MBA Finance Part-Time Financial Statement Analysis and Cash Flows
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1 MBA Finance Part-Time Financial Statement Analysis and Cash Flows Professor Hugues Pirotte Spéder 1 1
2 Levers of Performance Return on Equity Return on Invested Capital Leverage Profit Margin Asset Turnover 2 2
3 Summarized (managerial) balance sheet Assets Fixed assets (FA) Working capital requirement (WCR) Cash (Cash) Liabilities Stockholders' equity (SE) Interest-bearing debt (D) FA + WCR + Cash = SE + D Working capital requirement : definition + Accounts receivable + Inventories + Prepaid expenses -Account payable - Accrued payroll and other expenses (Sometimes named operating working capital ) Interest-bearing debt: definition + Long-term debt + Current maturities of long term debt + Notes payable to banks 3 3
4 Net Working Capital Net working capital can be understood in two ways: as an investment to be funded = Current Assets - Current Liabilities as a source of financing = Stockholders' equity + LT debt - Fixed Assets Current ratio: a measure of NWC Fixed Assets Stockholder s equity Current ratio = Current assets / Current liabilites Net working capital = Current assets - Current liabilites Current Assets Net Working Capital Long term debt Current ratio > 1 NWC > 0 Current liabilities 4 4
5 Net Working Capital vs Working Capital Requirement (is NWC>0 a sufficient condition for liquidity?) Summarized balance sheet identity: FA + WCR + CASH = SE + LTD + STD can be written as: WCR + (CASH - STD) = (SE + LTD - FA) Working Capital Requirement Net Liquid Balance Net Working Capital WCR + NLB = NWC 5 5
6 Return on invested capital Return on assets (net)= Net income / Total assets Advantage: fits with Du Pont system ROE = ROA x Equity multiplier Limitation: Net income = EBIT - Interest expense - Taxes Depends on capital structure: 1. Interest expense: function of interest-bearing debt 2. Interest expense : tax deductible Preferred measure: Return on Invested Capital (ROIC) EBIT(1- TaxRate) ROIC = Stockholders' equity + Interest bearing debt NB: ROIC = ROA (gross) (1 - Tax rate) = ROE of an all-equity financed firm 6 6
7 Financial leverage Financial leverage magnifies ROE only when ROA (gross) is greater than the interest rate on debt. Balance sheet: TA = SE + D Income statement: NI = EBIT - INT- TAX Interest expense INT = r D (= Interest rate x Interest-bearing debt) Taxes TAX = (EBIT - r D)Tc (= Taxable inc. x Tax rate) NI EBIT (1 T ) c TA ROE = = r(1 T ) SE TA SE c ROE = ROIC + ( ROIC r(1 Tc )) D SE Remember : ROIC = ROAgross (1 - Tc) ROE = ROIC + (ROAgross - r) (1-Tc) (D/SE) D SE 7 7
8 Sources of Cash Inflow and Cash Outflow Operating Activities Sales of goods and services Investing Activities Sale of fixed assets Sales of LT financial assets Financing Activities Issuance of stocks and bonds LT and ST borrowing CASH Operating Activities Purchase of supplies Selling, general and administrative expenses Tax expenses CF from operating activities Investing Activities Capital expenditures and acquisitions LT financial investments CF from investing activities Financing Activities Repurchage of stocks and bonds Repayment of debt Dividend payment CF from financing activities 8 8
9 Farber.com: a fable Starting a local version of Amazon.com Initial balance sheet t = 0 Cash 100 Book Equity 100 Operations year 1: Sell each Buy 2 50 each Income statement year 1: Revenue 200 Expenses 100 Net Income 100 But.cash account = 0 What happened? 9 9
10 Farber.com: what happened. Final balance sheet t = 1 Cash 0 Book Equity 200 Account Receivable 200 No payment from clients Initial Capital + Retained Earnings Statement of cash flows: reconciles the two views Direct method: + Cash collected from customers 0 - Cash payment to suppliers = Cash flow from operations Indirect method: Net Income Working Capital Requirement = Cash flow from operations
11 Farber.com: additional complications Initial balance sheet t = 0 Cash 100 Book Equity 100 Operations year 1: Borrow and buy 2d hand 200 Sell each Buy 2 50 each Income statement year 1: Revenue 100 Cost of goods sold 50 Depreciation 100 Interest 10 Net Income -60 Final cash account -10 Straight-line depreciation 2 years 11 11
12 Farber.com: details Final balance sheet t = 1 Cash -10 Book Equity 40 Account Payable 100 Debt 200 Inventories 50 Fixed Assets 100 Total 240 Total 240 Statement of cash flows: direct method Cash collection from customers 0 (=REV - AR) -Cash payment to suppliers 100 (=CGS+ INV) -Cash paid for interest 10 Cash flow from operating activities -110 Cash flow from investing activities -200 (= FA+Dep) Cash flow from financing activities +200 Change in cash
13 Farber.com: statement of cash flows - indirect method Statement of cash flows Net Income -60 +Depreciation Working Capital Requirement = Cash flow from operations -110 Cash flow from investing activities -200 Debt +200 Cash flow from financing activities +200 Change in cash
14 Notations Income statement REV Revenue CGS Cost of goods sold SGA Selling, general and administrative expenses Dep Depreciation EBIT Earnings before interest and taxes Int Interest expenses TAX Taxes T c Tax rate NI Net income Balance sheet FA Fixed assets, net AR Accounts receivable INV Inventories CASH Cash & cash equivalents SE Equity capital LTD Long term debt AP Accounts payable STD Short-term borrowing Statement of retained income DIV Dividendes 14 14
15 Income statement and balance sheet Income statement EBIT = REV - CGS - SGA - Dep TAX = T c (EBIT - Int) NI = EBIT - Int - TAX Balance sheet equation FA + AR + INV + CASH = SE + LTD + AP + STD Working capital requirement: WCR AR + INV - AP = (Current assets - CASH) - (Current liabilities - STD) Summarised balance sheet: FA + WCR + CASH = SE + D (D = LTD + STD) 15 15
16 Cash flow statement : indirect method From the balance sheet identity and over a period: FA + WCR + CASH = SE + D FA = AQ Dep = investment - depreciation AQ = Acquisitions - Disposals (investing & divesting) SE = NI - DIV + K = stock issue + retained earnings K = New issuance of capital (NI + Dep - WCR) - (AQ) + ( K + D -DIV) = CASH Cash flow from operating activities Cash flow from investing activities Cash flow from financing activities + + = 16 16
17 Statement of cash flows: direct method + Cash collection from customers - Cash payment to suppliers and employees - Cash paid for interest - Cash paid for taxes = Cash flow from operating activities REV - AR CGS + INV + SGA - AP Int TAX (REV-CGS-SGA-Int-TAX)- WCR NI+Dep- WCR + Cash flow from investing activities -AQ + Cash flow from financing activity K + D - DIV = CASH (NI + Dep - WCR) + (-AQ) + ( K + D - DIV) = CASH 17 17
18 Free Cash Flow Free Cash Flow = Cash flow from operating activities + Cash flow from investing activities Calculating free cash flows of an all-equity firm: Free Cash Flow = EBIT(1-T C ) + Dep - WCR - AQ From the statement of cash flows for an all-equity firm: Free Cash Flow = DIV - K + Cash 18 18
19 Financial Forecasting Income Statement Statement of Cash Flows EBITDA -Depreciation =EBIT -Taxes +Net Income CF from operating activities CF from investing activities CF from financing activities Update Balance Sheet 19 19
20 References Suggested text for this course Ross, Stephen A., Randolph W. Westerfield and Jeffrey F. Jaffe, Corporate Finance, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill Irwin 2002 Corporate finance textbooks (MBA level) Copeland, Koller and Murrin, Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies, 2nd edition, John Wiley,
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