Pregnancy - First Trimester - What to Expect
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1 Pregnancy - First Trimester - What to Expect Introduction The first trimester of pregnancy refers to weeks 1 through 12. Pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks, counting from the first day of your last normal period. During the first trimester, changes affect almost every organ system in your body. These changes can trigger symptoms even in the very first weeks of pregnancy. As your body changes, you might need to make changes to your daily routine, such as going to bed earlier or eating frequent, small meals. This reference summary explains the first trimester of pregnancy. The program includes information about your baby s development, your physical and emotional changes during this time, your first visit to the health care provider, life style changes during pregnancy and when to call a doctor. First Trimester - Your Baby The first trimester of pregnancy is a time of intense changes for you and your baby. By the end of the first trimester, your baby s major organs and nervous system have begun to form. After your egg is fertilized by your partner s sperm in one of the Fallopian tubes, it forms a one-celled zygote. The zygote has 46 chromosomes: 23 from you and 23 from the father. These chromosomes help determine your baby's sex, as well as many other physical traits. The zygote travels down the Fallopian tube toward the uterus. During this time, it begins dividing to form a group of cells. These cells become the embryo. When the embryo reaches the uterus, it settles into the uterine wall for nourishment. It is here that the embryo slowly develops. Last reviewed: 8/23/2013 1
2 During the fifth week of pregnancy, your baby's brain and spinal cord begin to form. The heart also begins to form. Your baby is now an embryo and is about the size of a sesame seed. At 7 weeks, your baby s brain and face are developing. By the end of this week, your baby is about the size of a blueberry. At 8 weeks, all of your baby s major organs structures have begun to form. Your baby's heart beats with a regular rhythm. The arms and legs grow longer, and fingers and toes begin to form. The sex organs also begin to form. At the end of eight weeks, your baby is considered a fetus. Your baby is nearly 1 inch long and weighs less than oneeighth of an ounce. The external sex organs will show if your baby is a boy or girl at 12 weeks, or the end of the first trimester. A woman who has an ultrasound in the second trimester or later might be able to find out the baby's sex. Your baby is about 3 inches long and weighs almost an ounce by the end of the first trimester. He or she will have developed eyelids that are closed to protect the eyes. They will not open until the 28th week. First Trimester - Your Body During the first trimester of pregnancy, your body begins producing more hormones than usual. Estrogen and progesterone are two hormones that play an important role during the first trimester. Estrogen is produced by the ovaries. During the first trimester, estrogen: Promotes uterine growth. Promotes breast growth and milk production. Maintains the uterine lining. Increases blood circulation. Triggers the development of organs and bones in your baby. Progesterone is also made by ovaries. During the first trimester, progesterone: Keeps the placenta healthy. Thickens the uterine lining. Promotes breast growth. 2
3 The increase in hormones affects almost every organ system in your body. Hormonal changes can trigger symptoms in the very first weeks of pregnancy. The most common first symptom of pregnancy is a missed period. Other common symptoms of pregnancy in the first trimester include: Nausea or vomiting, also known as morning sickness. Tender, swollen breasts. Increased urination. Fatigue, or extreme tiredness. Food aversions or cravings. Dizziness. Heartburn and constipation. Slight bleeding or cramping. Mood swings. First Trimester - Your Emotions Pregnancy may cause mixed emotions. Even if you ve been trying to have a baby and are excited about your pregnancy, knowing that you re about to become a mother can add stress to your life. Common concerns for expectant mothers include: Health of the baby. Adjustment to motherhood. Cost of raising a child. The affect on romantic relationships. The affect on your activities or career. It is normal to have doubts about your pregnancy. You may find that you cry more easily or that you have mood swings. Take some time to recognize that what you are feeling is normal. Find ways to relax. Take baths, read a book, exercise, meditate or practice yoga. To help ease stress brought on by your emotions, surround yourself with supportive people. Talk to your health care provider for additional support. Take time to discuss your excitement and joy, as well as your doubts and worries, with a partner or support system. 3
4 Some women have an increased sex drive while they are pregnant. You may feel extra desirable, feminine and beautiful. Other women may feel insecure about the weight gain and body changes caused by pregnancy. If you feel self conscious about your changing body, remind yourself that your body is changing to keep you and your baby healthy throughout your pregnancy. Visits to Your Health Care Provider Getting early and regular prenatal care is important for your health and the health of your developing baby. Your health care provider will give you a schedule of all the prenatal visits you should have while pregnant. You may be seen more often if you are older than 35 or if your pregnancy is high risk. During the first prenatal visit, you can expect your health care provider to: Ask about your health history, including diseases, operations or past pregnancies. Ask about your family s health history. Do a complete physical exam, including a pelvic exam. Your health care provider will also do the following during your first prenatal visit: Take blood and urine for lab work. Check your blood pressure, height and weight. Calculate your due date. Answer your questions. At your first prenatal visit, you should ask questions and discuss any issues related to your pregnancy. Find out all you can about how to stay healthy. Later prenatal visits are usually shorter than the first. During these visits, your health care provider will check on your health and make sure the baby is growing normally. 4
5 Living Healthy Being pregnant may also require some lifestyle changes. The following includes some tips on what to do and what not to do while pregnant. Important tips for a healthy lifestyle while pregnant include: Don t smoke, drink alcohol or use illicit drugs. Avoid secondhand smoke, which can be harmful to you and your baby. Don t take hot baths or use hot tubs or saunas. Get plenty of sleep. Find ways to control stress. Women should gain a healthy amount of weight while pregnant. Talk to your health care provider to learn what a healthy amount is for you. Eating a healthy diet during pregnancy is one of the best things you can do for yourself and your baby. Smart choices about pregnancy nutrition can help you promote your baby's growth and development. Eat a diet that includes grains, fruits, vegetables, protein, dairy and water. Even women who eat healthfully every day can miss out on key nutrients. A daily prenatal vitamin, ideally starting three months before conception, can help fill any gaps. Your health care provider may recommend special supplements if you: Follow a strict vegetarian or vegan diet. Have had bariatric surgery. Have any chronic health conditions, such as diabetes. Always consult your health care provider before taking any new vitamins or supplements during pregnancy. Unless your health care provider tells you not to, try to get at least 2 hours and 30 minutes of aerobic activity each week. Aim for a moderate level of intensity. Try to spread your workouts throughout the week. 5
6 It is important to get informed during your pregnancy. Read books, watch videos and talk with moms you know. You can also ask your health care provider about childbirth education classes. These can help prepare you for the birth of your baby. While pregnant, you should stay away from chemicals. These include: Insecticides. Solvents, like some cleaners or paint thinners. Lead. Mercury. Paint, including paint fumes. Not all products have pregnancy warnings. If you re unsure about the safety of a product, ask your health care provider before using it. Toxoplasmosis is an infection caused by a parasite sometimes found in cat feces. If not treated, toxoplasmosis can cause birth defects. You can lower your risk by avoiding cat litter and wearing gloves while gardening. You should also avoid contact with rodents while pregnant. This includes pet rodents and their urine, droppings or nesting material. Rodents can carry a virus that can be harmful or even deadly to your baby. Take steps to avoid illness while you are pregnant. One way to do this is by washing your hands frequently. When to Call a Health Care Provider You should contact your health care provider at any point during your pregnancy if you are concerned about your health or the health of your baby. Although your body will go through a lot of changes, many of them are normal. But some changes should be reported to your health care provider. They may be signs of a problem. Call your health care provider if any of the following problems happen: Vaginal bleeding. Excessive nausea and vomiting. High fever. Vaginal discharge and itching. Pain or burning during urination. Leg or calf pain. Swelling on one side of the leg or calf. You experience symptoms of pre-existing chronic diseases, like asthma. 6
7 Remember, you can call your health care provider at any time to discuss concerns about your pregnancy. Getting answers to your questions can reduce stress, which is better for you and your baby. Summary During pregnancy, hormonal changes can trigger symptoms as early as the very first week. The most common first symptom of pregnancy is a missed period. Other common symptoms of pregnancy in the first trimester include morning sickness and tender, swollen breasts. Pregnancy may cause mixed emotions. Knowing that you re about to become a mother can add stress to your life. Some common concerns for expectant mothers include the health of the baby and the adjustment to motherhood. Being pregnant may require lifestyle changes. Do not smoke, drink alcohol or use illicit drugs during pregnancy. Doing so can cause major health problems for you and your baby. Early and regular prenatal care is important for your health and your baby s health. You will be given a schedule of all the prenatal visits you should have while pregnant. Contact your health care provider at any point during your pregnancy if you are concerned about your health or the health of your baby. 7
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