JA RAVIPROBLEEMID. T.Brilene MD PhD Tartu Ülikool

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1 POLÜMIKROOBSED INFEKTSIOONID JA RAVIPROBLEEMID T.Brilene MD PhD Tartu Ülikool

2 POLÜMIKROOBSED INFEKTSIOONID Sageli ignoreeritakse Moodustavad kuni 30% infektsioonidest 15-18% baktereemiatest Sügavad pehmete kudede infektsioonid (pneumoonia,enterokoliit,perirektaalsed inf) 80% esineb gramnegatiivne komponent Kõrgem haigestumus ja suremus

3 POLÜMIKROOBSEID INFEKTSIOONE NIMETATAKSE ko-infektsioonideks kompleks- Komplitseeritud Duaal Sega- Sekundaarsed Sünergistlikud Erinevate riikide, perekondade, ühe perekonna erinevate liikide, ühe liiki erinevate tüvede ning alaliikide poolt põhjustatud

4 Polümikroobsed infektsioonid võivad olla Viiruslikud Bakteriaalsed Kombineeritud viiruslikud+bakteriaalsed kt i l d Seeneinfektsioonid Parasiitinfektsioonid Immuunsupressioonist indutseeritud haigused

5 POLÜMIKROOBSETE INFEKTSIOOONIDE ANATOOMILISED NIŠHID

6 Mõned polümikroobsed infektsioonid Tuulerõuged Gastroenteriit Genitaalsed infektsioonid Hepatiit Intraabdominaalsed inf ja abstsessid Lyme Sclerosis multiplex 15% lastest invasiivse Str.A infektsiooniga on eelnevalt läbi põdenud varicella zoster viirus Kombinatsioon viirustest ja bakteritest 22.7% naistest on chlamydia+ bakteriaalne+ viiruslik + seen segainfektsioonid Hep B, C ja D Gram pos.,gram neg.,aeroobid +anaeroobid 11% patsientidest lisaks babesioos Epstein Barr viirus ja retroviirus Nk Nekrotiseeriv i fastsiit Gram pos.,gram neg.,aeroobid +anaeroobid Otitis media Pertussis Viirused ja bakterid kooos 65%juhtudes 58% patsientidest on koloniseeritud teiste patogeenidega ja Bordetella pertussis

7 Polümikroobsus ei tähenda, et kõik komponendid on võrdselt patogeensed või et arvuliselt predominantne kultiveeritav floora on kõige olulisem.

8 Ütleme infektsioon mõtleme antibakteriaalne ravi, ütleme antibakteriaalne ravi mõtleme õl infektsioon

9 Antibakteriaalne ravi vajab mõistust

10 Siis kui tead või arvad teadvat tekitajat, eelista alati kitsast antibakteriaalset spektrit

11 Kui eeldatakse ulatuslikku segainfektsiooni, on lai toimespekter õigustatud

12 Hingamisteede infektsioonid Tonsilliidid Ambulatoorselt lt ordineeritakse it 90% AB-st Neist 60% ülemiste hingamisteede infektsioonide tõttu Äge bronhiit - reeglina viirusliku etioloogiaga g - AB kasutamine kõige sagedasem Kasutatakse diagnoose mis õigustab AB ravi (common cold vs. äge tonsilliit) Kas AB ravi on üldse vajalik? äge sinusiit äge otiit

13 Äge sinusiit Haemophilus influenzae 19 60% Streptococcus pneumoniae 23 54% Moraxella catarrhalis 1 8% Streptococcus pyogenes 1 5% Staphylococcus aureus 0 8% Kliebsella spp., Pseudomonas spp. 1 3% Negatiivne 20 60% Äge otiit Streptococcus pneumoniae 30-40% Haemophilus influenzae 30-35% Moraxella catarrhalis 5-10%

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15 Ägeda sinusiidiravi NB! Spontaanne paranemine 45-60%-l. NB! 10-40% Haemophilus influenzae ja 50-90% Moraxella catarrhalis e tüvedest on - laktamaasi produtseerivad. NB! 36% patsientidest esinevad siinustes - laktamaasi produtseerivad tüved Ägeda otiidi ravi NB! Spontaanne paranemine 70%-l NB! 15-50% H. influenzae tüvedest ja % M. catrrhalis tüvedest -laktamaasi produtseerivad NB! S. pneumoniae resistentsus penitsilliinile Kesk ja Ida-Euroopas

16 Äge tonsilliit Streptococcus pyogenes % C, F ja G grupi - hemol. Str % Corynebacterium diphtheriae < 1 % Corynebacterium ulcerans <1% Arcanobacterium haemolyticum < 1 % Neisseria gonorrhoeae < 1 % Teadmata (viirused?) 40%

17 Ravi: Äge tonsilliit Klassikaline li on ravi penitsilliiniga illii i 10 päeva. Tänapäeval kliiniline ebaõnnestumine 10-15%, bakterioloogiline 15-20%.

18 Intratsellulaarseks parasitismiks on võimelised: Streptococcus t pyogenes Haemophilus influenzae Arcanobacterium haemolyticum Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus pneumoniae

19 KT mikroobiökoloogia iseloomulik on liigirohkus Aeroobid ja fakultatiivsed anaeroobid Obligaatsed anaeroobid -Hemolytic streptococci Peptostreptococcus sp Group C -hemolytic streptococci Veillonella sp Group F -hemolytic streptococci Propionibacterium sp Group G -hemolytic streptococci Bifidobacterium sp Staphylococcus aureus Eubacterium sp Coagulasnegative staphylococci Actinomyces sp Stomatococcus sp Prevotella sp Enterococcus sp Porphyromonas sp Moraxella sp Bacteroides sp M. catarrhalis Fusobacterium sp Neisseria sp Leptotrichia sp Corynebacterium sp Lactobacillus sp Haemophilus influenzae H. parainfluenzae Eikenella corrodens Other non-fermentative Escherichia coli Capnocytophaga sp Kasenõmm P et al. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2002

20 Koloniseerumine β - laktamaasi produtseerivad mikroobidega Aeroobsetest mikroobidest: Staphylococcus aureus Haemophilus influenzae (10-40%) H. parainfluenzae Moraxella catarrhalis (90%) Anaeroobsetest t mikroobidest: Bacteroides spp. Prevotella spp. Fusobacterium spp. Kasenõmm P et al. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2002

21 Patogeenide intratsellulaarsus S. pyogenes e esinemissagedus külvimeetodil: Lastel 10-15% Täiskasvanutel 5-10% PCR meetodil: 29% KT-ga patsientidest (Kasenõmm P et al. Microb Ecol Health Dis 2002)... enamikel juhtudel ei õnnestu isoleerida spetsiifilist patogeeni

22 ODONTOGEENSED INFEKTSIOONID Etioloogiline faktor kompleksne; üldjoontes peegeldab suuõõne indigeenset mikrofloorat Polümikroobne Invasiivsus - summa sumarum mitmekordsed sünergistlikud interaktsioonid erinevate liikide vahel

23 HAMBAKATT & KASUTATUD HAMBAHARJA SEM Steve Gschmeissner/science photo library, /29/

24 11/29/ Nishihara ja Koseki,2007

25 Kindlad liigid esinevad tihti koos nagu näiteks Peptostreptococcus micros ja Prevotella melaninogenica. Mõnikord on sümbioos ka füüsiline, kui kaks k liiki on teineteise t i küljes kinni. i Sealjuures teatud mikroobiliigid / kombinatsioonid võivad olla invasiivsemad & resistentsemad ravi suhtes 11/29/

26 The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has suggested that biofilms account for 80% of human infections.

27 Kroonilised infektsioonid assotsieeritud biofilmiga Hambakatt Bacteriaalne Endocarditis Uroinfektsioonid Tsüstiline fibroos Stafülokokiline osteomüeliit Keskkõrva põletik Krooniline prostatiit Neerukivitõvele lisandunud infektsioon

28 BIOFILM võib koosneda ühest või mitmest sünergistlikust bakteriliigist. Kõrgelt organiseeritud struktuur, mis meenutab mükoriisat, ümbritsetud t tsirkuleerivate veekanalitega, mis varustavad toitainetega ning eemaldavad jääke.

29 Iga bakter võib transformeerida ennast biofilmi, adhereerudes tahkele pinnale Geneetilised uuringud on kinnitanud, et vastavalt sellele, kas bakterid on vabalt ujuvad või elavad biofilmis, lülitavad nad sisse/ välja erinevaid geene

30 SLIME LIMA Mikroskoopiliselt on biofilm heterogeenne struktuur. Koosneb rakkude klastritest, tühikutest, veekanalitest ja limavooludest.

31 BIOFILMI MIKROOBID suhtlevad omavahel keemiliste signaal - molekulite li abil HSL (for homoserine lactones) talk to each other via quorum sensing Biofilmi kinnitunud rakud lepivad omavahel kokku kuidas ehitada mikrokolooniaid ja hoida avatuna atuna veekanaleid.

32

33 Biofilmi elutsükli 3 etappi: kinnitumine, kolooniate kasv (paljunemine) ja perioodiline plankton-rakkude eraldumine

34 Biofilmi i bakterid võivad liikuda kollektiivselt lainetades või rullides mööda pinda või eralduda d klompidena. Individuaalselt, kihisedes ja külvates hajali

35 Kleepuvatest süsivesikutest ( sahhariididest) moodustab biofilm antibiootikumide ja desinfektantide eest kaitsva kattekihi. Planktoni ja biofilmi vormide vahel esineb rakuseina proteiinide erinevus üle 40%. Erinevate geenide ekspressiooni tulemus. Seega traditsiooniliste antibiootikumide märklauad kaovad ära Biofilm muutub raskelt hävitatavaks

36 Retsidiivide põhjus Pärast biofilmi moodustamist võivad bakterid perioodiliselt lahkuda enda soovide järgi. Biofilmist lahkudes paljunevad aktiivselt ning kanduvad laiali. Dr.Costertoni järgi töötab biofilmis looduslik programm, mis määrab planktonrakkude irdumist. See tähendab, et biofilm võib funktsioneerida ägedate infektsioonide reservuaarina.

37 Tänu sellele, et biofilmi bakterid on kaetud limaja kattekihiga, on nad kaitstud t peremeesorganismi i immuunsüsteemi eest. Iga kord, kui bakter lahkub biofilmist i ja tungib kudedesse, d avastab immuunsüsteem tekitaja ja reageerib sellele. l Tekib akuutne põletikuline vastus e infektsiooni ägenemine.

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39 Rusikareegel Võrreldes plankton-bakteritega on biofilmi hävitamiseks vaja 1,500 korda rohkem antibiootikumi William Costerton director of the Center for Biofilm Engineering (CBE) at Montana State University

40 Näiteks, Klebsiella pneumoniae ampitsilliini MIK in vitro on 2 g/ml Samal ajal biofilmi tüved kasvavad ampitsilliini kontsentratsioonil 5000 g/ml Anderl JN, Franklin MJ, Stewart PS. Role of antibiotic penetration limitation in Klebsiella pneumoniae biofilm resistance to ampicillin and ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:

41 Intratsellulaarsed biofilmid Näiteks, intratsellulaarsed l E.coli rakud on võimelised sulanduma biofilmi ning tekitama kookonitaolisi k i moodustisi i kusepõie seina pinnale Kookonite sees on maatriksisse i kapseldunud (polüsahhariididest) bakterid ümbritsetud uroplakinist i kaitsva koorega (plasma membrane protein complex ) Jäävad persisteerima vaatamata ravile

42 Biofilm Like a City? Ettevaatlik asukoha valik Piiratud asustamine Koostöö jagamine (plankton ja biofilmis kinni rakud) Energia akumuleerimine (exopolysaccharides) Informatsiooni ülekanne (genetic transfer) rakudevahelised sidemed Emigratsioon kui populatsioon paisub liiga suureks Watnick, P. andkolter, R Biofilm, City of Microbes. J. of Bacteriology 182:

43 Candida ko-agregatsioon bakteritega

44 Everything Biofilms!

45

46 Ravimresistentsuse profiilid Mikrobioloogiline ili resistentsus t in vitro dokumenteeritud kõrgendatud MIK-d intermediaarne resistentsus vs. täielik resistentsus Kliiniline resistentsus in vivo resistentsus laboratoorselt kinnitamata ravi ebaõnnestumine, persisteeriv infektsioon, korduv infektsioon

47 Loomulik resistentsus Mikroobiliigile omane tunnus, mis on seotud ründepunkti puudumisega või mikroobi rakumembraani läbimatusega AB-le Rakuseinata Mycoplasma ei ole tundlik - laktaamidele,mis pärsivad rakuseina peptidoglükaani sünteesi Omandatud resistentsus Geneetiliste omaduste muutumine, mis viib AB lagundavate ate ensüümide tekkele, ründepunkti muundumisele jne

48 Biofilmi resistentsuse mehhanismid (1) Antibiootikumidel ei õnnestu penetreeruda läbi biofilmi välispinna. Biofilmi pindmised rakud on võimelised vigastusi i absorbeerima AB võivad kahjustada biofilmi jääkide kogumisaladel või muutunud keskkonnatingimuste juures(ph, pco2, po2). (2) AB jäävad lõksu biofilmi maatriksisse ja lagundatakse mikrobiaalsete ensüümide poolt.

49 (3) Muutunud kasv biofilmi sees. AB ei ole efektiivsed mittepaljunevate mikroorganismide vastu (persisterid). (4) Biofilm-spetsiifiliste resistentsusgeenide ekspresseerumine (efflux pumps- proteiinid, mis aktiivselt pumpavad AB rakust välja ). (5) Stressivastus ebasoodsatele keskkonnatingimustele (antibiootikumi lõhustavate/inaktiveerivate ensüümide üle - ekspressioon). JL del Pozo1 and R Patel1,2, 2007

50 Bacteria can form spores so that no amount of antimicrobial therapy will help. When bacteria form spores, they become dead material. Even if we kill the most of the bacteria in the biofilm, the surviving bacteria can use dead ones as nutrients; The remaining cells can quickly restore the biofilm to its original state in a few hours.

51 Biofilm colonies are too large for phagocytes to engulf them. The biofilm may resist penetration by the phagocytes, reducing their effectiveness. Chemotactic activities of phagocytes may be inhibited by the biofilm. Certain biofilm bacteria have the ability to affect WBC functions by interfering with their ability to kill bacteria. These cells lose their phagocytic ability. Bacteria can destroy the integrity of white blood cells through certain enzymes that dissolve proteins and collagen causing the cell walls to disintegrate.

52 Persisteridid e muutunud kasvukiirusega kii rakud Biofilmi sees võib väike bakterite fraktsioon diferentseeruda nn kaitstud fenotüüpiliseks vormiks aeglaselt paljunevateks /mitte- paljunevateks bakteriteks Antimikroobne ravi võib ära hävitada suurema osa biofilmi tundlikust populatsioonist NB! Persisterid elavad rünnaku üle ja on võimelised ravikuuri järgselt biofilmi taastama

53 Erinevad biofilmi mikroorganismid on reeglina erinevates kasvufaasides ja nende ravimtundlikkuse muster ei saa olla ühesugune JL del Pozo1 and R Patel1,2, 2007

54 Bacteria can form spores so that no amount of antimicrobial therapy will help. When bacteria form spores, they become dead material. Even if we kill most of the bacteria in the biofilm, the surviving bacteria can use dead ones as nutrients; the remaining cells can quickly restore the biofilm to its original state in a few hours.

55 Certain bacteria within the biofilm have the ability to affect white blood cell functions by interfering with their ability to kill bacteria. These cells lose their phagocytic ability. Bacteria can destroy the integrity of white blood cells through certain enzymes that t dissolve proteins and collagen causing the cell walls to disintegrate.

56 Uued biofilm-spetsiifilised farmakoloogilised strateegiad Antibiootikumid ei ole välja töötatud spetsiifiliselt biofilmide vastu Biofilmis on samaaegselt aktiveeritud mitmed ravimresistentsuse mehhanismid Need mehhanismid võivad olla kas kaasnevad või sünergistlikud NB! Anti-biofilm strateegiad peaksid arvestama erinevate potentsiaalsete resistentsusmehhanismidega ja sihtmärkide kõrge heterogeensusega biofilmi sees.

57 Võimalikud strateegiad biofilmi infektsioonide raviks (1) Erinevad substantsid bt tidbiofilmi i maatriksi i lagundamiseks (dispersin B). (2) Persisterite hävitamine (3) Quorum-kustutamisensüümid (4) Substantsid, mis põhjustavad biofilmi enesetappu (5) AB efekti võimendamine (elektrivool) JL del Pozo1 and R Patel1,2, 2007

58 Antimikroobsete ainetega impregneeritud kanüülid, kateetrid jne Mikroobide adhesiooni ja biofilmi moodustamise pärssimiseks chlorhexidine+ silver sulfadiazine (Silvazine)chemical disinfectants mix tulemused: ~3-5% kuni 30% biofilmi minocycline+ rifampin laia spektri antibiootikumid; vähem efektiivne Palju kallimad NB! Ebaefektiivsed seen- biofilmide puhul

59 Sagedasemad mikroorganismid Staphylococcus Streptococcus Enterococcus E. coli Klebsiella Pseudomonas meditsiinivahenditel Bacterid võivad pärineda p patsiendi/medtöötaja nahalt või veekraanist

60 Biofilmi lagundavad molekulid Eelnev töötlemine biofilmi hajutavate molekulidega tõstab biofilmi tundlikkust antibiootikumide suhtes 2 aminoimidazole/triazole conjugate (2 AIT) Rogers et al Antimicrob. Agents Chemo. 54:

61 Biofilmi lagundavad molekulid Quorum sensing sensingmolekulid võivad käivitada biofilmi hajumisprotsessi cis 2 decenoic acid nitric oxide gas (NO) Furanones (Biosignal, Inc.)coatings for contact lens Davies et al J. Bacteriol. 191: Barraudet al J. Bacteriol. 188:

62 CHLORHEXIDINE (CHX )TOIME BIOFILMI VITAALSUSELE C. K. Hope and M. Wilson, 2004

63 15 minuti jooksul 0.2%-CHX lahus kutsus katu kokku tõmbumist ehk kontraktsiooni mikromeetrit. Arvestades, et katuproovi esialgne suurus oli 50 mikromeetrit, siis kontraktsiooni kiirus oli mikromeetrit minutis.

64 In vitro 0.2% CHX suuteline põhjustama biofilmi kontraktsiooni e bakteriaalse terviklikkuse ja membraanide katkemist. In vitro 0.05% CHX 05% ei näidanud statistiliselt olulist vahet võrreldes kontroll rühmaga (non CHX).

65 Candida+Bakter Biofilm Candida olemasolu biofilmis potentseerib slime-negatiivsete stafülokokkide resistentsust vankomütsiinile. Candida resistentsus flukonasoolile tõuseb slime-produtseerivate stafülokokkide juuresolekul Suu streptokokid tõstavad C. albicans resistentsust amfoteritsiin B ja nüstatiini suhtes Jenkinson and Douglas Polymicrobial Diseases2002

66 Candida biofilmid muutuvad resistentseks ( C. albicans ja C. parapsilosis) i FLU, AmB, nystatin (NYT) chlorhexidine (CHX) terbinafine (TERB) voriconazole (VORI) ravuconazole (RAVU). Candida biofilm on tundlik Amfoteritsiin B Lipiidkompleksi (ABLC) Abelcet suhtes Ehhinokandiinid: Inhibeerivad β-(1,3)-d-glükaani sünteesi rakuseinas Kaspofungiin Cancidas ja mikafungiin Chandra et al., 2001a,b; Kuhn et al., 2002a,b,2004

67 Thymol inhibits the formation of Candida albicans biofilm PierCarloBraga, Marina Alfieri, MariaCulici, Monica DalSasso Dept. of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, UniversitàdegliStudidiMilano, Italy Tümool on looduslik aine, mida leidub liivatees ja mõne mee koostises (näiteks pärnamees). Biofilmi inhibeeriv toime sõltub kontsentratsioonist i ja inkubatsiooni i i ajast 4 h inkubeerimine 1MIC (125 μg/ml), 1/2, ja 1/4 MIC viib statistiliseltolulise ili l l biofilmi i vähenemiseni 49.3±3.3, 28.2±3.5 ja 16.8±4.8%. 8%

68 AB resistentsuse transfeer NB! Resistentsuse geenid paiknevad plasmiidides või/ja transposoonides Toidu LB muutuvad intestinaalse mikrobioota osaks. Koos residentsete LB-ga võivad osaleda resistentsusgeenide vahetus- ja levikuprotsessides NB! LB liikidel on leitud tetracycline-, erythromycin- NB! LB liikidel on leitud tetracycline, erythromycin ja vancomycin- resistentsusegeene

69 Tänan!

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