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1 Department of Economics Dr. Seo-Young Cho Platz der Göttinger Sieben 3, D Göttingen Tel. +49 (0) 551 / Fax +49 (0) 551 / scho@uni-goettingen.de Göttingen, Several Developed Countries Fail to Protect Human Trafficking Victims - Release of the 2010 Anti-trafficking Policy Index - The team of the Anti-trafficking Policy Index newly released the country ranking for the year of The Index, developed by Dr. Seo-Young Cho (University of Goettingen), Prof. Axel Dreher (University of Heidelberg), and Prof. Eric Neumayer (London School of Economics), evaluates policy performance of countries in fighting human trafficking in the three prime policy areas (3Ps): prevention of the crime of human trafficking; protection of human trafficking victims; and prosecution of human traffickers. Each of the 3P indices ranks countries on a scale from 1 (worst) to 5 (best) based on information provided by the Annual Report on Trafficking in Persons (United States Department of State). The overall Anti-trafficking Policy Index aggregates scores of the three areas: from 3 (worst) to 15 (best). According to the new ranking of the Anti-trafficking Index, the Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, Slovenia, Spain, and Belgium are the best performers in 2010 (receiving score 15 in total i.e., score 5 for each of the three policy areas), while North Korea and Somalia are ranked worst (score 1 for each of the three policy areas). The Netherlands, Sweden, the United States, and Belgium stay in the best performers group as they were in Slovenia and Spain improved their efforts this year compared to last year (overall score 14 and 13 in 2009, respectively). Slovenia demonstrates the best efforts in all three policy indices by improving its prosecution performance: from score 4 in 2009 to 5 in Spain reaches the best overall score in 2010 by improving its efforts in protection and prevention: both from score 4 in 2009 to 5 in Overall, antitrafficking efforts worldwide slightly improved in 2010: from score 9.84 in 2009 to 9.94 in Specifically, the protection and prevention policy indices show improvements while prosecution efforts slightly declined, mainly because several countries Egypt, Rwanda, Iran, etc failed to enforce their existing anti-trafficking law (table 1 and figure).
2 Table 1. 3P Anti-trafficking Policy (2009 and 2010) Prosecution (1-5) Protection (1-5) Prevention(1-5) Overall 3P (3-15) 2010 (183 countries) 2009 (177 countries) Figure 1. 3P Anti-trafficking Policy ( ) Prosecution Protection Prevention Overall Index (P3) Among the best performing countries (score 15 in total) in 2009, Germany and Australia declined in their anti-trafficking efforts in Australia marks an overall score of 14 and Germany 13. This change can be explained by decreases in protection policy performance in both countries. The Antitrafficking Index assesses the protection efforts of Germany with score 3 in 2010, a two-point decrease compared to The protection efforts in Australia declined in the same period by one point to score 4. Particularly, Germany fails to ensure no punishment principle for trafficking victims because it does not always distinguish victims of human trafficking from other illegal migrants. According to NGOs assisting victims in Germany, victims could be penalized or deported before they are
3 identified as victims of human trafficking (see the US 2011 report). This practice is, in fact, against the German law and the United Nations Anti-trafficking Protocol. There are several other developed countries which failed in demonstrating full commitments towards protection policy. The protection efforts of Norway decreased by two points (from score 5 in 2009 to 3 in 2010), similar to the German case, while the country improved its prevention efforts from score 4 to 5 during the same period. The United Kingdom and Denmark also received score 3 for protection due to their negligence in ensuring victims legal status, while demonstrating full commitments towards prosecution and prevention policy. Other countries among high performing groups (overall score 13 or higher) whose efforts declined from 2009 to 2010 are Croatia, South Korea and Nigeria. While Croatia and South Korea worsened by one point to score 13 in 2010, Nigeria by two points in total (one in prosecution and one in prevention). On the other hand, Guatemala increased its anti-trafficking efforts in 2010 (overall score 14, three point-increase from 2009) particularly in protection (from score 3 in 2009 to 4 in 2010) and prevention (from score 4 in 2009 to 5 in 2010) despite a one-point decrease in its prosecution efforts. The Anti-trafficking Policy Index Project is financed by the European Commission s Directorate- General for Justice, Freedom and Security (Prevention of and Fight Against Crime Programme). For more detailed information about the index, please visit the index website, Background paper: Cho, Seo-Young, Axel Dreher and Eric Neumayer (2011), The Spread of Anti-trafficking Policies Evidence from a New Index, Cege Discussion Paper Series No. 119, University of Goettingen. Inquiry: Dr. Seo-Young Cho Faculty of Economics Georg-August-University of Goettingen Platz der Goettinger Sieben Goettingen, Germany Phone: // Fax: scho@uni-goettingen.de
4 3P Anti-trafficking Index 2010 Ranking (Cho, Dreher, and Neumayer 2011) Ranking Code Country Prosecution Protection Prevention Overall_3P 1 NLD Netherlands, the SWE Sweden USA United States of America SVN Slovenia ESP Spain BEL Belgium GTM Guatemala CAN Canada AUT Austria ITA Italy AUS Australia MDA Moldova FRA France BRA Brazil HRV Croatia DEU Germany PHL Phillipines IRL Ireland CHL Chile URY Uruguay KSV Kosovo NOR Norway GBR United Kingdom POL Poland KAZ Kazakhstan PER Peru KOR Korea, Republik of ARM Armenia COL Colombia SVK Slovak Republic GEO Georgia ALB Albania TWN Taiwan DNK Denmark BGR Bulgaria GAB Gabon MNE Montenegro GRC Greece CZE Czech Republic MKD Macedonia ETH Ethiopia PRT Portugal
5 14 SEN Senegal CHE Switzerland ATG Antigua and Barbuda ISR Israel LVA Latvia ARG Argentina MEX Mexico ZMB Zambia LUX Luxembourg BGD Bangladesh NGA Nigeria DOM Dominican Republic GHA Ghana MUS Mauritius ROM Romania BIH Bosnia and Herzegovina ISL Iceland SLV El Salvador UZB Uzbekistan CHN China HND Honduras FIN Finland JAM Jamaica PRY Paraguay SRB Serbia VNM Vietnam ARE United Arab Emirates BFA Burkina Faso NPL Nepal BEN Benin HUN Hungary TUR Turkey AZE Azerbaijan TJK Tajikistan CYP Cyprus BLZ Belize PAN Panama LAO Laos MWI Malawi THA Thailand NIC Nicaragua UKR Ukraine ECU Ecuador BOL Bolivia KEN Kenya IDN Indonesia BLR Belarus LKA Sri Lanka
6 90 LSO Lesotho PAK Pakistan CRI Costa Rica NZL New Zealand NER Niger OMN Oman KHM Cambodia VEN Venezuela KGZ Kyrgyz Republic SWZ Swaziland RUS Russia ZAF South Africa MAC Macau LTU Lithuania MLT Malta UGA Uganda HKG Hong Kong MMR Burma/Myanmmar JPN Japan MOZ Mozambique GUY Guyana MLI Mali IND India SLE Sierra Leone EST Estonia TZA Tanzania SUR Suriname ABW Aruba FJI Fiji TGO Togo SGP Singapore RWA Rwanda NAM Namibia MYS Malaysia LCA St. Lucia SAU Saudi Arabia DJI Djibouti MAR Morocco COG Congo, Republic of the JOR Jordan TMP Timor- Leste EGY Egypt LBR Liberia TON Tonga MRT Mauritania CAF Central African Republic BWA Botswana VCT St. Vincent and the
7 Grenadines 137 CMR Cameroon GMB Gambia, the AGO Angola GIN Guinea BDI Burundi PLW Palau QAT Qatar TTO Trinidad & Tobago GNB Guinea- Bissau GNQ Equatorial Guinea YEM Yemen BHR Bahrain BHS The Bahamas KWT Kuwait MDG Madagascar SYC Seychelles BRB Barbados SYR Syria COM Comoros TCD Chad ZAR Congo, Democratic Republic of the PNG Papua New Guinea AFG Afghanistan CIV Cote d Ivoire ZWE Zimbabwe TUN Tunisia BRN Brunei HTI Haiti SDN Sudan KIR Kiribati LBY Libya MDV Maldives CUB Cuba IRQ Iraq TKM Turkmenistan LBN Lebanon SLB Solomon Islands IRN Iran ERI Eritrea DZA Algeria SOM Somalia PRK North Korea MNG Mongolia 2 4. ANT Netherlands,Antilles. FSM Micronesia 2 1
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