Computer Networks I. Transmission Media
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1 Version 2/21/11 Computer Networks I application transport network Transmission Media link physical Fernando.Rincon@uclm.es
2 Computer Networks I 2 Outline Some informal definitions Guide Media Unguided Media: Wireless References
3 Computer Networks I 3 Transmission medium Anything that can carry information from a source to a destination Background 19 th century - Morse's telegraph (metallic medium) 1869 Bell's telephone (also metallic medium) 1895 Hertz radio transmission (wireless) Later Marconi applied Hertz discover to the telegraph Physical layer Transmission channel Physical layer Cable or air
4 Computer Networks I 4 Transmission channel Data are transmitted through electromagnetic waveform propagation Channels have limited transmission capacity (bandwidth) And take certain delay to reach the destination Signals in the channel can be affected by Noise Atenuation Distorsion
5 Computer Networks I 5 Bandwidth Amount of information that can flow through a connection in a limited time It matters because Is limited by physics & technology Is not free Requirements grow at a rapid rate Critical to network performance
6 Computer Networks I 6 Bandwidth Measured in bits per second (bps) Depends mainly: on the transmission medium type of technology and protocol
7 Computer Networks I 7 Bandwidth For analog communications It is expressed using a range: Ex: 3 khz to 300 khz And measured in Hertz (Hz)
8 Computer Networks I 8 Transmission media Transmission Media Guided (wired) Unguided (wired) Twisted-pair cable Coaxial cable Fiber-optic cable Free space
9 Computer Networks I 9 Guided media Source and destination linked through a conduit Metallic conduit Twisted-pair cable Coaxial cable Glass/plastic conduit Fiber-optic cable
10 Computer Networks I 10 Twisted pair Twisting provides shielding against noise & interferences The most common type is unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) The standard categorizes the UTP into 7 classes Category Bandwidth Applications Cat1 0.4 MHz Telephone and modem lines Cat2? MHz Older terminal systems, e.g. IBM 3270 Cat3 16MHz 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T4 Ethernet Cat4 20MHz 16 Mbit/s Token Ring Cat5 100MHz 100BASE-TX & 1000BASE-T Ethernet Cat5e 100MHz 100BASE-TX & 1000BASE-T Ethernet Cat6 250MHz 1000BASE-T Ethernet Cat6e 250MHz 10GBASE-T (under development) Ethernet Cat6a 500MHz 10GBASE-T (under development) Ethernet Cat7 600MHz No applications yet. Cat7a 1200MHz Telephone, CATV, 1000BASE-T in the same cable.
11 Computer Networks I 11 Cable specifications T: twisted-pair F: Fiber-Optic 10 BASE-T
12 Computer Networks I 12 Twisted pair The most common UTP connector is the RJ45 Performance: Relation between attenuation (db/km) and frequency Sharply decreases with frequencies above 100KHz Applications Voice & data through telephone lines DSL for high-bandwidth Local area networks
13 Computer Networks I 13 Coaxial cable Supports higher frequency signal ranges than twisted-pair Most common connector BNC Performance Higher bandwidth than twisted-pair But also higher attenuation Applications Digital telephonic networks (nowadays replaced) Local area networks (10Base-2) Cable TV
14 Computer Networks I 14 Fiber-Optic cable Made of glass or plastic Signals are transmitted in the form of light, using refraction capabilities of the material Multimode (multiple beams using different paths) Single Mode
15 Computer Networks I 15 Fiber-Optic cable Performace: Up to 1600Gps data transfers. Limited by the electronics, not the medium Better attenuation than twisted-pair. 10 times less repeaters for the same cable length Applications Backbone networks (good relationship between bandwidth & cost) Cable TV Local-area networks 100Base-Fx 1000Base-X
16 Computer Networks I 16 Fiber-Optic cable Other advantages Immunity to electromagnetic interference Resistance to corrosive materials Light weight Some disadvantages Installation & maintenance expertise required Unidirectional light propagation Cost. Only justifiable for high-bandwidth requirements
17 Computer Networks I 17 Guided media comparison Coaxial cable Hardly used nowadays Fiber-Optic cable Highest bandwidth but the most expensive Immune to electromagnetic distortions Twisted-pair cable Easy to connect Cheap electronics
18 Computer Networks I 18 Unguided media Transport electromagnetic waves without a physical conductor Also referred as wireless communication Use a part of the electromagnetic spectrum
19 Computer Networks I 19 Wireless propagation methods Ground propagation: Lowest portion of the atmosphere Signals follow the curvature of the earth Sky propagation Higher frequency signals raise up to the ionosphere Greater distance with lower output power. Line-of-sight (visual) propagation Highest frequency but shorter range
20 Computer Networks I 20 Wireless bands Band Range Propagation Application VLF (very low frequency) 3-30 Khz ground Long-range radio navigation LF (low frequency) Khz ground Radio beacons & navigational locators MF (middle frequency) 300 Khz 3 Mhz sky AM radio HF (high frequency) 3-30 Mhz sky Citizens band (CB), shift/spacecraft comm. VHF (very high frequency) Mhz Sky & line-of-sight VHF-TV, FM radio UHF (ultrahigh frequency) 300 Mhz 3 Ghz Line-of-sight UHF-TV, cellular phones, satellite SHF (superhigh frequency) 3-30 Ghz Line-of-sight Satellite comm. EHF (extremely high frequency Ghz Line-of-sight Radar, satellite
21 Computer Networks I 21 Wireless transmission waves Wireless transmission Radio wave Microwave Infrared
22 Computer Networks I 22 Radio wave They range from 3 khz to 1 GHz Transmitted through omnidirectional antennas Can travel long distances and penetrate walls (good for AM radio, for instance) Very sensible to interference Almost the entire band is regulated form authorities Applications: TV & radio broadcasting Cordless phones
23 Computer Networks I 23 Microwave They range from 1 GHz to 300 GHz Unidirectional => Antennas must be aligned Propagation is line-of-sight (earth curvature is a problem) Cannot penetrate walls Higher data range than radio waves Part of the spectrum is regulated form authorities
24 Computer Networks I 24 Infrared They range from 300 GHz to 400 THz Used for short range communication Low interference between different systems Very high data rate
25 Computer Networks I 25 References B.F. Transmisión de datos y redes de comunicaciones, 3th edition Chapter 7 A.S. Redes de computadores. Pearson, 4th edition, Chapter 2: Sections 2.2 and 2.3 CISCO Networking Academy e-learning. Module 8 CCNA Exploration All unlabeled figures are taken from the Wikipedia.
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