Mobitex Network Security
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1 Mobitex Network Security olleb of the Toolcrypt Group
2 Mobitex Background Network structure Security features
3 Mobitex background History of the Mobitex protocol Overview of network operators Overview of network users
4 History of the Mobitex protocol Originated at Televerket in early 1980s Developed by Ericsson (Eritel) First operational network in 1986 Packet-switched, national infrastructure Mobitex Technology AB
5 Overview of network operators 30+ networks worldwide today 20 public commercial networks Velocita Wireless (AT&T, Cingular, RAM) Rogers Wireless (Cantel) Mobitex Association Operators, developers and manufacturers
6 Overview of network users Public Safety Field service support Transport / Logistics Card Payments (POS) New growth areas Positioning / Resource Management Metering / Remote control Alarm systems
7 Mobitex network structure Mobitex network topography The Mobitex protocol suite
8 Mobitex network topography Backbone network connects NCC and one or more main exchanges (MHX) Area exchanges (MOX) connected to MHX Fixed terminals and mobile radio base stations (BAS) connected to MOX Mobile terminals can be restricted to an area or be allowed roaming (with tariff) Infrastructure linked by HDLC or X.25
9 The Mobitex protocol suite Roughly corresponds to OSI layers 1-4 Hey, so does TCP/IP! Everything revolves around MPAK packets with 24-bit src/dst MAN addresses That's just like IP packets, I know this! Poor adoption of layer 4 standards Most applications roll their own
10 The Mobitex protocol suite Layer 1 Radio layer Mhz Up / Mhz Down 900Mhz band in Americas and Korea 400Mhz band in Europe, Australia and Asia 800Mhz band in China Numbered 12.5khz bandwidth channels 8kbaud GMSK modulation Bit-scrambling to reduce same-bit strings Radio frame header with base ID and flags
11 The Mobitex protocol suite Layer 2 ROSI (RadiO Signalling Interface) 20 bit interleaving of coded octets (12,8) shortened hamming code 144 bit data block with 16 bit CRC Link header with frametype and length Slotted ALOHA access mechanism with automatic repeat requesting (ARQ) Network parameters broadcasted
12 The Mobitex protocol suite Layer 3 The MPAK (Mobitex PAcKet) Maximum 512 byte data payload length Common components (header) Sender and addressee MAN (not swapped in reply) Traffic state flags mailbox and delivery status Subscription flags POSACK, SENDLIST, etc. Packet class and type designation PSUBCOM / DTESERV packet classes Optional address list appended
13 The Mobitex protocol suite Layer 3 The MPAK (Mobitex PAcKet) PSUBCOM (Packet-switched SUBscriber COMmunication) TEXT - ASCII / ISO-646 text formatted for printer/display DATA - application data, optional encoding STATUS - single byte status code (user defined meaning) HPDATA - Higher Protocol Data, one-byte protocol ID EXTPAK - used to exchange packets with external nets DTESERV (Data TErminal SERVice communication) BORN, (IN)ACTIVE, DIE, LIVE, ROAM(ORD), GROUPLIST, INFO(REQ), TIME, AREALIST, ESNREQ, LOGINREQ, etc.
14 The Mobitex protocol suite Layer 4 MTP/1 (Mobitex Transport Protocol) Not limited to MPAK length In-order delivery guaranteed Error signaling and PDU identification Reliable delivery of PDUs (optional) Basically an UDP / TCP protocol analogue using HPDATA MPAKs as transport Introduced in 1991, not used very often...
15 The Mobitex protocol suite Wired Layer 2 alternatives MASC (Mobitex ASynchronous Communication) Mainly used over V.24 or X.21bis to connect a Mobitex terminal to a computer application MDOT (Mobitex Data Over TCP/IP) Internet application gateways enable Ipv4 connected hosts to send/receive MPAKs X.25 Standard profile for connecting fixed terminals to area exchanges (MOX)
16 Security features Privacy protection Subscriber identification Denial of service Network snooping Live Demo!
17 Mobitex Privacy protection ROSI (Layer 2) uses bit-scrambling to improve effectiveness of modulation Some may confuse this with privacy Scrambling generator trivial to reverse rec.radio.scanner on 14 Mar 1997 MsgId: From: Subject: Fun mobitex stuff
18 Mobitex Privacy protection Mobitex protocol specification contains no provisions for privacy or integrity at all TEXT messages inherently clear text Lots of applications use HPDATA and don't bother with security or privacy Very much like IPv4 in that security must be implemented in the application layer
19 Mobitex Subscriber identification Subscriber identified by 24 bit MAN Issued to each subscriber by operator MAN is like an IPv4 address Tied to a subscription, not a network location Location of each MAN stored in network Compare IPv4 routing tables 3 different subscriber types
20 Mobitex Subscriber identification Terminal subscription (Fixed or Mobile) Mobile terminal identified by 4-byte ESN Personal subscription Transferable between terminals Identified by 8-char password Host group subscription Login to fixed terminals only More than one active login at a time
21 Mobitex Subscriber identification Terminal subscription identified by ESN ESN calculated from terminal S/N ESN only req. to activate and roam Sniff to spoof terminal at later time Spoof logged in personal subscriptions Real terminal may need to deactivate Kill real terminal and hijack session Spoof DIE message to deactivate real terminal ESNREQ / ESNINFO can be sent at any time
22 Mobitex Subscriber identification All subscription data sent in the clear BORN ACTIVE ROAM ESNINFO LOGINREQ
23 Mobitex denial of service Wide-band jamming transmitters Available off-the-shelf and as DIY kits Rogue base station Implement wireless base using e.g. USRP Selective DOS targeting specific terminal Spoof DIE DTESERV packets with dst MAN
24 Network snooping - prerequisites Radio that receives the correct frequency 8kbit GMSK - need FM discriminator tap Google is your friend... Software Commercial software ($$$) PDW ( Mine, as I'll show you next...
25 Demo of network snooping
26 Conclusions Mobitex wireless networks insecure Compare IPv4 over unencrypted WiFi No confidentiality, serious problems with integrity and availability under attack Application developers and system owners need to address these issues Security needs to be built into apps Authentication, message integrity, encryption
27 Q & A Questions? Experiences? Comments? Requests?
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