CHAPTER TEN. SKINNER AND STAATS: The Challenge of Behaviorism 10/14/08. Personality Psychology. Chapter Overview. Chapter Overview
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1 Personality Psychology Psychology 370 Sheila K. Grant, Ph.D. Professor California State University, Northridge CHAPTER TEN SKINNER AND STAATS: The Challenge of Behaviorism Chapter Overview RADICAL BEHAVIORISM: SKINNER Part IV: The Learning Perspective Illustrative Biography: Tiger Woods Behavior as the Data for Scientific Study The Evolutionary Context of Operant Behavior The Rate of Responding Learning Principles Reinforcement: Increasing the Rate of Responding Punishment and Extinction: Decreasing the Rate of Responding Additional Behavioral Techniques Schedules of Reinforcement Applications of Behavioral Techniques Therapy Education Radical Behaviorism and Personality Theory: Some Concerns Chapter Overview PSYCHOLOGICAL BEHAVIORISM: STAATS Reinforcement Basic Behavioral s The Emotional-Motivational The Language-Cognitive The Sensory-Motor Situations Psychological Adjustment The Nature-Nurture Question from the Perspective of Psychological Behaviorism Chapter Overview Personality Assessment from a Behavioral Perspective The Act-Frequency Approach to Personality Measurement Contributions of Behaviorism to Personality Theory and Measurement Part IV: The Learning Perspective Ivan Pavlov: Heuristic Accendental Discovery Classical Conditioning John B. Watson: Early Behaviorist B. F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism Arthur Staats: Psychological Behaviorism 1
2 Conditioning the process of learning associations Classical Conditioning (aka Pavlovian Conditioning) Reflexive or respondent behavior Automatic response to a stimulus Operant Conditioning Responses are learned because of their consequences Behavior is strengthened by a reinforcer; diminished by a punishment Behavior is voluntary Ivan Pavlov Russian physician/ neurophysiologist Studied digestive secretions of dogs Nobel Prize 1904 Discovered classical conditioning Pavlov s Discovery of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (US)- a stimulus that naturally (automatically) brings about a response Unconditioned Response (UR)- a natural response that requires no training Neutral Stimulus (NS)- a stimulus that in the absence of conditioning does not elicit a response Conditioned Stimulus (CS)- a once neutral stimulus that becomes associated with an unconditioned stimulus to produce a Conditioned Response Conditioned Response (CR)- the learned response to a once neutral stimulus John Watson Founder of Behaviorism Watson s Classic Little Albert Experiments Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief, and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. -- John Watson (1924) John Watson and Rosalie Rayner Little Albert (click to view) 2
3 Illustrative Biography: Tiger Woods Illustrative Biography: Tiger Woods Development Description Adaptation & Adjustment Illustrative Biography: Tiger Woods Preview of Skinner s and Staats s Theory Cognitive Processes Society Biological Influences funny-2006/tiger-just-do-it-p1.php B. F. Skinner Radical Behaviorism: Skinner Burrhus Frederic Skinner born in 1904 in Pennsylvania Inventor and writer as a youngster Doctorate in Psychology from Harvard (1931) Professorships at Minnesota, Indiana and Harvard Died in 1990 of Leukemia 3
4 Behavior as the Data for Scientific Study The Evolutionary Context Of Operant Behavior The Evolutionary Context of Operant Behavior The Rate of Responding behavior selected by the environment operant conditioning The Rate of Responding Definition: Examples: Mode of learning in which the frequency of responding is influenced by the consequences that are contingent upon a response bar-pressing in rats, reinforced by food smiling in a child, reinforced by parental approval Skinner box controls the environment operant response response Learning Principles Reinforcement anything that increases the likelihood that the behavior will be repeated Reinforcement: Increasing the Rate of Responding Punishment and Extinction: Decreasing the Rate of Responding Additional Behavioral Techniques Positive Reinforcement rewards or other positive consequences that follow behaviors A pat on the back for scoring the winning goal Negative Reinforcement removing an aversive stimulus; engaging in behavior to remove a negative stimulus Taking an aspirin to get rid of a headache 4
5 Reinforcement: Increasing the Rate of Responding positive reinforcer base rate primary reinforcer secondary reinforcer negative reinforcer Punishment and Extinction: Decreasing the Rate of Responding punishment: a stimulus contingent upon a response and that has the effect of decreasing the rate of responding extinction: reduction in the rate of responding when reinforcement ends Additional Behavioral Techniques shaping: reinforcement of successive approximations of behavior chaining: one response produces or alters some of the variables that control another response discrimination learning: learning to respond differentially, depending on environmental stimuli generalization: responding to stimuli that are similar to, but not identical to, the stimuli present during training Schedules of Reinforcement Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement fixed ratio schedule (FR) variable ratio schedule (VR) fixed interval schedule (FI) variable interval schedule (VI) Applications of Behavioral Techniques Therapy behavior modification functional analysis token economies Education teaching machines (programmed instruction) Applications of Behavioral Techniques Therapy behavior modification functional analysis token economies Education teaching machines (programmed instruction) 5
6 Radical Behaviorism and Personality Theory: Some Concerns Walden Two (Utopian community) unique human capacities (including language) freedom and dignity Psychological Behaviorism: Staats Reinforcement Reinforcement Time-out: Example: a procedure or environment in which no reinforcements are given in an effort to extinguish unwanted behavior removal of a disruptive child from a school class, to improve behavior based on emotion contrast with Skinner's radical empiricism Basic Behavioral s Basic Behavioral s The Emotional-Motivational The Emotional-Motivational The Language-Cognitive The Language-Cognitive The Sensory-Motor The Sensory-Motor 6
7 Basic Behavioral s Personality as a Basic Behavioral The Emotional-Motivational The Language-Cognitive The Sensory-Motor Basic Behavioral The Emotional-Motivational The Emotional-Motivational Situations A-R-D theory A: affects and attitudes R: reinforcements D: direct behavior 7
8 Psychological Adjustment depends on learning (basic behavioral repertoire) for example: emotions (phobias, depression, anxiety) social skills positive self-concept standards for behavior (perfectionism) The Nature-Nurture Question from the Perspective of Psychological Behaviorism intensive learning learning builds on nature biology can influence a person before learning during learning after learning The Nature-Nurture Question from the Perspective of Psychological Behaviorism Personality Assessment from a Behavioral Perspective The Act-Frequency Approach to Personality Measurement Contributions of Behaviorism to Personality Theory and Measurement Definition: measuring personality traits by assessing the frequency of prototypical behaviors Examples: affiliation needs assessed by frequency of choosing to work with friends dominance assessed by frequency of interrupting others 8
9 Chapter Review 9
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