Water is both an abundant and scarce
|
|
- Annis Webster
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 15 Universities Council on Water Resources Issue 139, Pages 15-21, April 2008 Land-Use Impact on Water Pollution: Elevated Pollutant Input and Reduced Pollutant Retention Weixing Zhu 1, Joseph Graney 2, and Karen Salvage 2 1 Department of Biological Sciences, 2, Department of Geological Sciences and Environmental Studies, Binghamton University Water is both an abundant and scarce resource; less than one percent of water on Earth is available to terrestrial and fresh water ecosystems, including all human usage. As the renewable source of fresh water, 110,000 km 3 is precipitated on land annually, an average of just 70 cm/yr across the globe. Rapid human development, including urban and agricultural activities, demand a large and reliable supply of clean fresh water. Currently, over half of accessible fresh water runoff has already been appropriated for human use, and the issue of water supply will become more urgent in this century due to growing demands from human societies and uncertainty associated with global climate change. Non-point source pollution is a particular challenge to environmental management due to diverse sources of pollution and multiple and often complicated pathways of pollutant transport in the landscape. For example, non-point source pollution of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) causes widespread eutrophication in the nation s rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans, leads to algal blooms, oxygen depletion in water, fish kills and loss of native biodiversity (Carpenter et al. 1998, Howarth et al. 2000). The N and P pollution comes from diverse sources, including fertilizer usage in agricultural fields and suburban lawns, manure from animal feedlots, urban runoff, and atmospheric deposition (Carpenter et al. 1998). That makes quantitative predictions of how pollutants move from sources to sinks and possible management choices very difficult. The watershed approach is a powerful way to address non-point source pollution because a watershed can be considered a naturally-bounded hydrologic system, where water and pollutant inputs can be clearly delineated and their outputs from the watershed can be monitored. A watershed is not only the site of a hydrologic basin study, but also the location at which all ecosystem processes are occurring. In small headwater watersheds, experimental approaches to manipulate watershed structures and functions, such as cutting trees to examine the changes of stream runoff and water chemistry, have greatly increased our understandings of biological and hydrological controls on watershed processes (Likens and Bormann 1995, Swank and Crossley 1988). At large drainage basin scales, budgetary approaches to quantify total watershed inputs, many associated with anthropogenic activities linked with total watershed outputs, have provided important information on how human activities increase nonpoint source pollution and downstream exports of the pollutants from the watershed (Howarth et al. 1996, Boyer et al. 2002). Pollutant Inputs into the Watershed One of the major causes of water pollution is land use. For example, N and P inputs in agricultural fields and urban lawns greatly increase the N and P pollution in agricultural and urban watersheds (Carpenter et al. 1998). In the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, N outputs in streams from 17 headwater watersheds in the Coastal Plain Province and 10 watersheds in the Piedmont Province were found to be positively correlated with the proportion of cropland in the watershed (Jordan et al. 1997a, b). Average annual N discharge was estimated at 18 kg/ha from cropland and just 2.9 kg/ha from forestland in the coastal plain area (Jordan 1997a). entire.indd 15 3/17/ :38:55 AM
2 16 Zhu, Graney, and Salvage In the Piedmont area, average annual N discharges were 42 and 1.2 kg/ha from cropland and forestland, respectively. In Baltimore County, Maryland, also located in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, N annual pollutant export through streamflow was more than 10 times higher in a suburban watershed than in a forested watershed (6.5 vs kg N/ ha), while that from an agriculture watershed was 30 times higher (Groffman et al. 2004). In urban ecosystems, in addition to fertilizer usage, a large amount of N can be imported in foods for humans and their pets and N fixed in automobiles and power plants can be deposited near the emission sources. Zhu et al. (2006) for example, found that nitrate concentrations of surface soils in the Phoenix urban ecosystem varied by four orders of magnitude, with soils from different types of urban land use containing significantly higher nitrate-n (sometimes more than ten times higher on average) than the native desert soils. In southeastern New York, Pouyat and McDonnell (1991) provided convincing evidence that significantly more heavy metals were accumulated in forest soils in the urban end of an urban-rural gradient. Pollutants generated outside the watershed boundary can be deposited through atmospheric deposition. The northeastern U.S., for example, has the highest rates of N deposition on the North American continent, ranging from 5-20 kg N per hectare annually, which is 5-10 times the preindustrial background. The pattern of N deposition here shows clear trends of west-east decline and south-north decline, pointing strongly to industrial sources in the western and urban sources in the southern portions of the region (Ollinger et al. 1993). Boyer et al. (2002) estimated that atmospheric deposition was the largest single source of anthropogenic N input in northeastern U.S. watersheds (31 percent), followed by the inputs in food and feed (24 percent), N fixation in agricultural fields (24 percent), fertilizer use (15 percent), and N fixation in forests (5 percent). Pollutant Removal in Watersheds Land-use change not only affects pollutant input in a watershed, but also affects its hydrology. In a forested watershed, precipitation is absorbed by the tree canopy, lost to the air through evapotranspiration, percolates through the soil layers, and recharges the ground water that feeds stream base flow. Surface runoff in agricultural watersheds is usually much higher than in forested watersheds and even higher in urban watersheds, where the percentage of impervious surface is extremely high. Urban hydrology can be further altered due to reduced evapotranspiration (because of lower vegetation cover) and engineered storm water systems that directly channel surface runoff to streams. The altered hydrology leads to enhanced peak runoff during storms, leading to flooding. Impervious surface can also dramatically alter the pattern of pollutant output from the watershed because of hydrologic effects on pollutant delivery and on the biogeochemical retention and removal of pollutants. The hydrologic flow path in a watershed (from precipitation to stream flow) affects the contact time between pollutants, biological systems (vegetation, surface and vadose zone soil, riparian area along streams, etc), and biogeochemical processes that could retain or remove pollutants. When hydrological flow is fast and contact time is low, such as in spring snowmelt and summer storms, pollutants can be carried to streams with minimal removal. The difference in flow path can be either anthropogenically or naturally caused. In the previous example (Jordan et al. 1997a, b) the Piedmont Province of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed has much steeper slopes than the coastal plain province and thus much faster hydrological flows. In forested watersheds, annual N outputs from both areas were small (averaging 1.2 and 2.9 kg/ha respectively). In agricultural watersheds, however, the much larger annual N pollutant export from the Piedmont area (averaged at 42 kg/ha) dwarfed the export from the Coastal Plain (averaged at 18 kg N per hectare), even with similar land use and similar N input, strongly suggesting the effects of natural hydrological variations on pollutant export. The contact between pollutants carried by hydrologic flow and biogeochemical processes that retain or remove them (e.g., denitrification) usually intensifies in riparian zones of the watershed. That is why the riparian area needs to be protected for the benefits of pollutant removal and preventing direct pollutant discharges into streams. The distribution of riparian wetlands, however, can be constrained entire.indd 16 3/17/ :38:55 AM
3 Land-Use Impact on Water Pollution 17 by the geographic setting of the watershed. In the Chesapeake Bay Watershed, the Coastal Plain has the highest distribution of riparian wetland, while the Piedmont and the Valley and Ridge areas have much lower riparian coverage due to steep slopes (Lowrance et al. 1997). In urban watersheds, highly engineered storm water drainage systems often short-cut the filter function of the natural riparian wetland by discharging water directly into the stream. Furthermore, the altered hydrologic flow pattern, characterized by elevated peak discharge, has been causing enhanced stream channel erosion and other alterations of stream geomorphology. A resulting consequence is the lowering of water tables in nearby wetlands, further diminishing their function of removing non-point source pollutants (Groffman et al. 2003). Studies in a Small Watershed at Binghamton University Over the past several years, we have studied a headwater watershed where the State University of New York-Binghamton campus is located (Figure 1). The 8 km 2 watershed is drained by a perennial stream (Fuller Hollow Creek) that discharges directly into the Susquehanna River, the largest tributary of the Chesapeake Bay Estuary. The watershed contains forested areas, including a 180-acre Nature Preserve, suburban land use, and urban land use characterized by dense human populations, a large percentage of impervious surface, and high daily traffic flow on the campus. We sampled stream water chemistry at multiple locations along the creek, including tributaries draining sub-watersheds dominated by natural, suburban, and urban land uses. We also sampled a storm water retention wetland in one of the urban sub-watersheds. The study was conducted in the Fall in conjunction with Watershed Hydrology and Watershed Ecology classes partially supported by the National Science Foundation education programs and in the Summer through a special intern program supported by the National Institutes of Health. Thus, we integrate environmental scientific Figure 1. Aerial photo of 8 km 2 Fuller Hollow Creek Watershed. Watershed delineation shows the suburban (Sub), natural (Nat), and urban (Urb and Urb2) sub-watersheds. Sampling locations are indicated as circles and include one at main channel and others at the tributaries. Sampling locations within the Urb subwatershed were before (Urb) and after (UrbR) a retention wetland. Susquehanna River is in the northeast corner of the photo. entire.indd 17 3/17/ :38:55 AM
4 18 Zhu, Graney, and Salvage Figure 2. Stream nitrate concentrations in the autumn of (a) 2004, (b) 2005, and (c) 2006, showing the effect of land use on water pollution and the remediation effect of the urban retention wetland. Sub: suburban land-use; Nat: forested drainage subbasin; Urb: urban drainage subbasin before a retention wetland; UrbR: urban drainage basin after a retention wetland; Main: main stream channel; Urb2: 2nd urban subbasin. research with environmental education, and apply our findings to environmental management and public outreach (see Graney et al., this issue). Studying land use effects in a single headwater watershed also allows us to minimize natural geological, biological, and climatic variations often occurring on larger-scale projects. Variations in stream chemistry showed a clear pattern of the effect of land use on water pollution (Figure 2). Nitrate concentrations in tributaries draining urban sub-watersheds were 5-10 times higher than those draining suburban and natural sub-watersheds. In Fall 2004, we found nitrate concentrations in an urban tributary passing through a storm water retention wetland (UrbR) were much lower than another urban tributary without any retention facility (Urb2, Fig. 2a). That led us to ask the question: could retention wetlands, often used in urban storm water management, also be used to reduce water pollution? Since riparian wetlands are rare in the urban part of the watershed due to deep incision of the creek channel, this watershed management option for reducing pollutant loads is very important. In 2005 and 2006, we sampled the urban tributary both upstream and downstream of the retention wetland. Our data clearly showed that in the months of September and October, and in both 2005 and 2006, stream nitrate concentrations were significantly reduced after passing through the wetland (Fig. 2b, c). The mitigation effects of retention wetlands on urban runoff can be linked to its chief function of mitigating storm water flow (Fig. 3). The attenuated flow condition in the retention wetland increases the contact time between flow that carries upland urban pollutants, and wetland plants and sediments, allowing both biological uptake and biogeochemical processes to occur. However, the detailed hydrologic and biogeochemical interactions remain to be determined, and our ongoing research is addressing these issues. Management Choices and Conclusions From our biogeochemical and hydrologic studies in a headwater watershed in the upper Chesapeake Bay Watershed and the literature review, it is clear that both elevated pollutant inputs associated with changing land use and altered hydrologic flow entire.indd 18 3/17/ :38:56 AM
5 Land-Use Impact on Water Pollution 19 patterns have large impacts on water pollution. Management decisions using sound watershed science principles are needed to reduce pollutant load, prevent direct pollutant discharge into surface and ground water, and increase pollutant removal. Urban hydrologic alterations in particular, by either reducing the area of riparian wetland or diminishing its biogeochemical function, make this natural filter of non-point source pollution less functional in urban watersheds. In regions where the natural distribution of riparian wetlands is limited, storm water retention wetlands can both attenuate the peak discharge as well as reduce the pollutant export to streams. Other management decisions, such as reducing impervious surface cover in the watershed, increasing storm water infiltration to the vadose zone and allowing it to follow natural hydrologic flow paths from uplands to wetlands to stream channels, would also be useful, not only in controlling peak storm discharge, but also in Figure 3. Stream hydrographs showing the attenuation of peak stormflows before (Urb) and after (UrbR) an urban retention wetland (top) and the difference between a natural sub-drainage basin (Nat) and an urban sub-basin (Urb2, bottom) in August entire.indd 19 3/17/ :38:57 AM
6 20 Zhu, Graney, and Salvage reducing pollution discharges. Further interdisciplinary studies are needed to fully understand the hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological interactions occurring in watershed ecosystems, including retention wetlands. Where should the retention wetlands be located and how big should they be? Do pollution reductions vary according to hydrologic conditions as well as seasonally? From human perspectives, flooding controls are likely more important to local residents, yet management choices can effectively incorporate pollution controls for the benefit of both local residents and those living hundreds of miles away downstream. The health of natural terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems in the watershed also stand to benefit. Acknowledgements We would like to thank Binghamton University Provost s Inter/Multidisciplinary Symposia Program which supported this Watershed Symposium and this special issue and funding support from the NSF CCLI grant and EPA Watershed Initiative for our campus watershed study. We greatly enjoyed the colleague support from Binghamton University s Center for Integrated Watershed Studies and enthusiastic participation of many undergraduate and graduate students in the research. Author Bios and Contact Information Weixing Zhu, Ph.D., is an associate professor in biological sciences at the State University of New York at Binghamton. His research focuses in the areas of nitrogen biogeochemistry and ecosystem ecology. His address: Dept. of Biological Sciences, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY wxzhu@ binghamton.edu. Joseph Graney, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Geological Sciences at the State University of New York at Binghamton. His research focuses on environmental geochemistry and surface water hydrology. His address: Dept. of Geological Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton university, Binghamton, NY jgraney@binghamton. edu. Karen Salvage, Ph.D., is an associate professor in the Department of Geological Sciences at the State University of New York at Binghamton. Her research focuses on ground water hydrology and modeling. Her address: Dept. of Geological Sciences, P.O. Box 6000, Binghamton university, Binghamton, NY ksalvage@binghamton.edu. References Boyer, E. W., C. Goodale, N. A. Jaworski, and R. W. Howarth Anthropogenic nitrogen sources and relationships to riverine nitrogen export in the northeastern U.S.A. Biogeochemistry 57/58: Carpenter, S., N. F. Varoco, D. L. Correll, R. W. Howarth, A. N. Sharpley, and V. H. Smith, Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8: Groffman, P. M., D. J. Bain, L. E. Band, K. T. Belt, G. S. Brush, J. M. Grove, R. V. Pouyat, I. C. Yesilonis, and W. C. Zipperer Down by the riverside: urban riparian ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1: Groffman, P. M., N. L. Law, K. T. Belt, L. E. Band, and G. T. Fisher Nitrogen fluxes and retention in urban watershed ecosystems. Ecosystems 7: Howarth, R. W., G. Billen, D. Swaney, A. Townsend, N. Jaworski, K. Lajtha, J. A. Downing, R. Elmgren, N. Caroco, T. Jordan, F. Berendse, J. Freney, V. Kudeyarov, P. Murdoch, and Z.-L. Zhu Regional nitrogen budget and riverine N & P fluxes for the drainages to the North Atlantic Ocean: Natural and human influences. Biogeochemistry 35: Howarth, R., D. Anderson, J. Cloern, C. Elfring, C. Hopkinson, B. Lapointe, T. Malone, N. Marcus, K. McGlathery, A. Sharpley, and D. Walker, Nutrient pollution of coastal rivers, bays, and seas. Issue in Ecology No. 7, Ecological Society of America, Washington, DC. Jordan, T. E., D. L. Correll, and D. E. Weller. 1997a. Effects of agriculture on discharges of nutrients from coastal plain watersheds of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: Jordan, T. E., D. L. Correll, and D. E. Weller. 1997b. Nonpoint source discharges of nutrients from piedmont watersheds of Chesapeake Bay. Journal of the American Water Resources Association 33: Likens, G. E., and F. H. Bormann Biogeochemistry of a Forested Ecosystem. 2 nd edition, Spinger-Verlag: New York. Lowrance, R., L. S. Altier, J. D. Newbold, R. R. Schnabel, P. M. Groffman, J. M. Denver, D. L. Cornell, J. W. Gilliam, J. L. Robinson, R. B. Brinsfield, K. W. entire.indd 20 3/17/ :38:57 AM
7 Land-Use Impact on Water Pollution 21 Staver, W. Lucas, and A. H. Todd Water quality functions of riparian forest buffers in Chesapeake Bay watersheds. Environmental Management 21: Ollinger, S. V., J. D. Aber, G. Lovett, S. E. Millham, R. G. Lathrop, and J. M. Ellis A spatial model of atmospheric deposition for the Northeastern U.S. Ecological Applications 3: Pouyat, R. V., and M. J. McDonnell Heavy metal accumulations in forest soils along an urban-rural gradient in Southeastern New York, USA. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution 57-58: Swank, W. T., and D. A. Crossley, Jr. (eds.), Forest Hydrology and Ecology at Coweeta. Springer- Verlag: New York. Zhu, W.-X., N. Hope, C. Gries, and N. B. Grimm Soil characteristics and the accumulation of inorganic nitrogen in an arid urban ecosystem. Ecosystems 9: entire.indd 21 3/17/ :38:57 AM
Sustainability Brief: Water Quality and Watershed Integrity
Sustainability Brief: and Watershed Integrity New Jersey depends on water resources for the health of our people, the strength of our economy, and the vitality of our ecosystems. The quality of our water
More informationPhosphorus. Phosphorus Lake Whatcom Cooperative Management. www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/nonpoint/phosphorus/phosphorusban.html
Phosphorus Phosphorus Brochure Lake Whatcom Cooperative Management Reducing Phosphorus Website Washington State Department of Ecology www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/nonpoint/phosphorus/phosphorusban.html Nutrients
More informationRocky EEP Preliminary Findings Report Summary February 2005
This is a DRAFT summary of the NC Ecosystem Enhancement Upper Rocky River Local Watershed Plan Preliminary Findings Report. The original, 157 page document can be found here: www.ncsu.edu/weco/rocky. The
More informationEarth Science. River Systems and Landforms GEOGRAPHY 1710. The Hydrologic Cycle. Introduction. Running Water. Chapter 14.
Earth Science GEOGRAPHY 1710 River Systems and Landforms DAVID R. SALLEE Robert W. Christopherson Charlie Thomsen Chapter 14 Introduction Rivers and streams are dynamic systems that continually adjust
More informationEstimating Potential Reduction Flood Benefits of Restored Wetlands
Estimating Potential Reduction Flood Benefits of Restored Wetlands Kenneth W. Potter University of Wisconsin Introduction Throughout the summer of 1993 a recurring question was the impact of wetland drainage
More informationEffects of Land Cover, Flow, and Restoration on Stream Water Quality in the Portland, OR and Vancouver, WA Metro Area
Effects of Land Cover, Flow, and Restoration on Stream Water Quality in the Portland, OR and Vancouver, WA Metro Area Heejun Chang 1, Alan Yeakley 2 Noelwah Netusil 3, Paul Thiers 4, Gretchen Rollwagon-Bollens
More informationSources to Seafood: Mercury Pollution in the Marine Environment Background on Presenting Scientists
Celia Y. Chen, Ph.D Dartmouth College Research Professor Department of Biological Sciences Class of '78 Life Sciences Center HB 6044 Hanover, NH 03755 (603)646 2376 Celia.chen@dartmouth.edu Dr. Celia Chen
More informationGLOSSARY OF TERMS CHAPTER 11 WORD DEFINITION SOURCE. Leopold
CHAPTER 11 GLOSSARY OF TERMS Active Channel The channel that contains the discharge Leopold where channel maintenance is most effective, sediment are actively transported and deposited, and that are capable
More informationHow To Plan A Buffer Zone
Backyard Buffers Protecting Habitat and Water Quality What is a buffer? A buffer (also called a riparian buffer area or zone) is the strip of natural vegetation along the bank of a stream, lake or other
More informationCOMPREHENSIVE PLAN SECTION B, ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES. April 20, 2010 EXHIBIT 1
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN SECTION B, ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES April 20, 2010 EXHIBIT 1 ELEMENT 4 WATER RESOURCES TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.1 INTRODUCTION 4.2 GOALS AND POLICIES 4.2.A General Goals and Policies 1 4.2.B
More information4. Environmental Impacts Assessment and Remediation Targets
4. Environmental Impacts Assessment and Remediation Targets 4.1 Environmental Impacts Significant additional development in the Alder Creek watershed is not anticipated at this time; however, there are
More informationFlash Flood Science. Chapter 2. What Is in This Chapter? Flash Flood Processes
Chapter 2 Flash Flood Science A flash flood is generally defined as a rapid onset flood of short duration with a relatively high peak discharge (World Meteorological Organization). The American Meteorological
More informationOrigins and causes of river basin sediment degradation and available remediation and mitigation options. Feedback from the Riskbase workshop
Origins and causes of river basin sediment degradation and available remediation and mitigation options Feedback from the Riskbase workshop Corinne Merly 1, Olivier Cerdan 1, Laurence Gourcy 1 Emmanuelle
More information4.2 Buena Vista Creek Watershed
Buena Vista Creek Watershed 4.2 Buena Vista Creek Watershed Watershed Overview The Buena Vista Creek Watershed is the fourth-largest system within the Carlsbad Hydrologic Unit. The watershed extends approximately
More informationA Developer s Guide: Watershed-Wise Development
A Developer s Guide: Watershed-Wise Development Environmental Protection What is a watershed? It does not matter how far away you build from a creek, lake, or the ocean, you are in a watershed. Another
More information3. The submittal shall include a proposed scope of work to confirm the provided project description;
QIN Shoreline Master Program Project Summary The Shoreline Master Program (SMP) development process for the Quinault Indian Nation (QIN) includes the completion of inventory and analysis report with corresponding
More informationCatchment Scale Processes and River Restoration. Dr Jenny Mant Jenny@therrc.co.uk. The River Restoration Centre therrc.co.uk
Catchment Scale Processes and River Restoration Dr Jenny Mant Jenny@therrc.co.uk The River Restoration Centre therrc.co.uk 3 Main Catchment Elements Hydrology Energy associated with the flow of water affects
More informationMichigan Wetlands. Department of Environmental Quality
Department of Environmental Quality Wetlands are a significant component of Michigan s landscape, covering roughly 5.5 million acres, or 15 percent of the land area of the state. This represents about
More informationIt s hard to avoid the word green these days.
Going green : Environmental jobs for scientists and engineers Alice Ramey Alice Ramey is an economist in the Office of Occupational Statistics and Employment Projections, BLS. She is available at (202)
More informationRestoration Planning and Development of a Restoration Bank
Restoration Planning and Development of a Restoration Bank Black Creek Pioneer Village, South Theatre 8:30 a.m. to 3:30 p.m. Habitat Restoration and Environmental Monitoring Projects Section Restoration
More informationThe Nitrogen Cycle. What is Nitrogen? Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle. How does the nitrogen cycle work?
Human Alteration of the Global Nitrogen Cycle Heather McGraw, Mandy Williams, Suzanne Heinzel, and Cristen Whorl, Give SIUE Permission to Put Our Presentation on E-reserve at Lovejoy Library. What is Nitrogen?
More information1.7.0 Floodplain Modification Criteria
1.7.0 Floodplain Modification Criteria 1.7.1 Introduction These guidelines set out standards for evaluating and processing proposed modifications of the 100- year floodplain with the following objectives:
More informationCurt Kerns, M.S., R.P.Bio., C.F.S. WetlandsPacific Corp. 250-722-7117 www.wetlandspacific.com
Curt Kerns, M.S., R.P.Bio., C.F.S. WetlandsPacific Corp. 250-722-7117 www.wetlandspacific.com Presentation Historical perspectives Present perspectives How wetlands function Examples of natural wetlands
More informationRestoring Anadromous Fish Habitat in Big Canyon Creek Watershed. Summary Report 2002
Restoring Anadromous Fish Habitat in Big Canyon Creek Watershed Summary Report 2002 DOE/BP-00005268-5 November 2002 This Document should be cited as follows: "Restoring Anadromous Fish Habitat in Big Canyon
More informationTennessee Watershed Modeling Tools. Southern Region Watershed Meeting, July 2005. Forbes Walker University of Tennessee Extension
Tennessee Watershed Modeling Tools Southern Region Watershed Meeting, July 2005 Forbes Walker University of Tennessee Extension Outline Land Use and Water Quality in Tennessee Watershed models Watershed
More informationChapter 9. Selected Watershed Initiatives in the Great Basin Region
Chapter 9 Selected Watershed Initiatives in the Great Basin Region The Great Basin contains vast areas of sparsely populated desert lands. Lacking an ocean drainage, the Great Basin is a hydrologic sink
More informationHealthy Forests Resilient Water Supply Vibrant Economy. Ecological Restoration Institute
Healthy Forests Resilient Water Supply Vibrant Economy Ecological Restoration Institute How Water Gets to Your Home MOST OF THE VALLEY S WATER SUPPLY comes from winter precipitation and runoff from Arizona
More informationGinger Paige and Nancy Mesner University of Wyoming Utah State University
Effective Water Quality BMP Monitoring Tools Ginger Paige and Nancy Mesner University of Wyoming Utah State University Overview BMP Monitoring Guidance Document for Stream Systems Lessons learned CEAP
More informationExecutive Summary Minnesota Nutrient Reduction Strategy
Executive Summary The (NRS) will guide the state in reducing excess nutrients in waters so that in-state and downstream water quality goals are ultimately met. Nutrient impacts are widespread. Excessive
More informationGLOBAL CIRCULATION OF WATER
Global Circulation of Water MODULE - 8A 27 GLOBAL CIRCULATION OF WATER More than three-fourths of the earth s surface is covered by water. Water is an odorless, tasteless, substance than can naturally
More informationPamela Birak, Jordan Lake State Park, Chatham County, NC
Pamela Birak, Jordan Lake State Park, Chatham County, NC 3 Lakes, Reservoirs, and Ponds Forty-six states, Puerto Rico, and the District of Columbia (collectively referred to as states in the rest of this
More informationBLACK/HARMONY/FAREWELL CREEK WATERSHED EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT CHAPTER 12 - STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Harmony Creek subwatershed Harmony Creek subwatershed BLACK/HARMONY/FAREWELL CREEK WATERSHED EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT CHAPTER 12 - STORMWATER MANAGEMENT April 2011 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION...
More informationFloodplain Connectivity in Restoration Design
Floodplain Connectivity in Restoration Design 2015 Symposium on Restoration in a Contaminated Environment: Lessons Learned and Challenges in Moving Forward Part II April 2015 Karin Boyd Applied Geomorphology,
More informationDetention Ponds. Detention Ponds. Detention Ponds. Detention Ponds. Detention Ponds. Detention Ponds. CIVL 1112 Detention Ponds - Part 1 1/12
CIVL 1112 - Part 1 1/12 The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle, describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface of the Earth. The water cycle, also known as the
More informationIncreasing water availability through juniper control.
Tim Deboodt, OSU Crook County Extension Agent 498 SE Lynn Blvd. Prineville, OR 97754 541-447-6228 Tim.deboodt@oregonstate.edu Increasing water availability through juniper control. Throughout the region
More informationClean Water Services. Ecosystems Services Case Study: Tualatin River, Washington
Viewed broadly, the concept of ecosystem services describes the many resources and services provided by nature. Typically, traditional planning and development practices do not adequately represent the
More informationSPA Annual Report for 2002 September, 2003 Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection Page 125. Evaluation and Recommendations
Montgomery County Department of Environmental Protection Page 125 Evaluation and Recommendations Monitoring efforts in the Special Protection Areas continue to provide the kind of information needed to
More informationFreshwater Resources and Water Pollution
Visualizing Environmental Science Freshwater Resources and Water Pollution Chapter 10 Copyright The Importance of Water Life on Earth would be impossible without water All living organisms contain water
More informationHenry Van Offelen Natural Resource Scientist MN Center for Environmental Advocacy hvanoffelen@mncenter.org
Henry Van Offelen Natural Resource Scientist MN Center for Environmental Advocacy hvanoffelen@mncenter.org Wetland study slide Water Quality NRE goals in watershed plans Protect habitat that remains.
More informationA HYDROLOGIC NETWORK SUPPORTING SPATIALLY REFERENCED REGRESSION MODELING IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED
A HYDROLOGIC NETWORK SUPPORTING SPATIALLY REFERENCED REGRESSION MODELING IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED JOHN W. BRAKEBILL 1* AND STEPHEN D. PRESTON 2 1 U.S. Geological Survey, Baltimore, MD, USA; 2 U.S.
More informationChapter 14 Quiz. Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Chapter 14 Quiz Multiple Choice Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1. Which of the following is NOT true regarding the Chesapeake Bay? a. it is one of many small
More informationROSE CREEK WATERSHED HYDROLOGIC, HYDRAULIC, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AND GEOMORPHIC ANALYSES TASK 1 EXISTING DATA AND INFORMATION SUMMARY REPORT BACKGROUND
ROSE CREEK WATERSHED HYDROLOGIC, HYDRAULIC, SEDIMENT TRANSPORT, AND GEOMORPHIC ANALYSES TASK 1 EXISTING DATA AND INFORMATION SUMMARY REPORT BACKGROUND The Rose Creek Watershed (RCW) consists of three planning
More informationEcosystem Services in the Greater Houston Region. A case study analysis and recommendations for policy initiatives
Ecosystem Services in the Greater Houston Region A case study analysis and recommendations for policy initiatives Ecosystem Services Ecosystems provide services through their natural processes that we
More informationApplication of Invest`s Sedimentation Retention model for restoration benefits forecast at Cantareira Water Supply System
Application of Invest`s Sedimentation Retention model for restoration benefits forecast at Cantareira Water Supply System Introduction Healthy forests regulate water flows, protect watercourses and maintain
More informationNatural Resource-Based Planning*
Natural Resource-Based Planning* Planning, when done well, is among the most powerful tools available to communities. A solid plan, based on good natural resource information, guides rational land-use
More informationEnvironmental Case Study Decatur, Georgia, DeKalb County A Suburban Creek Resists Channelization
Introduction A visual examination of Doolittle Creek in a highly developed suburban county in Georgia yielded telltale signs of a creek whose original streambed had been altered. Examination of official
More informationWater Quality and Water Usage Surveys
Appendix 1 Water Quality and Water Usage Surveys This appendix contains copies of the Water Quality Survey and the Lake Usage Survey that we used to complete the watershedbased community assessments. We
More informationSUSTAINABLE URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS
overflow can lead into a permeable conveyance system to increase further the benefit and reduce the need for pipe systems. Pollutant removal rates have been shown to be high, with some pollutants being
More informationFLOOD PROTECTION AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE CHEHALIS RIVER BASIN. May 2010. Prepared by. for the. 2010 by Earth Economics
FLOOD PROTECTION AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES IN THE CHEHALIS RIVER BASIN May 2010 Prepared by for the Execubve Summary The Chehalis Basin experienced catastrophic flooding in 2007 and 2009. In response, the
More informationLYNDE CREEK WATERSHED EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT CHAPTER 12 - STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
Whitby CLOCA Whitby CLOCA LYNDE CREEK WATERSHED EXISTING CONDITIONS REPORT CHAPTER 12 - STORMWATER MANAGEMENT June 2008 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION... 3 2.0 STUDY AREA AND SCOPE... 4 3.0 METHODOLOGY...
More informationThe Eight Tools of Watershed Protection. Tom Schueler Center for Watershed Protection EPA Webcast
The Eight Tools of Watershed Protection Tom Schueler Center for Watershed Protection EPA Webcast 1 About the Center for Watershed Protection Non-profit 501(c)3, non-advocacy organization Work with watershed
More informationHydrological transport modeling
Hydrological transport modeling Catchment modeling example from the EU EUROCAT project Catchment - river - coast continuum modeling example from MONERIS modeling Sea-air exchange modeling example from
More information10/4/2012. 40 slide sample of Presentation. Key Principles to Current Stormwater Management
40 slide sample of Presentation Please contact mhoalton@pacewater.com if you would like the complete presentation Key Principles to Current Stormwater Management Distributed Control Measures Integrated
More informationEPA Grants Supported Restoring the Chesapeake Bay
OFFICE OF INSPECTOR GENERAL Audit Report Catalyst for Improving the Environment EPA Grants Supported Restoring the Chesapeake Bay Report No. 2006-P-00032 September 6, 2006 Report Contributors: Randy Holthaus
More informationWhich of the following can be determined based on this model? The atmosphere is the only reservoir on Earth that can store carbon in any form. A.
Earth s Cycles 1. Models are often used to explain scientific knowledge or experimental results. A model of the carbon cycle is shown below. Which of the following can be determined based on this model?
More informationElizabeth Curmi, Keith Richards, Richard Fenner, Julian.M Allwood, Bojana Bajželj and Grant M. Kopec
A new representation of integrated management of water resources: Sankey diagrams that link water sources and services for humans and nature at different scales Elizabeth Curmi, Keith Richards, Richard
More informationWelcome to the Understanding Dissolved Oxygen learning module. This section provides information on the following topics:
Introduction Welcome to the learning module. This section provides information on the following topics: How dissolved oxygen is defined and measured in numbers Why dissolved oxygen is important Natural
More informationLower Raritan Watershed Management Area Stormwater & Flooding Subcommittee Strategy Worksheet LRSW-S3C1
Strategy Name: Reduce Existing Potential for Flood Damages LRSW-S3C1. Develop and implement a program to: Minimize flood damages through the use of structural measures. Minimize flood damages through the
More informationBiological Remediation of Nitrate (NO 3 - ) Pollution at the Land/Water Interface
Biological Remediation of Nitrate (NO 3 - ) Pollution at the Land/Water Interface Abstract J. Hope Hornbeck The Environmental Protection Agency has identified nonpoint source pollution (NPS) as the as
More informationPresented by Dani Wise Johnson Vanasse Hangen Brustlin, Inc.
Incorporating LID Stormwater Management Practices and Ecological Restoration on Redevelopment Properties Presented to LID Conference Philadelphia, Sept 2011 Presented by Dani Wise Johnson Vanasse Hangen
More informationBringing Covert Land Use Strategies into the Spotlight: Cracking the Code for Sustainable Coastal Communities
Bringing Covert Land Use Strategies into the Spotlight: Cracking the Code for Sustainable Coastal Communities Dan Hitchcock Baruch Institute, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC NEMO U 007 Portland, Maine
More informationBroken Arrow Public Schools AP Environmental Science Objectives Revised 11-19-08
1 st six weeks 1 Identify questions and problems that can be answered through scientific investigation. 2 Design and conduct scientific investigations to answer questions about the world by creating hypotheses;
More informationCreate Your Own Soil Profile Ac5vity
Create Your Own Soil Profile Ac5vity Middle School: 5-8 Task Overview: Soil profile refers to layers of soil. A typical soil profile takes nearly 1,000 to 100,000 years to form. The formation of the soil
More informationApplying MIKE SHE to define the influence of rewetting on floods in Flanders
Applying MIKE SHE to define the influence of rewetting on floods in Flanders MARK HENRY RUBARENZYA 1, PATRICK WILLEMS 2, JEAN BERLAMONT 3, & JAN FEYEN 4 1,2,3 Hydraulics Laboratory, Department of Civil
More informationDESIGN OF STORM WATER DETENTION POND
Yunnan Chuxiong Urban Environment Improvement Project (RRP PRC 45507) DESIGN OF STORM WATER DETENTION POND A. Background 1. Chuxiong Yi Autonomous Prefecture (Chuxiong prefecture) is located at about 160
More informationScheduling Maintenance for Infiltration Basins and Trenches
Visual Inspection for Infiltration Practices Visual inspection is a rapid assessment procedure for qualitatively evaluating the functionality of a stormwater best management practice (BMP). Visual inspections
More information33 CFR PART 332 COMPENSATORY MITIGATION FOR LOSSES OF AQUATIC RESOURCES. Authority: 33 U.S.C. 401 et seq. ; 33 U.S.C. 1344; and Pub. L. 108 136.
33 CFR PART 332 COMPENSATORY MITIGATION FOR LOSSES OF AQUATIC RESOURCES Authority: 33 U.S.C. 401 et seq. ; 33 U.S.C. 1344; and Pub. L. 108 136. Source: 73 FR 19670, Apr. 10, 2008, unless otherwise noted.
More informationHYDROLOGICAL CYCLE Vol. I - Anthropogenic Effects on the Hydrological Cycle - I.A. Shiklomanov ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE
ANTHROPOGENIC EFFECTS ON THE HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE I.A. Shiklomanov Director, State Hydrological Institute, St. Petersburg, Russia Keywords: hydrological cycle, anthropogenic factors, afforestation, land
More informationMonitoring Hydrological Changes Related to Western Juniper Removal: A Paired Watershed Approach
Monitoring Hydrological Changes Related to Western Juniper Removal: A Paired Watershed Approach T.L. Deboodt, M.P. Fisher, J.C. Buckhouse, John Swanson Abstract Since 1934, western juniper has increased
More informationPrioritizing Riparian Restoration at the Watershed, Reach and Site Scales. Richard R. Harris University of California, Berkeley Cooperative Extension
Prioritizing Riparian Restoration at the Watershed, Reach and Site Scales Richard R. Harris University of California, Berkeley Cooperative Extension Issues Riparian communities provide multiple benefits
More informationHandbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters
This document is one chapter from the EPA Handbook for Developing Watershed Plans to Restore and Protect Our Waters, published in March 2008. The reference number is EPA 841-B-08-002. You can find the
More informationAreas of protection and the impact chain
Areas of protection and the impact chain Bo P. Weidema 2001.01.10 1. Introduction A modified scheme of areas of protection (also known as safeguard subjects) by Udo de Haes & Lindeijer (2000) has opened
More informationOregon. Climate Change Adaptation Framework
Oregon Climate Change Adaptation Framework Oregon Environmental Quality Commission Climate Change Adaptation Framework Presentation at a glance: Purposes of the framework Participating agencies Climate
More informationBackyard Buffers that Work for People and Nature by Restoring Ecological Function
Backyard Buffers that Work for People and Nature by Restoring Ecological Function What is a Wetland Buffer? A wetland buffer is a simple land management practice that is employed by municipalities to protect
More informationChesapeake Bay FieldScope Activity Teacher Guide
Chesapeake Bay FieldScope Activity Teacher Guide About FieldScope FieldScope is a National Geographic pilot project, designed to encourage students to learn about water quality issues in their area. The
More informationLecture Series in Water, Soil and Atmosphere (315.340) Unit 1: Interaction Soil / Vegetation / Atmosphere
Dept. Water, Soil & Atmosphere Institute of Hydraulics and Rural Water Management University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna Lecture Series in Water, Soil and Atmosphere (315.340) Unit 1:
More informationUrban Ecosystem Analysis Atlanta Metro Area Calculating the Value of Nature
August 2001 Urban Ecosystem Analysis Atlanta Metro Area Calculating the Value of Nature Report Contents 2 Project Overview and Major Findings 3 Regional Analysis 4 Local Analysis 6 Using Regional Data
More informationChesapeake Bay and Potomac Tidal Monitoring Programs Past, Present and Future
Chesapeake Bay and Potomac Tidal Monitoring Programs Past, Present and Future Bruce Michael Resource Assessment Service Maryland Department of Natural Resources The Future of Water Quality Monitoring in
More informationAppendix J Online Questionnaire
Appendix J Online Questionnaire In accordance with the Paperwork Reduction Act, this questionnaire was approved by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). The OMB control number and expiration date
More informationComments on: Middlesex School East Fields Athletics Drainage Calculations Samiotes Consultants, Inc., 16 November 2004
Comments on: Middlesex School East Fields Athletics Drainage Calculations Samiotes Consultants, Inc., 16 November 2004 submitted to Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection by William W. Walker,
More informationChapter 3 Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems
Communities, Biomes, and Ecosystems Section 1: Community Ecology Section 2: Terrestrial Biomes Section 3: Aquatic Ecosystems Click on a lesson name to select. 3.1 Community Ecology Communities A biological
More informationFacilitating Adaptive Management in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed through the Use of Online Decision Support Tools
Facilitating Adaptive Management in the Chesapeake Bay Watershed through the Use of Online Decision Support Tools Cassandra Mullinix, Scott Phillips, Kelly Shenk, Paul Hearn, Olivia Devereux Abstract The
More informationIntegrated Restoration Prioritization
Integrated Restoration Prioritization Habitat Restoration and Environmental Monitoring Projects Section Restoration Services Division Definition Restoration Prioritization is a process of combining various
More informationRevising the Nantahala and Pisgah Land Management Plan Preliminary Need to Change the Existing Land Management Plan
Revising the Nantahala and Pisgah Land Management Plan Preliminary Need to Change the Existing Land Management Plan Throughout the Plan 1. There is a fundamental need for the revised plan to address how
More informationHawlings River Watershed Restoration Action Plan December 2003
Hawlings River Watershed Restoration Action Plan December 2003 MONTGOMERY COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION Montgomery County s Water Quality Goals Montgomery County has a rich and diverse
More informationURBAN DRAINAGE CRITERIA
URBAN DRAINAGE CRITERIA I. Introduction This division contains guidelines for drainage system design and establishes a policy for recognized and established engineering design of storm drain facilities
More informationLIMNOLOGY, WATER QUALITY
LIMNOLOGY, WATER QUALITY PA RANI ET E R S, AN D c 0 IV D IT I 0 N S AND ECOREGIONS Water Quality Parameters Nutrients are important parameters because phosphorous and nitrogen are major nutrients required
More informationLegacy Sediment - The Dirt on Conventional Wisdom and Results From the Big Spring Run Restoration and Monitoring Project
Legacy Sediment - The Dirt on Conventional Wisdom and Results From the Big Spring Run Restoration and Monitoring Project Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Pennsylvania Legacy Sediment
More informationPervious Pavers. By: Rich Lahren. Hebron Brick & Block Supply
Pervious Pavers By: Rich Lahren Hebron Brick & Block Supply Stormwater Management and Control Issues Past emphasis was on flood control Today s emphasis is also on pollution More impermeable areas are
More informationStorm Water Runoff. Managing. A Self-Assessment Guide for Wisconsin Businesses. Storm water runoff is coming. This guide provides businesses
Managing Storm Water Runoff A Self-Assessment Guide for Wisconsin Businesses Storm water runoff is coming under increasing scrutiny as both a source of pollutants to our lakes and streams, and as a cause
More informationImpact of Dairies on Surface Water Quality in the Lower Yakima Valley, WA
Impact of Dairies on Surface Water Quality in the Lower Yakima Valley, WA Emily Palmer GIS in Water Resources December 5, 2014 Table of Contents List of Figures 3 List of Tables 3 1.0 Introduction 4 1.1
More informationHow To Manage Water Quality In Korea
RR 2004 3rd European Conference on River Restoration RIVER RESTORATION 2004 Zagreb, Croatia, 17-21 May 2004 Integrated watershed management system in Korea Ji-Yong Choi ABSTRACT: A watershed management
More informationAPPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
APPLICATION OF GEOSPATIAL TECHNOLOGIES FOR SUSTAINABLE NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA By James Dawos Mamit, Ph.D. Deputy Minister Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment,
More informationBriefing Paper on Lower Galveston Bay and Bayou Watersheds Lower Bay I: Armand Bayou to Moses Lake and Adjacent Bay Waters
Briefing Paper on Lower Galveston Bay and Bayou Watersheds Lower Bay I: Armand Bayou to Moses Lake and Adjacent Bay Waters Jim Lester, PhD. and Lisa Gonzalez Houston Advanced Research Center Galveston
More informationAdopted 9/23/98 CHATTAHOOCHEE CORRIDOR PLAN. The goals of the Chattahoochee Corridor Plan (hereinafter also referred to as the Plan ) are:
CHATTAHOOCHEE CORRIDOR PLAN Adopted 9/23/98 PART 1: GOALS. POLICY. COVERAGE. A. Goals The goals of the Chattahoochee Corridor Plan (hereinafter also referred to as the Plan ) are: 1. Preservation and protection
More informationthe Lower Hudson River Estuary 1. The Ecosystems Center, Marine Biological Lab, Woods Hole, MA 02543
Wastewater and Watershed Influences on Primary Productivity and Oxygen Dynamics in the Lower Hudson River Estuary Robert W. Howarth 1, 2, Roxanne Marino 1, 2 Dennis P. Swaney 2, and Elizabeth W. Boyer
More informationClimate Change. Lauma M. Jurkevics - DWR, Southern Region Senior Environmental Scientist
Climate Change A n o t h e r F a c t o r i n M a n a g i n g S o u t h e r n C a l i f o r n i a s W a t e r R e s o u r c e s Lauma M. Jurkevics - DWR, Southern Region Senior Environmental Scientist USEPA-Region
More informationAQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES
AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS & BIOMES A) Name three general types of aquatic ecosystems and describe the salinity for each. Give an example for each. 1) 2) 3) B) MATCHING In the space provided, write the letter
More information6. Base your answer to the following question on the graph below, which shows the average monthly temperature of two cities A and B.
1. Which single factor generally has the greatest effect on the climate of an area on the Earth's surface? 1) the distance from the Equator 2) the extent of vegetative cover 3) the degrees of longitude
More informationLand Disturbance, Erosion Control and Stormwater Management Checklist. Walworth County Land Conservation Department
Land Disturbance, Erosion Control and Stormwater Management Checklist Walworth County Land Conservation Department The following checklist is designed to assist the applicant in complying with the Walworth
More information