Drugs & Everything Else
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1 Pain Relief, Common Drugs & Everything Else Henrik Jörnvall MD, PhD MKAIC November
2 Lidocaine Noradrenaline Isoflurane Morphine Ropivacaine Platelets l t Pethidine Dobutamine Propofol Normal Saline Colloids Plasma Naloxone Vecuronium Ketamine Cephalosporins Ringer Lactate Bupivacaine i Suxamethonium Heparin Hydralazine Diazepam Ephedrine LMWH Beta-blockers Nitrous oxide Thiopentone Hydrocortisone Meropenem Ampicillin Magnesium Oxygen Pancuronium Penicillin Sevoflurane Alfentanyl Remifentanyl Atropine Paracetamol Blood Insulin Adrenaline Halothane Fentanyl Dopamine Atracurium Midazolam Chloramphenicol Gentamycin Dextrose Rocuronium NSAIDs
3
4 Pain Definition An unpleasant sensory and emotional experience assocated with actual or potential tissue damage or described d in terms of such damage Need for sedation?
5 Pain Effects Behavioural and physiological l responses designed to minimise the impact of any painful stimulus Need for sedation?!?
6 Pain Consequences Unpleasant + tissue damage Behavioural + physiological responses Pain relief/treatment improves recovery! Respiratory function Cardiovascular Metabolic / endocrine Mobilisation Nutrition, GI function Nursing us Level of care Psycological Sympathetic / stress Sedation?!?!?
7 Assessment All patients will respond differently No objective measurement Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) Verbal Numerical Rating Scale Scales 0 to 10 0 to 4 0, +, ++ No pain, mild, moderate, severe Document!
8 Treatment WHO Analgesic Ladder Strong opioids: morphine, fentanyl, pethidine e Weak opioids: codeine, tramadol Paracetamol, NSAID Administer by the clock, not on demand!
9 WHO 1:st Step Paracetamol 1 g QED (po/pr/iv) Hepatotoxicity! NSAID Diclofenac ilf mg TDS (po/pr/im) /i Ibuprofen mg TDS (po) Astma! Pregnancy (!) Hemorrhage or GI ulcer! Hypovolemia / kidney failure! Not if uterine atonia!
10 WHO 2:nd Step Codeine Prodrug; 5-10% converted to morpine 30 mg QDS (po) Non-responders! Tramadol 50 mg TDS (po/iv/im)
11 Morphine WHO 3:rd Step 0.1 mg/kg po/sc/im/iv Fentanyl 1 μg/kg g (iv) Pethidine 1 mg/kg (im/iv) No fixed dose! Minor respiratory depression if in pain! No addictive potential if in pain! Naloxone!
12 Evaluation Assess and re-assess! Document! Step up the ladder! Step down the ladder! Warning: Surgical complications must always be suspected and ruled out!
13 Pain Relief in the critically ill (& per-/postoperative) p Surgical anaesthesia Spinal / general anaesthesia Wound infiltration of local anaesthetic 1:st step of WHO ladder Paracetamol po 1 g QDS x III Ibuprofen po 400 mg TDS x III Careful! 2:nd or 3:rd step of WHO ladder if needed Tramadol po/sc 50 mg TDS Tramadol po/sc 50 mg TDS Morphine sc 5 mg 4 hourly & PRN
14 Benzodiazepines Sedation Midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) Diazepam (0.1 mg/kg) (Opioids, α 2, narcosis, muscle relaxants) Assess Re-assessment, step up/down Part of ABCDE! Local scoring system Optimal sedation?
15 Other drugs O 2 Salbutamol Anticoagulants / blood products Fluids / glucose Vasopressors / inotropy Profylaxis: airway, nausea, gastric ulcer, GI Underlying disease Antibiotics / antimalaria Blood Surgery Careful! NSAID, Frusemide
16 E = Everything Else Exposure / Environment Protect from hypothermia Examine whole body History Investigations X-ray, blood samples, cultures, lab,... Goal directed therapy Head to toe: N, R, C, K, I, GI, Coag Teamwork! Document Not documented forgotten! Not documented not done Re-assess ABCD...E Observe Document - React!
17 Lidocaine Noradrenaline Isoflurane Morphine Ropivacaine Platelets l t Pethidine Dobutamine Propofol Normal Saline Colloids Plasma Naloxone Vecuronium Ketamine Cephalosporins Ringer Lactate Bupivacaine i Suxamethonium Heparin Hydralazine Diazepam Ephedrine LMWH Beta-blockers Nitrous oxide Thiopentone Hydrocortisone Meropenem Ampicillin Magnesium Oxygen Pancuronium Penicillin Sevoflurane Alfentanyl Remifentanyl Atropine Paracetamol Blood Insulin Adrenaline Halothane Fentanyl Dopamine Atracurium Midazolam Chloramphenicol Gentamycin Dextrose Rocuronium NSAIDs
18 What is safe? What is evidence based? When? What dose? Expected side effects? Accepted side effects?
19 Summary Pain definition and effect Actual or threatened tissue damage leading to an unpleasant feeling with behavioural and physiological consequences Assessment Pain score documentation Optimal sedation? Treatment 1:st Paracetamol (+ NSAID) 2:nd Weak opioid; tramadol 50 mg TDS or codeine 30 mg QDS 3:rd Strong opioid; morphine 5-10 mg sc QDS or 4 hourly and/or PRN Evaluation Assessment, re-assessment, step up/down Everything Else Preparation mental, equipment
20 The End
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