Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia (Timor Leste) Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam

Transcription

1 Development of Cross Border Trade between Thailand and Neighboring Countries 6 th By Mr.Tawatchai Sumranwanich Chief, Transmission System Planning Department, EGAT th Capacity Building Programme for Officers of Electricity it Regulatory Commissions i Bangkok February 12,

2 ASEAN Countries Association of South East Asia Nations Brunei Darussalam Myanmar Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia (Timor Leste) Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam 2

3 ASEAN Background Aug 1967 : 5 Ministers i of Foreign Affairs (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, i Singapore and Thailand) signed the Bangkok Declaration with the purposes of political, economic and social cooperation Jan 1984 Jul 1995 Jul 1997 : Brunei Darussalam became the 6 th member : Vietnam became the 7 th member : Lao PDR & Myanmar became the 8 th & 9 th members Dec 1997 : The 2 nd ASEAN Informal Summit in Kuala Lumpur announced the ASEAN Vision 2020 (equitable economic development, and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities) Apr 1999 : Cambodia became the 10 th member Dec 2003 Jan 2007 : Declaration of ASEAN Concord II in Bali to establish the ASEAN Community by 2020 : The 12 th ASEAN Summit in Cebu accelerated the establishment of the ASEAN Community to

4 Three Pillars of ASEAN Community 4

5 ASEAN Highlights Country Profile / Key Brunei Cambodia Indonesia Lao PDR Malaysia Myanmar Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Indicators 2/ Total/ Average Population (Million) (10) (7) (1) (8) (6) (5) (2) (9) (4) (3) (Total) Area (km 2 ) 5,765 (9) 181,035 (8) 1,860,360 (1) 236,800 (7) 330,252 (5) 676,57 331,05 300, ,120 7 (6) (10) (3) 1 (2) (4) 4,435,670 (Total) GDP Per Capita (USD) 28,830 (2) 731 (9) 3,023 (5) 1,045 (8) 8,262 (3) 592 (10) 2,014 (6) 43,929 (1) 4,735 (4) 1,238 (7) 3,092.5 (Average) Power Demand (MW) / , ,960 1,350 10,231 6,494 24,010 15,560 - Notes : 1/ASEAN Statistics Leaflet: Selected Key Indicators / Parenthesis () in each item means ranking 3/ Installed Capacity Only, N/A for Power Demand 5

6 ASEAN Potential Natural Resources 6

7 Energy Cooperation in ASEAN AMEM: ASEAN Ministers on Energy Meeting (once a year) SOME: Senior Officials Meeting on Energy (once a year) ACE: ASEAN Centre for Energy (accelerate the integration of energy strategies within ASEAN by providing information, technology and expertise) AFOC: ASEAN Forum on Coal EE&C-SSN: Energy Efficiency and Conservation Subsector Network NRSE-SSN: New and Renewable Sources of Energy Subsector Network ASCOPE: ASEAN Council on Petroleum HAPUA: Heads of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities AERN: ASEAN Energy Regulatory Network 7

8 Head of ASEAN Power Utilities/Authorities (HAPUA) Department of Electrical Services Brunei Darussalam Electricité du Cambodge Kingdom of Cambodia PT. PLN (Persero) Republic of Indonesia Electricité du Laos Lao PDR Tenaga Nasional Berhad Malaysia Department of Electric Power of Myanmar Union of Myanmar National Power Corporation Republic of the Philippines Singapore Power LTD Republic of Singapore Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand Kingdom of Thailand Electricity of Vietnam Socialist Republic of Viet Nam 8

9 MOU of HAPUA MOU of HAPUA and ASEAN Power Grid (APG) MOU of APG Signed on 04 May 2004 Signed on 23 August

10 Objectives of APG Not only technical and economic aspects, but also cooperation and good relationship among the member countries To create APG through interconnections among all ASEAN countries To promote more efficient, economic, and secure operation of power systems through harmonious development of national electricity networks in ASEAN by region-wide interconnections To optimize the use of energy resources in the region by sharing the benefits To reduce capital required for generation capacity expansion To share experiences among member countries To provide close power cooperation in the region To identify barriers to the implementation of APG 10

11 HAPUA Structure Reporting Line Consultation Line AMEM SOME ASEAN Secretariat HAPUA Secretariat HAPUA Council HAPUA Working Committee (Country Coordinator) ASEAN Power Grid Consultative ti Committee (APGCC) Working Group #1 Generation Working Group #2 Transmission Working Group #3 Distribution & Power Reliability and Quality Working Group #4 Policy & Commercial Development Working Group #5 Human Resource Chair : Indonesia Vice Chair : Lao PDR Chair : Thailand Vice Chair : Vietnam Chair : Singapore Vice Chair : Myanmar Chair : Philippines Vice Chair : Cambodia Chair : Malaysia Vice Chair : Brunei Approved by the 27 th Meeting of HAPUA Council in Vietnam on 23 June

12 HAPUA Working Group No.2 APG/Transmission Thailand is the Chairman of HAPUA Working Group No. 2 ASEAN Power Grid (APG)/Transmission (HWG2) The Latest Master Plan : ASEAN Interconnection Master Plan Study 2 (AIMS-II) Current Task : EGAT worked with Asian Development Bank (ADB) and HAPUA for the study on Harmonization of Common Technical Standard Codes and Guidelines in the Areas of Planning and Design, System Operation and Maintenance for the ASEAN Power Grid in order to support APG 12

13 Summary of AIMS-II II Results Study Period : cross-border projects were selected 6 cross-border projects are existing (Project 1, 2, 9, 10, 12, and 14) 4 cross-border projects are under construction (Project 4, 6, 8, and 13) 6 cross-border projects are future projects (Project 3, 5, 7, 11, 15, and 16) 13

14 North 11 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA YUNNAN 2 South LAO PDR CAMBODIA 12 P. MALAYSIA SARAWAK BATAM SINGAPORE ASEAN Interconnection Projects (Updated as of August 2013) BRUNEI Priority Projects INDONESIA 15 Earliest SCOD 1) P.Malaysia - Singapore (New) Existing, (2018) 2) Thailand - P.Malaysia Sadao - Bukit Keteri Existing East Khlong Ngae - Gurun Existing Su Ngai Kolok - Rantau Panjang 2015 Khlong Ngae Gurun (2 nd Phase, 300MW) ) Sarawak - P. Malaysia ) P.Malaysia - Sumatra ) Batam - Singapore ) Sarawak - West Kalimantan ) Philippines - Sabah ) Sarawak - Sabah Brunei Sarawak Sabah 2020 Sarawak Brunei ) Thailand - Lao PDR Roi Et 2 - Nam Theun 2 Existing SABAH Nakhon Phanom 2 Thakhek Theun Hinboun (Expansion) Existing Mae Moh 3 - Nan 2 - Hong Sa 2015 Udon Thani 3- Nabong Future Project 2019 Ubon Ratchathani 3 Pakse Future Project 2018 Khon Kaen 4 Loei 2 Xayaburi 2019 Thailand Lao PDR (New) ) Lao PDR - Vietnam Xekaman 3 - Tranhmy Existing Lao PDR Vietnam (Ongoing) ) Thailand - Myanmar ) Vietnam - Cambodia Chau Doc Takeo Phnom Penh Existing 13) Lao PDR - Cambodia ) Thailand - Cambodia (New) Existing, ( ) 2020) 15) East Sabah - East Kalimantan ) Singapore Sumatra

15 Status of ASEAN Interconnection Projects by Regions (Updated as of August 2013) Northern System Existing On-Going Future Total 2,659 6,062 16,374 25,095 9 Thailand - Lao PDR ,111 3, ,465 7, Lao PDR - Vietnam 248 2,410 TBC 2, Thailand - Myanmar ,709 11, Vietnam - Cambodia Lao PDR - Cambodia Thailand - Cambodia 100-2,200 2,300 Southern System ,800 2,850 1 P.Malaysia - Singapore ,050 4 P.Malaysia - Sumatra Batam - Singapore Singapore - E.Kalimantan Eastern System ,200 6 Sarawak - W.Kalimantan Philippines - Sabah Sarawak - Sabah - Brunei E.Sabah - E.Kalimantan Northern-Southern System Thailand - P. Malaysia Southern-Eastern System 0 0 3,200 3,200 3 Sarawak - P.Malaysia - - 3,200 3,200 Grand Total 3,489 7,162 22,474 33,125 Priority Projects Note: 1. Ongoing Projects are projects with Tariff MOU/Contract signed. 2. TBC stands for To Be Confirmed. 3. SCOD stands for Scheduled Commercial Operating Date. 15

16 Updated Information on ASEAN Power Industry Country Transmission Peak Installed Transmission Transformer Average /Distribution Load Capacity Line Length Capacity Tariff Loss (MW) (MW) (km) (MVA) (US /kwh) (%) Cambodia ,161 2, / Indonesia 2 25,500 40,524 38,089 * 76,977 * 9.40 * 6.67 Lao PDR ,978 4,531 2,052 N/A N/A Malaysia 3 (TNB) 16,562 21,111 20,826 * 95,150 * 8.2 ** Myanmar 1,808 3,832 8,773 7, /19 * 5.67 Philippinesi 11,094 16, ,764 27,476 N/A N/A Singapore 6,814 11,108 7,046 40, /2.0 N/A Thailand 26,598 33,237 32,043 87, / Vietnam 19,772 26,765 33,403 81, Remarks: Most of data are as of June 2013 * Data as of 2012 ** Data as of May, Transmission system connected to Phnom Penh main grid 2 Java main grid 3 Peninsular Malaysia main grid Refer to the 2 st Meeting of HWG2, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, on 30 th August

17 ASEAN Interconnection Projects Northern Eastern Southern 17

18 Priority Projects to Support AEC 1. Project No.4 Peninsular Malaysia Sumatra Interconnection (IMT-GT: Indonesia) - PLN and TNB signed the PPA in October Capacity of 600 MW - COD is expected to be in Project No.6 West Kalimantan Sarawak Interconnection (BIMT-EAGA: Indonesia) - COD is expected to be in

19 Priority Projects (1/2) (Updated in August 2013) P.Malaysia Sumatra (Melaka - Pekanbaru) (Target 2018) 170 km Garuda Sakti 30 km 52 km Teluk Gong. PROJECT SPECIFICATION Bipolar 250 kv 2x300 HVDC Interconnection with : 170 km overhead transmission lines from Converter Station at Garuda Sakti Substation in Pekanbaru to a landing point in Dumai (Riau - Sumatera); 5 km marine cable from the landing point in Dumai to a (first end) landing point in Rupat Island; 30 km overhead transmission lines crossing Rupat island from first end landing point to another landing point (second end) in Rupat island (Indonesia); 52 km marine cable crossing Malacca Strait from second end landing point in Rupat Island (Indonesia) to a landing point in Telok Gong (Malacca, Malaysia); 1.5 km overhead transmission lines from the landing point in Telok Gong to Converter Station in Telok Gong (Malaysia). LATEST PROGRESS Joint Development Agreement (JDA) between PLN, TNB and BA was signed on 15th October The Contract of Seabed Survey Consultant was signed on 13th June Preparation for Joint Procurement of Owner s Engineers for HVDC Project. 19

20 Priority Projects (2/2) (Updated in May 2013) Sarawak W.Kalimantan (Target 2015) PROJECT SPECIFICATION 275 kv 250 MW HVAC Interconnection with : 45.6 km overhead transmission lines spanning from 275/132 kv Substation in Mambong (Sarawak) to Sarawak (Malaysia) West Kalimantan (Indonesia) border in Serikin (Sarawak); 82.6 km overhead transmission lines spanning from 275/150 kv Substation in Bengkayang (West Kalimantan) to West Kalimantan (Indonesia) Sarawak (Malaysia) border in Seluas (West Kalimantan)) LATEST PROGRESS Power Exchange Agreement (PEA) was signed on 5 September 2012 and amended on 13 June PLN: EPC Contractors have been awarded with contracts; Construction Preparation by EPC Contractors ; Start-up construction date is targeted on 1 June SEB: Line route survey completed; Easement clearing, access construction, engineering & design in progress. 20

21 Status of ASEAN Interconnection Projects (Updated as of August 2013) No. Project System Type SCOD MW 1 P.Malaysia - Singapore Existing Plentong - Woodlands HVAC: kv EE Ongoing Future Selected by AIMS-II HVDC: kv PP: PM->Sg Thailand - P.Malaysia Existing Sadao - Chuping HVAC: 132/115 kv EE Khlong Ngae - Gurun HVDC: 300 kv EE Ongoing Su - ngai Kolok - Rantau Panjang HVAC: 132/115 kv EE Future Khlong Ngae - Gurun (Addition) HVDC: 300 kv EE Sarawak- P.Malaysia Existing Ongoing Future Selected by AIMS-II HVDC: kv PP: Sw->PM x800 4 P.Malaysia - Sumatra Existing Ongoing Melaka - Pekan Baru (Selected by AIMS- II, Priority Project) PP: SM->PM HVDC: kv & EE Future No. Project System Type SCOD MW 5 Batam - Singapore Existing Ongoing Future Selected by AIMS-II HVAC: kv PP: Bt->Sg x200 6 Sarawak - W.Kalimantan Existing Ongoing PPA signed on September 5, 2012, HVAC: kv PP: Sw->WK (Selected by AIMS-II, Priority Project) (5yrs) Then convert to EE Future Philippines - Sabah Existing Ongoing Future Selected by AIMS-II HVDC: kv EE Sarawak - Sabah - Brunei Eiti Existing Ongoing Sarawak - Brunei (Committed in AIMS-II) HVAC: kv EE 2012, x100 Future Sarawak - Sabah (Selected by AIMS-II) HVAC: kv PP: Sw->Sb

22 Status of ASEAN Interconnection Projects (Updated as of August 2013) (Cont d) No. Project System Type SCOD MW 9 Thailand - Lao PDR Existing Nakhon Phanom - Thakhek - Theun Hinboun HVAC: 230 kv PP: La->Th Ubon Ratchathani 2 - Houay Ho HVAC: 230 kv PP: La->Th Roi Et 2 - Nam Theun 2 HVAC: 230 kv PP: La->Th Udon Thani 3 - Na Bong - Nam Ngum 2 HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Nakhon Phanom 2 - Thakhek - Theun Hinboun (Expansion) HVAC: 230 kv PP: La->Th Ongoing Mae Moh 3 - Nan 2 - Hong Sa HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Udon Thani 3 - Na Bong - Nam Ngiep 1 HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Ubon Ratchathani 3 - Pakse - Xe Pien Xe Namnoi HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Khon Kaen 4 - Loei 2 - Xayaburi HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Future Nong Khai Khoksa-at (Selected by AIMS-II) Nakhon Phanom Thakhek (Selected by AIMS-II) HVAC: 230 kv EE Thoeng Bo Keo (Selected by AIMS-II) Udon Thani 3 - Na Bong - Future project HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Ubon Ratchathani 3 - Pakse - Future project HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Nan 2 - Tha Wang Pha - Nam Ou HVAC: 500 kv PP: La->Th Lao PDR -Vietnam Existing Xekaman 3 - Thanhmy HVAC: kv PP: La->Vn Ongoing Xekaman 1- Ban Hat San - Pleiku HVAC: kv PP: La->Vn Nam Mo - Ban Ve HVAC: kv PP: La->Vn TBC TBC Luang Prabang - Nho Quan HVAC: kv PP: La->Vn Future Ban Hat San - Stung Treng - Tay Ninh TBC TBC TBC TBC 22

23 Status of ASEAN Interconnection Projects (Updated as of August 2013) (Cont d) No. Project System Type SCOD MW 11 Thailand - Myanmar Ei Existingi Ongoing Future Mai Khot - Mae Chan - Chiang Rai (Selected by AIMS-II) II) HVAC: 230 kvpp: Mm->Th Hutgyi - Phitsanulok 3 (Selected by AIMS-II) HVAC: 500 kvpp: Mm->Th Ta Sang - Mae Moh 3 (Selected by AIMS- II) HVAC: 500 kvpp: Mm->Th HVDC: ±500 Mong Ton - Sai Noi 2 kv PP: Mm->Th Vietnam - Cambodia Existing HVAC (230 Chau Doc - Takeo - Phnom Penh kv) PP: Vn->Kh Ongoing g Future Lao PDR - Cambodia Existing Ongoing Ban Hat - Stung Treng (G2G Agreement) HVAC: kv PP: La->Kh Future No. Project System Type SCOD MW 14 Thailand - Cambodia Existing Aranyaprathet - Banteay Meanchey HVAC: 115 kv PP: Th->Kh Ongoing Future Battambang Prachin Buri 2 (Selected by AIMS-II) HVAC: 230 kv EE Stung Meteuk (Mnum) Trat 2 (Selected by AIMS-II) HVAC: 230 kv PP: Kh->Th Beyond HVAC: 500 kv PP: Kh->Th Koh Kong - Chantaburi 2 - Pluak Daeng 15 E.Sabah - E.Kalimantan Existing Ongoing Future Newly Proposed HVAC: kv EE Singapore - Sumatra Existing Ongoing Future Sumatra - Singapore (Selected by AIMS- II) HVDC: kv PP: Sm->Sg

24 Power Cooperation with GMS Countries Myanmar Potential : 39,720 MW Source: Ministry of Power, India China Potential : 694,000 MW Source: wikipedia.org Laos Existing: 1,863 MW PPA Signed : 2,913 MW Potential : 26,000 MW Source: United Nations Cambodia Potential : 10, MW Source: European Commission 24

25 Potential Power Projects in Neighboring Countries Mong Ton (7,000 MW) Mai Khot (369 MW) Pak beng (912 MW) Hongsa Lignite (1,473 MW) Nam Ngum 3 (440 MW) Xayaburi (1,220 MW) Nam Ngiep 1 (269 MW) Hutgyi (1,190 MW) Sanakham (660 MW) Nam Ngum 2 (615 MW) Nam Theun 1 (531 MW) Theun Hinboun (214 MW) Theun Hinboun Expansion (220 MW) Nam Theun 2 (948 MW) Dawei (1,800 MW) Taninthayi (600 MW) Stung Metuek (94 MW) Xe Pian Xe Namnoy (390 MW) Don Sahong (240 MW) Houay Ho (126 MW) Xe Kong 4 (300 MW) Xe Kong 5 (330 MW) Nam Kong 1 (75 MW) 25

26 Power Cooperation with Neighboring Countries Capacity as MOU Countries (MW) Lao PDR 7,000, (MOU 22 December 2007) 2007) Myanmar Expired (MOU 4 July 1997) 1997) China (MOU 12 November )) Cambodia 3,000 Not Specified (MOU 3 February F b 2000)) 2000 Malaysia 300 MW (HVDC) (MOU 6 May 2004) 004) 26 26

27 MOUs between Thailand and Neighboring g Countries Capacity (MW) Signed Dated Endorser Thailand Lao PDR 1/ 7, December 2007 Ministry of Energy Thailand Myanmar 2/ 1,500 4 July 1997 Thailand - China 3, November 1998 Thailand - Cambodia N.A. 3 February 2000 Ministry of Office of the Prime Ministry Ministry of Office of the Prime Ministry i Ministry of Office of the Prime Ministry Remark: 1/MOU between Thailand Lao PDR of the first signed on 4 June, 1993 Capacity of 1,500 MW 2/MOU between Thailand Myanmar expired in

28 Power Interconnections with Neighboring Countries ( ) List of Projects 1. Completed Projects Capacity (MW) SCOD 1.1 Theun-Hinboun 220 Mar Houay Ho 126 Sep Nam Theun Apr Nam Ngum Mar Theun-Hinboun - Expansion 220 Dec PPA Signed Projects and under Construction 2.1 Hong Sa 1,473 Jun., Nov Mar Xe Pian Xe Namnoy 354 Feb Xayaburi 1,220 Oct Nam Ngiep Jan ,111 MW 3,316 MW Total 5,427 From : The maximum of power import from neighboring countries should not exceed 15 % of Thailand's total generating capacity. 28

29 Transmission Interconnections between Thailand and Lao PDR (1 (1) 1.1) Theun-Hinboun Project Contract Capacity: 220 MW SCOD : Mar ) Theun-Hinboun 1.2) Th Hi b E Expansion i P Project j t Contract Capacity: 220 MW SCOD : Dec Transmission Line: NN2 THK 230 kv 1272 MCM ZTAICR/AS DC (3 km) NN2-THK: k ) THK-THB: 230 kv 1272 MCM ACSR DC, 2 Route(84.3/86 km) 1.3) Nam Theun 2 Project Contract Capacity : 948 MW SCOD : Apr Transmission Line: RE2-NTN2: 500 kv 4x1272 MCM ACSR DC (159.1 km) 500 kv 4x795 MCM ACSR DC (

30 Transmission Interconnections between Thailand and Lao PDR (2) 1.4) Nam Ngum 2 Project Contract Capacity: 597 MW SCOD : Mar Transmission Line: NNG2-NBG: 230 kv 2x1272 MCM ACSR DC (80 km) NBG-UD3: 500/230 * kv 4x1272 MCM ACSR DC (107 km) *Energized at 230 kv 1.5) Nam Ngiep1 Project Contract Capacity: 269 MW SCOD : Jan Transmission i Line: NNP-NBG: 230 kv 1272 MCM ACSR DC (145km) 30

31 Transmission Interconnections between Thailand and Lao PDR (3) 1.6) Xe Pian Xe Namnoy Project Contract Capacity: 354 MW SCOD : Feb Transmission Line: UB3-PSE: 500 kv 4x1272 MCM ACSR DC (150 km) PSE-XPXN: 230 kv 4x1272 MCM ACSR DC (111 km) 1.7) Houay Ho Project Contract Capacity: 126 MW SCOD : Sep Transmission Line: UB2-HHO: 230 kv 1272 MCM ACSR DC (230 km) 31

32 Transmission Interconnections between Thailand and Lao PDR (4 (4) 1.8)) Hong g Sa Project j Contract Capacity: 1,473 MW SCOD : Jun., Nov Mar Transmission Line: NA2-HSA: 500 kv 4x1272 MCM ACSR DC (175km) 1.9) Xayaburi Project Contract Capacity: 1,220 MW SCOD : Oct Transmission Line: LE2-XYB: 500 kv 4x795 MCM ACSR DC (272 km) 32

33 Transmission Interconnections between Thailand and Lao PDR kv Thoeng Huay Sai Nong Khai Tha Na Laeng Thali - Paklay Bung Kan - Pakxan Nakhon Phanom - Thakhek Mukdahan 2 Pak bo Sirindhorn Bang Yo 33

34 Power Purchase Projects from Myanmar Power Development Potential Projects 1. Potential Projects Capacity (MW) 1.11 Hutgyi 1, Dawei (Import Coal) Phase 1 1, Mai Khot (Lignite) , Mong Ton 7,000 MW 1.5 Tanintayi Yawathit Projects on Salween River 2.1 Upper Salween River Project 4,000 4, Lower Salween River Project 500 MW Total (1+2) 16,059 Remark: Every projects are hydroelectric projects except Mai Khot and Dawei Projects. 34

35 Power Purchase Projects from Cambodia Power Development Potential Projects Capacity (MW) 1. Stung Meteuk (Hydro) 94 Total 94 35

36 Power Purchase Projects from China Power Development Potential Projects Capacity (MW) 1. System to System 3,000 Total 3,000 36

37 Power Purchase Projects from Malaysia Existing Power Purchase Projects Capacity (MW) 1. Sadao Chuping Khlong Ngae Garun (HVDC) Total 385 Projects under Negotiation Capacity (MW) 1. Sungai Kolok Rantau Panjang 100 Total

38 Barriers to the Realization of APG Unequal Readiness Physical: existing infrastructures and different characteristics of transmission systems Economic Constrains 38

39 Impacts of APG (1) Based on the power purchase from neighboring countries, the power trade is being implemented under Bilateral PPA. Development of transmission system interconnections between Thailand and neighboring countries requires a Driver, such as Demand and Supply. Each country has to develop power plants to supply enough power to its own demand. When a country has higher economic growth, the demand will be higher than supply; this will drive more transmission system interconnection among the neighboring countries. 39

40 Impacts of APG (2) Countries with high demand may compete in power purchase, such as Thailand, China, Vietnam, Malaysia but though the transmission network of Thailand. Thailand is located in the position to be a leader in the market. Interconnection requires the system development in networking and sharing the same standard; neighboring countries of Thailand needs more time and investment. Thailand has the opportunity to invest in transmission system and related electricity infrastructure. Interconnection using HVAC may cause a problem; therefore, it needs to change to HVDC. There is a need to invest in generation, which requires a lot of budget. 40

41 Impacts of APG (3) Encourage countries which have their transmission system ready to cooperate with other countries in transmission system to share the same standard. After the AEC, it is expected that there will be increasing in economic growth; therefore, the power supply must be adequate to cope with high demand. 41

42 End of Presentation - Thank You