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1 Index Page numbers followed by f indicate figures; page numbers followed by t indicate tables. Acetylcholine, 95, 97, 114 ACTH (adrenocorticotropine hormone), 63, 146, 147, 285 Amantadine, 66, 99, 100, 200 Anemia, 6, , 195, 197, 199, 201, 254, 274, 286, 323 Aneurysm, 79 Anhedonia, 189, 233, 235 Anterior cingulate (AC), 79, 144, 145, 162, 164, 167, 221 Anticonvulsants, 99, 112, 118 Antidepressants, 118, 201t, 238, 239 depression, 198, 221, 237, 305 central fatigue, 112 for fatigue, 67, 163, 177 cytokines, 235, 238 Anxiety, 112, 143, 144, 166, 192, 193t, 197, 323t brain structures, 162 disorders, 251, 270 intervention, 81 neurasthenia, 137 sleep, 97, 255 symptom with fatigue, 10, 78, 91, 159, 161, 165, 175, 253, 254 treatment, 117, , 309 Anxiety disorders, 3, 158, 160, 166, 177, 196, 253, 303 Anxiety neurosis, 5, 129 Anxiety states, 131 Atomexitine, 118 Autonomic nervous system (ANS), 11, 63, 65, 275, 282, 285, 290, 291 Axons, 64 Basal forebrain, 94, 97 Basal ganglia, 83, 107, 111, 114, 322. See also Central fatigue chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 143, 145 depression, 164, 221 fatigue mechanisms, 321, 322t, 323 metabolic abnormalities, 286 multiple sclerosis (MS), 30, 64 self-reported fatigue, 52 sleep, 222, 223 Biopsychosocial, 12, 13, 140, 177, 244, 246, 254, 255, 257, 258 Brainstem, 79, 83, 93, 97, 233 imaging, 143, 144, 163, 164 nuclei, 94, 304 Caffeine, 3, 48, 100, 219, 220, 257, 304 Cardiovascular, 229, 307, 309 fatigue, 40, 65, 210, 306, 308, 320 treatment, 82, 117 sleep, 216 Catecholamine, 95
2 332 Index Central fatigue basal ganglia, 148, 149 brain, 49, 52, 83, 94, 149, 322 cognitive, 112, 114 defined, 9, 28, 90, 107, 210, 321, 324 illness, 12, 92, 93, 98, 110, 113, 115, 116 sleep, 211 subjective reports, 10 Central nervous system, 28, 64, 93, 200, 230, 248, 282, 284, 290. See also CNS fatigue, 8, 9, 61, 108, 246, 251, 275, 276, 282 neurasthenia, 128 Cerebellum, 145, 161, 165, 222 Chemotherapy, 29, 266, 271 causing fatigue, 3, , 272, 273, 276, 308, 309 Cingulate, 79, 145, 164, 167 Cingulate gyrus, 114, 144, 162, CNS, 62, 63, 93, 110, 200, 230, , 249. See also Central nervous system and CFS, 145 effort, 113 fatigue, 10, 64, 108, 111, 119, 251, 252, 291 treatment, 67 Cognitive behavior, 133, 177, 237, 238, 302 behavior therapy (CBT), 117, 133, 177, 237, 238, 302, 303, 310 behavioral therapy, 66, 117, 167, 201 impairment, 26, 41, 42, 52, 93, 112, 113, 116, 140, 233, 272 Cognitive fatigue. See also Mental fatigue brain, 65, 67, 110, 117 effort, 49 defined, 37, 38, 40, 41, 107 management of, 42, 51, 320 performance, 39, 43, 44, 46, 47, 48, 52 Corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF), 161, 230 Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), 12, 63, 146, 289 Cortisol, 179, 283 chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 12, , 178 depression, 160, 165, 230 fatigue, 95, 286 HIV, 196 MS, 63, 65 rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 256 sleep, 290, 291 stroke, 84 TBI, 96 DaCosta syndrome, 5, 137 Deconditioning, 323t cognition, 321 exercise or lack of, 306, 310 fatigue, 66, 80, 119, 323, 324 lupus, 246, , 254, 257 after stroke, 82 treatment, 167 Demyelination, 64, 322t Depression. See Antidepressants; Basal ganglia; Cortisol; Insomnia; Mood; Neuroendocrine; Pharmacological; Prefrontal cortex; Self-reported fatigue; Serotonin; Subcortical; Thalamus; Tiredness Dilantin, 99 Dopamine (DA), 65, 95, , 118, 224 Dyssomnias, 211, 214 EEG (electroencephalography), 51, 213, 219 EDSS (Expanded Disability Status Scale), 38 Effort prolonged, 39, 40, sustained, 41, 44 Effort syndrome, 5, 137 Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), 7, 132, 137, 236, 287 Executive functions, 46, 47, 111 Exhausted, 4, 21, 84, 128, 132, 174, 189, 239 Exhaustion exercise, 44, 45 feeling of, 19, 65, , 137, 211, 243 and heart disease, 229, 230, and stroke, 84
3 Index 333 Exertion physical, 10, 39, 44, 45, 62, 174 mental, 39, 43, 174 fmri (functional magnetic resonance imaging), 30, 49 51, 64, 99, 109, 113, 144, 145 Fatigue. See also Central fatigue; Cognitive fatigue; Hypothalamus; Mental effort; Mental fatigue; Mood; Neurotransmitter; Pharmacological; Postroke fatigue; Selfreported fatigue; Serotonin; Sleep deprivation; Subjective fatigue; Thalamus; Tiredness; Weakness autonomic nervous system, 11, 63, 65, 275, 282, 285f, 290 basal ganglia (see Basal ganglia) cognition and HPA axis, 48 definition of, 19, 37, 61, 90, 319, 320, 321 epidemiology of fatigue in HIV, 187 etiology of, 5, 7, 9, 10, 12, 81, 139, 140, 147, 177, 220, 251, 283 feeling of, 3, 10, 13, 321 HPA and CFS, , 149, 163, 165, 166, 289 HPA and depression, 230 HPA axis as mechanism, 83, 160, 167, 178, 179, 234, 282 HPA axis and MS, 65 immune system and etiology, 11, 63, 132, 283, 291 immune system and treatment, 117, 234 incidence of, 91, 92, 112, 115, 119 muscle fatigue, 19, 27, 30, 38, 40, 41, 48, 74, 321 (see also Muscle) objective fatigue, 46, 92 pathophysiology of, 64, 89, 230 peripheral fatigue, 9, 10, 83, 90, 92, 109, 210, 321 physiological fatigue, 3, 13, 38, 67, 320 questionnaires of, 21, 25, 29, 244 treatment of, 117, , 176, 200, 256, 257, prevalence of, 91, 108, 109, 185, 188t, 188, 194, 244, 268, 269 unexplained, 4, 5, 7, 10 12, 158, 175, 236, 304 Fibromyalgia, 160, 165, 215, 246, 249, 250, 306, 307t Fluoxetine, 163, 218, 305 Frontal lobes, 51, 52, 115, 143, 145, 148, 163, 322t Growth hormone (GH), 65, 95, 289 Gulf War syndrome, 137 Helplessness, 111, 250, 252, 254, 255 Hypertension, 112, 216, 217, 229, 231t Hypothalamic, 97, 146, 161, 164, 165, 289, 322t Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA), 83, 161, 193, 196, 275, 322t, 323t. See also Fatigue Hypothalamus, 94, 118, 198, , 289, 290 fatigue, 65, 67, 111 exercise, 95 Hysteria, 4, 5, 128, 129 Immune system, 63, 232, 281, 282, 286, 290, 306. See also Fatigue Insomnia, 7, 96, 190t, 215, 216, 218, 220 depression, 157, 160, 200, 218, 222 fatigue, 3 medical conditions, 4, 20, 97, 148, 269, 290 mood disturbance, 199, 200 (see also Mood) Insula, 79, 162 Interferon, 63, 65, 248, 283, 284 Irritable bowel syndrome, 303 Lyme, 22t, 116, 117 Lymphocytes, 247, 282, 283, 287, 288, 308 Magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS), 145 Melancholia, 143
4 334 Index Mental effort, 37, 49, 80, 89, 145, 149 fatigue, 43, 44 performance, 38, 40, 98, 99, 112, 113 Mental fatigue, 23t, 113, 321. See also Cognitive fatigue cognition, 38, 40, 46, 47, 48, 95, 98, 99 and disease, 29, 109, 117, 256 vs. physical, 27, 37, 74, 139, 144, 245 Metabolic, 130, 144, causes, 66, 112 disorders, 6, 11 disturbance, 48, 282, 286 Methylphenidate, 67, 95, 99, 118, 198, 201t, 304 Modafinil, 67, 99, 100, 118, 198, 201t, 221, 304, 305 Mood, 29, 62, 158, 161, 200, 212, 213. See also Serotonin cognitive and, 22t, 47, 144 disorders, 12, 66, 110, 158, 192, 196, 249, 253, 305 depression, 66, 94, 115, 157, 158, 192, 220, 221, 235, 305 disturbance, 94, 110, 199, 305 treatment and, 96, 117, 177, 195 Multiple chemical sensitivity, 125 Muscle, 19, 64, 66, 92, 138t, 210, 232, 285, 291, 321. See also Weakness dysfunction, 4, 282, 306 fatigue, 27, 30, 38, 40, 41, 48, 74, 308 (see also Fatigue) pain, 7, 174, 247, 287, 288 performance, 3, 309 power, 8, 95, 251 Myalgia, 138t, 164, 286, 287 Myalgic encephalomyelitis, 7, 8, 137, 139 Myocardial, 76, 229. See also Myocardial infarct Myocardial infarct (MI), 76, 78, 229, 230, 232, Narcolepsy, 67, 97, 147, 215, 216, 290, 304 Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), 145 Neurasthenia, 4, 5, 107, 120, , 137 diagnosis, 131 concept of, 130 treatment of, 133 Neurocirculatory asthenia, 5, 137 Neuroendocrine, 245, 248, 283, 285f depression, 147, 163 disturbance and dysregulation, 63, 65, 243 interactions, 111, 290, 291 Neuropsychological, 38 41, 43 48, , 252 CFS, 142, 144, 148 disability, 139, 140 fatigue, 76, 98, 100, 101, 199, 200 Neurotransmitter, 290, 291, 322t, 322 disease, 146 dysregulation and dysfunction, 10, 63, 65 fatigue, 12, 49, 95, 119, 146 Norepinephrine (NE), 94, 118, 160, 161, 165, 167, 198, 234, 290 Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test (PASAT), 39, 41 43, 141, 144, 164, 213 Parkinson disease (PD), Pemoline, 67, 99, 198, 201t, 304 Pharmacological, 201t, 308 depression, 198 fatigue, 37, 167, 200, 223, 275 treatment, 62, 82, , 177, 292, 304, 310 Positron emission tomography (PET), 30, 51, 64, 109, 143, 162, 221, 222, 286 Postpolio sequelae (PPS), 40 Poststroke fatigue (PSF), 73 76, 77t, 78, 79, Posttraumatic fatigue (PTF), 93, 94, 96 Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), 160, 282 Prednisone, 248, 249 Prefrontal cortex (DLPFC, VPFC) CFS, 143 depression, 161, 162, 164, 165, 221 fatigue, 167, 290, 322 MS, 64
5 Index 335 Primary Sjogren s syndrome (PSS), 243, 255. See also Sjogren s syndrome Prolactin, 65, 146, 289, 323 Psychasthenia, 129 Psychoneuroimmunology, 281 REM (rapid eye movements), 97, 148, 215, 222, 291 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), 237, 238, 305 Self-reported fatigue, 10, 26, 28, 30, 244, 249, 255 brain, 52, 98, 115 depression, 158, 252, 254 lupus, 244, 249, 256, 257 treatment, 304, 307, 308, 310 Serotonergic, 65, 93 Serotonin (5-HT) CFS, 146, 147, 149, 166 cytokines, 234, 290 depression, 94, 146, 165, 198, 237, 238 exercise, 95 fatigue, 65, 110, 167, 201t, 323 mood, 305 performance, 95 sleep, 49, 97 tryptophan, 49, 95 Sickness behavior, 165, , 283, 285f, 290, 291 Sjogren s syndrome, 256. See also Primary Sjogren s syndrome Sleep apnea, 97, 147, 215, 216, 290, 304 obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), 209, , 222 Sleep deprivation, , cognition, 28, 113 fatigue, 3, 20, 93, 100, 209, 216, 319 performance, 46 and sleepiness, 216, 291 (see also Sleepiness) Sleepiness, 23t, , See also Sleep deprivation CFS, 147 cytokines, 247, and fatigue, 48, 116, 189, 301 sleep disturbance, 96 stroke, 80 treatment, 304 Soldiers heart, 5 Somatization, 132, 158, 162, , 190t, 322t Single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), 115, 117, , 163, 164, 222 Stimulant(s), 47, 67, 95, 99, 118, 215, 304 Subarachnoid hemorrhage, 79 Subcortical depression, disorders, 112, 117, 141, 142 fatigue, 51, 52, 79, 83 motor planning, 30 treatment, 118 Subjective fatigue, 75, 130, cognition, 29, 41, 43, 46 cognitive performance, 38, 31, 40, 42, 45, 46, 52, 140, 141 motor performance, 51, 92 physiological measures, 47, 67 sleep, 212, 219, 220 Thalamic, 52, 83, 164, 165 Thalamus, 94 CFS, 143, 144, 164 depression, 164 fatigue, 64, 167, 322, 322t sleep, 222 Thyroid, 63, 65, 95, 284, 285f, 317 Tiredness brain function, 79 cytokines, 286 depression, 131, 158 fatigue, 167 measurement of, 245 psychasthenia, 129 serotonin, 49 sleep, 209, 217
6 336 Index Tiredness (cont.) synonymous with fatigue, 3, 25, 74, 130, 210, 243, 257 Tryptophan, 49, 95, 323t. See also Serotonin Vasopressin, 146 Vital exhaustion, 229, 230, Weakness diseases, 62, 131, 235 irritable, 130 motor, 83, 211 muscle, 10, 80, 173, 288, 289 nervous, 128 physical, 26, 190 related to fatigue, 4, 6 somatization, 176 symptom, 65, 133, 138t, 158, 233 Wellbutrin, 100
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