Learning. Learning and reinforcement. Classical conditioning. Classical conditioning. food (US) food (US) + tone (CS) tone (CS)
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1 Percent birds responding Learning Learning and reinforcement Learning A long-lasting change in behavior, or potential to change behavior, that results from experience Reinforcement Anything that affects the probability that a particular behavior will occur Simple learning Habituation and sensitization Aplysia Repeated presentation of stimulus chaffinch Habituation Sensitization Playbacks Eric Kandel food (US) food (US) + tone (CS) tone (CS) salivation (UR) salivation (UR) salivation (CR) Is there any adaptive significance of classical conditioning? Ivan Pavlov 1
2 Offspring score blue gourami Karen Hollis Mount Holyoke How might classical conditioning work in nature? Courtship behavior by female (US) Courtship behavior by female (US) + sex-recognition cue (CS) Sex-recognition cue (CS) Courtship (UR) Courtship (UR) Courtship (CR) Japanese quail Heritability of conditioned response Gene environment interactions Proboscis extension response conditioned to various odors Evidence of significant heritability Tryon Maze Dull and Bright rats Parent score 2
3 Laws of effect and exercise Thorndike = association between behavior and its consequences Positive reinforcement Negative reinforcement Increase likelihood that behavior will occur B.F. Skinner What factors affect conditioning? Response cost Punishment 1. Contiguity 2. Relevance Decrease likelihood that behavior will occur John Garcia 3
4 The Garcia effect The Garcia effect Practical applications of the Garcia effect Schedules of reinforcement 1. Fixed (also continuous) 2. Variable 3. Ratio schedules 4. Interval schedules What produces the characteristic scalloping effect in the FI schedule? Learning sets Trials 1-5 Block 1 A B A B A B A B A B Trials 1-5 Block 2 A B A B A B A B A B Why the stair-step pattern? Where should monkey look first? Now where should monkey look? rhesus macaque 4
5 Percent correct Learning sets Development of generalized learning strategy Wisconsin general test apparatus Latent learning Reinforcement not evident Harry Harlow ( ) Rhesus macaque Domestic cat Gray squirrel Number of problems solved Latent learning Latent learning Tinbergen observed beewolf s circular flight as it departed burrow Wolfgang Kohler Learning by applying previous knowledge Insight learning Local enhancement: presence attracts others Social facilitation: presence facilitates learning 5
6 Larkspur consumed Two groups of cows conditioned to avoid larkspur by pairing with LiCl Copying versus imitation Reinforced in one group, extinct in the other Both paired with naïve cows Extinction cows Reinforcement cows Mate choice copying in guppies Alternative explanations? Mate choice copying A1: Focal female wants to school with groups of fish. focal model here or here focal Focal female chose male near model 17 of 20 times Replaced end males with females, and focal female showed no preference for 2 fish vs. 1 fish (10 of 20 trials) model here or here Mate choice copying Alternative explanations? A1: Focal female cues on behavior or physiological changes of chosen male. new focal Classic example in humans = Bandura s Bobo experiments Why copy mate choice of others? Removed focal and model female, replaced with new female. She had no preference for primed male. May allow less discriminating, younger animals to make better choices 6
7 Can be vertical or horizontal Teaching A working definition of teaching Sex differences in tool-use imitation in chimpanzees Tandem running in Temnothorax ants Teaching Teaching prey capture Meerkats present toxic prey to young R = distance of antennal reach Teaching prey capture Experimental playback of pup begging calls Groups with young pups Groups with old pups 7
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