Cash provided (used) by net working capital Increase in accounts receivable (610) Increase in inventory (10,272) Decrease in prepaid expenses 247 Increase in accounts payable 6,703 Increase in accrued liabilities 356 Cash flow from operating activities (Cash profit) $10,

7 A Summary of Cash Profits To convert accrual accounting profits to cash profits you: Can use the direct or indirect approaches Direct: Restates income statement to a cash basis Indirect: Starts with net income and makes adjustments Use balance sheet accounts directly or indirectly affected by operations: Receivables, inventories, prepaids, trade payables, accruals, deferred taxes, Importance of Cash Flow From Operations Reconciles the difference between accounting profits and cash profits Is the firm able to generate cash from operations? Is cash flow from operations sufficient to cover investing activities? What are the underlying causes of positive or negative operating cash flows? How stable are operating cash flows? 20 Cash Profits versus Accounting Profits Are Cash profits => Accounting profits? Internal Financing 21 7

8 Cash Flow From Investing Activities... Investing activities include: Buying/selling Securities that are not cash equivalents Productive assets with long lives Lending money and collecting loans. 22 Cash Flows From Investing Activities Example: Gross Property, Plant & Equipment Beginning balance 26,507 Purchases of PP&E? Writeoffs? Ending balance 40,607 Purchases (net of writeoffs) = $40,607 $26,507 = $14, Cash Flows From Investing Activities Example: Other Assets Beginning balance 668 Ending balance 373 Other Assets= $373 $668 = $295 (Source) 24 8

9 Total Cash Flows From Investing Activities Property, Plant & Equipment $14,100 Other Assets (295) Net cash used $13,805 The firm is a net investor this period. 25 Cash Flow From Financing Activities... Included in this category are: Borrowing from nontrade creditors Repaying the principal to creditors Obtaining resources from owners Paying owners a dividend Repurchasing the company s own shares Treasury stock. 26 Sale of Additional Common Stock Common Stock Beginning balance 4,594 Sale of new stock? Ending balance 4,803 Change = $4,803 $4,594 = $209 Additional Paidin Capital Beginning balance 910 Sale of new stock? Ending balance 957 Change = $957 $910 = $47 Sale of new stock = $209 + $47 = $

10 ShortTerm Borrowings and Repayments Notes Payable Bank Beginning balance 6,012 Change? Ending balance 5,614 Payment = $6,012 $5,614 = $398 Maturity of LT Debt Beginning balance 1,516 Change? Ending balance 1,884 Increase = $1,884 $1,516 = $368 Net reduction of ST borrowing = $398 $368 = $ LongTerm Borrowings and Repayments LongTerm Borrowings Beginning balance 16,975 Change? Ending balance 21,059 Net increase in borrowings = $21,059 $16,975 = $4,084 Reading the notes may allow you to separate the change into borrowings and repayments. 29 Rule: Dividends Paid Beginning retained earnings + profits ending retained earnings = Dividends paid $32,363 + $9,394 $40,175 = $1,582 Rule doesn t always work. There may be an adjustment to retained earnings

11 Cash Flow From Financing Activities Sale of common stock $256 Decrease in shortterm borrowings (30) Additions to longterm borrowings 4,084 Dividends paid (1,582) Net cash provided $2,728 The firm is a net borrower this period. 31 Putting All the Activities Together The change in the cash account equals the sum of: Operating activities $10,024 Investing activities (13,805) Financing activities 2,728 Change in cash ($ 1,053) Interpretation: Investing activities required more cash than provided by operating and financing activities. The cash account was reduced to provide the difference. 32 Common Size SCF Inflows Operations $10, % $ 0 0.0% Sale of assets Sale of stock Shortterm debt , Longterm debt 5, , Total $16, % $ 9, % Outflows Operations $ 0 0.0% $ 3, % Plant & equipment 14, , Shortterm debt Longterm debt 1, , Dividends 1, , Total $17, % $11, % Change in cash ($1,053) ($2,076) 33 11

12 Note: The Statement of Cash Flows, like the Balance Sheet and Income Statement are Historical. We are looking back In time. 34 Statements Only One Year Old Are Ancient History. 35 So What Good is History? Can be used to predict the future If a solid company, will probably be okay If marginal, need to look forward 36 12

13 Forward Looking Statement Cash Flow Projections 37 Cash Flow Template Record all streams of cash List all cash payments What s beginning cash What s cash change Financing / Payback Accumulated financing New cash balance 38 Cash Flow Projections: Only as good as the sales forecast that it is based on

14 Requirements For Bank Loan Mission Statement Two Years Audited Financials Aging of Accounts Receivables 12 Month Cash Flow Forecast 40 Cash is the Key Driver Order to Cash 41 CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET (000) Operating Results Inc % 2001 % ASSETS CURRENT ASSETS Cash and cash equivalents 9.8% 10, % 9,333 $ $ Receivables: Trade, less allowance for doubtful accounts 2002 $448; 2001 $417 8,960 $ 9.4% 8,350 $ 11.0% $ 48.4% Inventory 47,041 $ 49.4% 36,769 $ 1.0% Prepaid expenses 512 $ 0.5% 759 Other $ 74.1% Total current assets 65,846 $ 69.1% 56,264 FIXED ASSETS Plant, property, and equipment at cost Land 811 $ 0.9% 811 $ 1.1% $ 15.7% Building 18,273 $ 19.2% 11,928 $ 18.1% Equipment 21,523 $ 22.6% 13,768 $ 34.9% Gross plant, property, and equipment 40,607 $ 42.6% 26,507 $ 9.9% Less accumulated depreciation and amortization 11,528 $ 12.1% 7,530 $ 25.0% TOTAL FIXED ASSETS 29,079 $ 30.5% 18,977 OTHER ASSETS $ 0.9% Other 373 $ 0.4% 668 $ 0.9% TOTAL OTHER ASSETS 373 $ 0.4% 668 $ 100.0% TOTAL ASSETS 95,298 $ 100.0% 75,909 LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY CURRENT LIABILITIES Note payable to bank 5,614 $ 5.9% 6,012 $ 7.9% $ 2.0% Current maturities of longterm debt 1,884 $ 2.0% 1,516 $ 10.0% Trade accounts payable 14,294 $ 15.0% 7,591 $ 7.0% Accrued expenses 5,669 $ 5.9% 5,313 $ 26.9% Total current liabilities 27,461 $ 28.8% 20,432 LONGTERM DEBT Less current maturities 21,059 $ 22.1% 16,975 $ 22.4% $ 0.8% DEFERRED INCOME TAXES 843 $ 0.9% 635 DEFERRED REVENUE $ 50.1% TOTAL LIABILITIES 49,363 $ 51.8% 38,042 SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY Common stock, par value $1 per share; authorized 10,000,000 shares; issued and outstanding 20024,803,000 shares; 20014,594,000 shares 4,803 $ 5.0% 4,594 $ 6.1% $ 1.2% Additional paidin capital 957 $ 1.0% 910 $ 42.6% Retained earnings 40,175 $ 42.2% 32,363 $ 49.9% TOTAL SHAREHOLDER'S EQUITY 45,935 $ 48.2% 37,867 $ 100.0% TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY 95,298 $ 100.0% 75,

15 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF INCOME(000) Operating Results Inc % 2001 % 2000 % NET SALES Net sales 215, % 153, % 140, % $ $ $ $ 58.0% Cost of goods sold 129,364 $ 60.0% 91,879 $ 60.1% 81,606 $ 42.0% Gross Profit Margin 86,236 $ 40.0% 61,121 $ 39.9% 59,094 OPERATING EXPENSES S&A, lease, D&A, and R&M 52,735 $ 24.5% 38,523 $ 25.2% 38,297 $ 27.2% $ 6.8% Advertising 14,258 $ 6.6% 10,792 $ 7.1% 9,541 $ 34.0% Total operating expenses 66,993 $ 31.1% 49,315 $ 32.2% 47,838 $ 8.0% Operating Profit Margin 19,243 $ 8.9% 11,806 $ 7.7% 11,256 OTHER INCOME (EXPENSE) Interest expense 2,585 $ 1.2% 2,277 $ 1.5% 1,274 $ 0.9% $ 0.5% Interest income 422 $ 0.2% 838 $ 0.5% 738 $ 7.6% Income before taxes 17,080 $ 7.9% 10,367 $ 6.8% 10,720 $ 3.4% Federal and state income taxes 7,686 $ 3.6% 4,457 $ 2.9% 4,824 $ 4.2% Net Profit Margin 9,394 $ 4.4% 5,910 $ 3.9% 5,896 NET INCOME PER COMMON AND COMMON EQUIVALENT SHARE Primary 1.96 $ 1.29 $ $ 1.33 WEIGHTED AVERAGE COMMON AND COMMON EQUIVALENT SHARES OUTSTANDING Primary 4,792 4,581 4, CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(000) Operating Results Inc CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES Net income (accounting profits) 9,394 5,910 5,896 $ $ $ Adjustment to reconcile net income to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities: Depreciation and amortization 3,998 $ 2,984 $ $ 2,501 $ 118 Deferred income taxes 208 $ 136 $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ Changes in assets and liabilities: (working capital) Receivables (current asset) $ (610) $ (3,339) $ (448) Inventory (current asset) $ (10,272) $ (7,006) $ (2,331) Prepaid expenses (current asset) $ 247 $ 295 $ (82) Trade accounts payable (current liability: unpaid inventory) $ 6,703 $ (1,051) $ 902 Accrued expenses (current liability) $ 356 $ (1,696) $ (927) Income taxes (current liability) $ $ $ Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities (cash profits) $ 10,024 $ (3,767) $ 5,629 CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES Additions to property, plant, and equipment $ (14,100) $ (4,773) $ (3,982) Other investing activities $ 295 $ $ Net cash used in investing activities $ (13,805) $ (4,773) $ (3,982) CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES Sale of common stock $ 256 $ 183 $ 124 Increase(decrease) in shortterm borrowings $ (30) $ 1,854 $ 1,326 Additions to longterm borrowings $ 5,600 $ 7,882 $ 629 Reductions of longterm borrowings $ (1,516) $ (1,593) $ (127) Dividends paid $ (1,582) $ (1,862) $ (1,841) Net cash provided by financing activities $ 2,728 $ 6,464 $ 111 Increase in cash and cash equivalents $ (1,053) $ (2,076) $ 1,758 CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS Beginning (2001 cash balance on the balance sheet) $ 10,386 $ 12,462 $ 10,704 Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents $ (1,053) $ (2,076) $ 1,758 Ending (2002 cash balance on the balance sheet) $ 9,333 $ 10,386 $ 12, Cash Flow Ratios Operating Cash Return on Sales Cash Flow from Operating Activities Net Sales Operating Cash Return on Investment (Assets) Cash Flow from Operating Activities Total Investments (Assets) Operating Cash Return on Equity Cash Flow from Operating Activities Stockholders' Equity Cash Flow Liquidity Cash Flow from Operating Activities Current Liabilities Critical Needs Coverage Cash Flow from Operating Activities + Interest Paid Interest Paid + Current Portion of Debt + Dividends Paid Interest Coverage Cash Flow from Operating Activities Current Portion of Debt + Interest Paid Interest Paid 45 15