Geodetic Education in Europe NORWAY. Maria Krystyna SZACHERSKA Walter M. WELSCH

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1 Geodetic Education in Europe NORWAY Maria Krystyna SZACHERSKA Walter M. WELSCH In: Szacherska, Maria Krystyna / Welsch, Walter M. [1985]: Geodetic Education in Europe Schriftenreihe des Wissenschaftlichen Studiengangs Vermessungswesen der Hochschule der Bundeswehr München, Heft 16, S ISSN:

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3 N O R W A Y 1. General In Norway official surveying tasks including cadastral surveying are performed by the government, free professional surveying engineers mostly perform non-official surveys (engineering surveys, urban planning and municipal surveys). The free professional work does not require a license. The relation between official surveyors and free professional engineers is appr. 1 : 2,5. 2. Structure of the Educational System The "Jordskiftetekniker" (surveying technician) demonstrates the lowest level in the Norway geodetic education system. The "Ingeniør" is on a higher level and is educated at a higher technician school (technical college). The civil engineers hold the highest level with a "Sivilingenioreksamen" as well as the surveyors "Jordskiftekandidat", both educated at universities. "Cand. real." with a final degree including geodetic topics are educated at the universities in Oslo and Bergen. 3. Levels of Geodetic Education and Qualifications 3.1 School Education After a nine years primary school there are two ways of further education. The first one leads to graduations as surveying technician or engineer respectively. The other possibility is the attendance at a secondary school with matriculation after three years. 3.2 Training Leading to Qualification as Technician A two years education at "Jordskifteskolen" joins the primary school. It includes basic knowledge in control networks, topographic survey, geodetic 133

4 engineering survey and basic knowledge in photogrammetry. After the examination the title of a surveying technician is awarded. 3.3 Training Leading to Qualification as Engineer Primary school graduates are educated for an engineer after a three years training at one of the eleven "Ingeniørhøgskoler" (Technical College), which are essentially construction engineering schools including surveying education. Only at one school (Gjøvik) the surveying technical education is considerably deepened by an additional semester. This education includes municipal surveying, laws, mathematics, data processing, general surveying, hydrography, photogrammetry, cartography, practical exercises and various other subjects. After graduation the title "Ingeniør" is awarded. 3.4 University Graduate Engineer The academic education is given at The Agricultural University of Norway (NLH), at The Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH), and at the universities in Oslo and Bergen. Since the studies and graduations are considerably different a separated presentation is necessary Candidate of Agriculture The title of a "Candidate of Agriculture" is to be awarded at The Agricultural University of Norway (NLH) after a five years study. Presumption is the secondary school certificate or the graduation as engineer. A technician needs supplementary studies for the admission to the NLH. The first study year is a preparatory one which the student spends at an agricultural college outside the Agricultural University. During the first semesters lectures are given on history, chemistry, mathematics, economics, land use planning, geology, statistics, jurisprudence, data processing, land consolidation, surveying, photogrammetry, etc. In the further course of the study the education in surveying, data processing, photogrammetry and also geodesy is especially intensified. Three semesters are particularly reserved for practical surveying exercises. After the fifth semester theoretical geodesy, precision surveying, agricultural and cadastral surveying or photogrammetry can be deepened. The last semester is destined for the preparation of a thesis. Examinations are after each semester. 134

5 3.4.2 Civil Engineer The title of a "Civil Engineer" is awarded at The Norwegian Institute of Technology (NTH) after a four and a half years study. The secondary school certificate or the graduation as engineer is the presumption for it. The studies are divided into two parts. The first, which takes two years, covers the broad basis of the subjects of study (mainly mathematics and subjects from physics). It is common for all civil-engineering students. The second part, which takes 2 1/2 years, is devoted to a more specialized study. The student is free, within certain limitations, to choose subjects from a more extensive program of civil-engineering and surveying (surveying, photogrammetry, cartography, geodesy, applied geodesy, remote sensing, cartography and automation, etc.). Practical courses are performed in surveying and geodesy. Examinations are after each semester. The study is completed by presenting a thesis. 3,4.3 Cand.mag. (Bachelor of Science) and Cand.real. (Master of Science) The academic titles of Bachelor and Master of Science are awarded at the universities of Oslo and Bergen by the Faculties of Mathematical and Natural Sciences. These universities do not cover a specific geodetic education, but they are those educational institutions which procure a geodetic education in natural sciences. The secondary school certificate and an examination in mathematics are the presumption for admission. The students are more or less free, depending on their own interests and future plans, to select for their studies subjects amongst a great many variously advanced courses within the range of subjects at the faculty. There is no special professorship in geodesy at the university, the lecturing being incorporated in the division of geophysics, and no fixed duration of the study (as an average 7 semesters undergraduate studies, 4 semesters for graduate studies). The undergraduate study usually comprises mathematics, physics and geophysics to varying extents. The graduate study is directly aimed at the subject named "main subject", which can be selected amongst for instance: gravity, oceanography, meteorology, higher geodesy and so on, and which 135

6 at the final examination results in presenting a thesis. The title of Cand.mag. is awarded after the undergraduate study, the Cand.real. title after the graduate study. 4. Further Professional Education and Advanced Training Since 1920 the NLH can confer a Doctorate degree: Doctor of Agriculture (Dr. agric.). The degree is obtained on the basis of approval of a thesis on some original contribution of science. No examination are required, but two lectures must be given, and the thesis must be defended. Since 1979 NLH can confer a new Doctorate degree: Doctor Scientiarum (Dr. scient.). The candidates must pass examinations in a number of subjects according to a curriculum worked out by a committee especially appointed for this purpose. A thesis must also be written and, subsequently, approved by the committee. At the NTH there are two following possibilities: The degree "doktor ingeniør" (dr.ing.) is based on examination and acceptance of a thesis. The course is designed to take 2 1/2 years. Dr.ing. studies began in 1975, and in courses in 184 subjects were offered. These are at higher level than those offered in the ordinary curriculum. In autumn 1980 there were all together 300 dr.ing. candidates at NTH. To obtain the degree "doctor technica" (dr.techn.) the candidate must prepare a more substantial scientific thesis. This thesis should be an original and independent contribution to the subject. The candidate must also give two test lectures, one on a topic of his own choice and one on a topic named by the university. In addition he must defend his thesis. 5. Further Remarks State loans are available to students studying abroad and there are special fellowships to assist mature persons to make additional studies some time after qualification. 136

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are indebted to Avdelingsdirektør Th. SØMOD, who has answered the questionnaire and revised the draft. BIBLIOGRAPHY ALLAN, A.L., Education for the profession. FIG Commission 2, Silver Springs 1974 (2nd edition), pp BALLE, G., Latest Developments in the education of the Norwegian surveyor with special reference to planning and valuation. XVI. FIG-Congress, paper 206.5, Montreux 1981 KÜHNHAUSEN, W., Zur Struktur des freien Vermessungsberufes. XVI. FIG-Congress, paper 104.1, Montreux

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