Index. Page 3-4. Introduction. Elbows. Return Bends & Short Radius Elbows. Equal Tees. Reducing Tees. Reducers. End Caps. Crosses.

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1 Pipg Components 90 LONG RADIUS ELBOWS 5 LONG RADIUS ELBOWS 80 LONG RADIUS RETURN BENDS 90 SHORT RADIUS ELBOWS 80 SHORT RADIUS RETURN BENDS EQUAL TEES REDUCING TEES CONCENTRIC REDUCERS ECCENTRIC REDUCERS END CAPS CROSSES CONCENTRIC SWAGED NIPPLES ECCENTRIC SWAGED NIPPLES MANIFOLDS HEADERS LAP JOINT STUB ENDS

2 Index Page Introduction Elbows Return Bends & Short Radius Elbows Equal Tees Reducg Tees Reducers End Caps Crosses Swaged Nipples Manifolds and Headers Lap Jot Stub Ends Tolerances Chemical Analysis: Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Titanium Tensile Requirements: Duplex, Super Duplex, Nickel Alloys, Titanium, Staless Steel Chemical Analysis: Staless Steels Pipe Dimensions Specifications Testg Pressure Ratgs

3 Professionally manufactured from the fest materials S.S.E. Pipefittgs Limited have been manufacturg Buttweld fittgs for over seventy years, establishg a global reputation for excellence and providg an unsurpassed level of manufacturg expertise, quality and service to our customers. We manufacture Cold Formed Buttweld Fittgs, Extruded Outlets and Manifolds Austenitic, Duplex, Super Duplex Staless Steels, Nickel Alloys, Moly, Titanium, Copper Nickel and various Alumium Grades for the Oil, Gas, Nuclear, PetroChemical and Process Industries.

4 S.S.E. Pipefittgs Limited has a Quality System approved to BS EN ISO 900: 008 by Bureau Veritas Quality International Limited, Certificate Number 7 and are an approved manufacturer to requirements of: Rolls Royce Nuclear T.U.V. Norsok Exxon Mobil PED Our Dudley operation cludes some of the largest cold extrusion presses Western Europe, producg professionally manufactured fittgs made from metals of the highest standard. Accordgly, we have been awarded Certificates of Quality recognition of our excellence cludg NORSOK M50 Rev.. In attag these standards, S.S.E Pipefittgs Limited are the preferred and specified supplier to many nationally and ternationally recognised organisations. In contug to develop our product le with the demands of these highly complex and technologically advancg dustries, we specialise those hard to fd fittgs and materials, small batch production with special testg requirements. These combed with our stock program and quick turnaround we mata a flexibility advantage over our competitors. We hope the formation this brochure will be of assistance, to our customers express our scere thanks and we will endeavour to contue to offer a good service, guarantee a high quality product at a competitive price. and many more. The followg selection of items are the basis of our range of manufacture. ISO 900 BUREAU VERITAS Certification No. 7 Member No. SSE & 5 degree long/short radius elbows & return bends Dimensions to ASME B.9 & B.8 Material to ASTM A0. ASTM A85 ASTM B Size up to nb Sch 0 Butt Weld Equal and Reducg Tees Dimensions to ASME B.9 Material to ASTM A0. ASTM A85. ASTM B Size up to 8 nb Sch 0 Reducers Eccentric and Concentric Dimensions to ASME B.9 Material to ASTM A0. ASTM A85. ASTM B Large end size up to nb Sch 0 Butt Weld End Caps Dimensions to ASME B.9 Material to ASTM A0. ASTM B. ASTM B09, ASTM B Size up to 8 nb, SCH 0 We manufacture seamless headers/manifolds & specials to customers drawgs and specifications Please see page for more details. Registered with First Pot

5 Butt Weld Long Radius Elbows Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) and Example Weights for Long Radius Elbows Nomal Pipe Size Coon 90 elbow 5 elbow OD at Bevel A S/STD kg/piece Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (i.e. rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for Schedule 0S/Standard fittgs B S/STD kg/piece Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes 90 Long Radius Elbows ASME B.9 5

6 Butt Weld Returns & Short Radius Elbows Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes Returns & 90 degree Short Radius Elbows Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) and Example Weights for Long Radius Returns Nomal Pipe Size OD at Bevel Centre to End (A) Face to Back (C) 0S/STD kg/piece Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (i.e., rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. For tolerances see page. These fittgs can also be supplied with dimensions accordance with DIN 05 Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for schedule 0S/Standard fittgs. B = x A. Dimensions (Based on ASME B.8) and Example Weights for Short Radius Elbows and Returns Nomal Pipe Size OD at Bevel Centre to End (A) Face to Back (C) 0S/STD kg/piece

7 Butt Weld Equal Tees Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) and Example Weights Equal Tees Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) OD at Bevel OD Run Outlet Weight A B 0S/STD kg/piece Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes Equal Tees ASME B.9 Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (i.e., rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for schedule 0S/Standard fittgs. 7

8 Butt Weld Reducg Tees Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes Reducg Tees ASME B.9 Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) and Example Weights Reducg Tees Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) to 8 to to to 8 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 5 to 5 to 5 to to 5 to to to 8 to 8 to 5 8 to 8 to Run OD OD at Bevel Outlet OD Run Outlet Weight OD at Bevel A B 0S/STD kg/piece Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (i.e., rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for schedule 0S/Standard fittgs.

9 Butt Weld Reducers Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) and Example Weights for Reducers Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) to to 8 to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to to 5 to 5 to to 5 to to to 8 to 8 to 0 to 8 0 to to 0 to 8 to Large End OD at Bevel Small End End to End Weight OD at Bevel A 0S/STD kg/piece Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes Concentric and Eccentric Reducers ASME B.9 Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (i.e., rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for schedule 0S/Standard fittgs. 9

10 Butt Weld End Caps Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes End Caps ASME B.9 Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) and Example Weights Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) Coon OD at Bevel Limitg Wall Thickness T Length for Wall T Length for Wall >T Weight A 0S/STD kg/piece Dimensions quoted (except T) are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. The shape of caps shall be ellipsoidal and conform to shape requirements the ASME Boiler and Pressure Code. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for Schedule 0S/Standard fittgs.

11 Butt Weld Crosses Dimensions (Based on ASME B.9) for Butt Weld Crosses Nomal Pipe Size OD at Bevel Centre to End (Run) A Centre to End (Outlet) B Weight kg/piece Butt Weld Fittgs Range/Sizes Crosses ASME B.9 Reducg Crosses are available please contact the sales department for details. Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (i.e., rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for schedule 0S/Standard fittgs.

12 Swage Nipples BS 799 Socket Weld & Thread Fittgs Range/Sizes Swage Nipples BS 799 Dimensions of swage nipples (BS 799:97) Nomal Size 8 x x 8 x x x 8 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 0 x 8 5 x 0 5 x 8 0 x 5 0 x 0 5 x 0 5 x 5 0 x 5 0 x 0 0 x 5 50 x 0 50 x 5 50 x 0 50 x 5 5 x 50 5 x 0 80 x 5 80 x x 0 00 x x 5 Parallel Length, m Eccentricity Wall Thickness A B C E Threaded/ Pla Schedule 80 T (both ends) Pla Schedule 0 Schedule 0 Threaded XXS XXS Swaged Nipples can also be supplied to MSS or customers specifications

13 Manifolds and Headers We manufacture seamless headers/manifolds & specials to customers drawgs and specifications Manifolds and Headers See Detail A 99 See Detail C See Detail B See Detail A 7 Detail A 8 Detail B 9 Detail C With kd permission of High Tech Fabrications Ltd, Gloucester.

14 Lap Jot Stub Ends Butt Weld Fittgs Ranges/sizes Lap Jot Stub Ends ASME B.9 Dimensions (based on ASME B.9) and example weights Nomal Pipe Size 5 8 Coon Long Pattern Short Pattern Diameter of Lap Radius of Fillet OD of Barrel Weight OD A A B R OD Max OD M S/STD kg/piece Dimensions quoted are Nomal values from ASME B.9 (rounded equivalents of the ch dimensions). Refer to ASME B.9 for additional Max and M metric dimensions. OD of barrel and m dimensions ( and ) are rounded. Refer to ASME B.9 for the exact values. Long pattern stub ends are standard. Purchaser should specify if short pattern is required. Long pattern stub ends are also known as ASA Stub Ends. Short pattern stub ends are used with larger flanges Classes 00 and 00, and with most sizes Class 900 and higher. When long pattern stub ends are used with flanges Classes 500 and 500, it may be necessary to crease the length A. Additional lap thickness must be provided for special facgs (e.g. tongue and groove); this is with length A. Dimension B conforms to ASME B.5, Pipe Flanges and Forged Fittgs. Gasket face fish shall be accordance with ASME B.5 for raised face flanges. For tolerances see page. Long pattern weights are listed (short pattern weights are similar to MSS SP lap jot stub ends, page 5). Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for Schedule 0S/Standard fittgs.

15 Lap Jot Stub Ends Dimensions (based on MSS SP) and example weights Nomal Pipe Size 5 8 Coon OD A B Length Diameter of Lap Radius of Fillet Weight Type A for Lap Jot Flange R Type B for Lap Jot Flange S/STD kg/piece Butt Weld Fittgs Ranges/sizes Lap Jot Stub Ends ASME B.9 Dimensions quoted are equivalents of the ch dimensions (i.e. 5. x ). Metric dimensions are not specified MSS SP. Length A and Radius R are applicable for Schedule 0S or thner. Contact faces of stub ends shall have a modified spiral or concentric serration. For tolerances see page. Weights are approximate and based on manufacturers data (where available) for Schedule 0S/Standard fittgs. 5

16 Tolerances Butt Weld Fittgs Tolerances Butt Weld Fittgs Tolerances 80 Returns Overall Length of Caps, E Centerto Center Dimension, O Overall Length of Reducers and Lap Jot Stub Ends, F, H Centertoend Dimensions of 90 and 5 Elbows and Tees, A,B,C,M All Fittgs Alignment of Ends, U BacktoFace Dimension, K Wall Thickness, t (Note ) Inside Diameter at End (,, and ) Outside Diameter at Bevel, D (notes and ) (DN) Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) 0 Not less than 87.5% of Nomal Thickness to to 5 to 8 0 to 8 Angularity Tolerances Lap Jot Stub Ends (DN) Off Angle, Q Off Plane, P Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) Lap Thickness Outside Diameter of Barrel Fillet Radius of Lap, R (DN) Outside Diameter of Lap, G Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) to 5 to 8 0 to to 8 to See pages and 5 for Dimensions to to 5 to 8 0 to 8 General a All dimensions are millimetres b Tolerances are equal plus and mus except as noted General Outofround is the sum of absolute values of plus and mus tolerances. This tolerance may not apply localized areas of formed fittgs where creased wall thickness is required to meet design requirements of para.. (ASME B.9) The side diameter and the nomal wall thicknesses at ends are to be specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise specified by the purchaser, these tolerances apply to the nomal side diameter, which equals the difference between the nomal outside diameter and twice the nomal wall thickness

17 Chemical Compositions Duplex, Nickel Alloys,Titanium Chemical Compositions ASTM B8 Titanium Grade Chemical Compositions ASTM A790/790M Duplex, Super Duplex UNS S80 S05 S550 S750 S70 Carbon C Manganese Mn.50.0 Composition Percentage, Max or Range Phosphorus P Sulphur S Silicon Si 0 Nickel Ni Chromium Cr Chemical Compositions ASTM Nickel Alloys UNS N000 Nickel Ni Nickel Ni m Chromium Cr Carbon C 0.08 Iron Fe 0.0 Hydrogen H 0.05 Manganese Mn 0.5 Iron Fe 0.0 Molybdenum Mo Composition Percentage, Max or Range Carbon C 0.5 Oxygen O 0.5 Copper Cu 0.5 Total Impurities Imp Silicon Si Sulphur S 0.0 Titanium Ti Balance Alumium Al Nitrogen N Titanium Ti Columbium Tantalum Cobalt Co Nitrogen N Molybdenum Mo Chemical Compositions Titanium, Duplex, Nickel Alloys N000.0 m N m N m P 0.0 V 0.5 W N055 Remader N m N Balance P N Balance N m N m N Balance N Balance.0 0, N Balance N07 Remader N05 Remader Chemical Compositions ASTM A0.Mo Composition Percentage, Max or Range UNS Carbon C Manganese Mn Phosphorus P Sulphur S Silicon Si Nickel Ni Chromium Cr Molybdenum Mo Nitrogen N Copper Cu S

18 Tensile Requirements Tensile Requirements Tensile Requirements Nickel Pipe Grade UNS Tensile Strength m ASTM B ASTM B5 ASTM B7 ASTM B07 ASTM B ASTM B N000 N000 N000 N0880 N0885 N05 ksi MPa Yield Strength m ksi MPa Elongation (50 or D m % ASTM B N ASTM B N ASTM B N ASTM B N ASTM B8 N ASTM B77 N ASTM B77 N ASTM B77 N ASTM B79 N Tensile and Hardness Requirements Duplex, Super Duplex &.Mo Fittgs ASTM Grade A85 A85 A85 A85 A85 A0 UNS S80 S550 S750 S70 S05 S5 Tensile Strength m ksi MPa Yield Strength m ksi MPa Elongation (50 or D m % Brell Hardness BHN Tensile Requirements Staless Steel Grade All TP0L TP0N TPL TPN TP TPH UNS ksi Tensile Strength m MPa All All = All grades listed the chemical composition table except those listed below S00 S05 S7 S0 S5 S00 S09 S80 S550 S750 S70 S5 ksi Yield Strength m ksi MPa Elongation (50 or D m % Tensile Requirements Titanium Pipe Grade Tensile Strength m Yield Strength m Grade ksi 50 MPa 5 ksi 080 MPa 750 Elongation (50 or D m % 0 8

19 9 Chemical Compositions Staless Steel ASTM A/AM Chemical Compositions Staless Steel Grade 0 0L 0H 0S 0H H L H Ti 7 7L H 7 Mo Chemical Compositions ASTM A/AM Composition Percentage, Max or Range Carbon C UNS S000 S00 S009 S0908 S008 S009 S00 S0 S09 S5 S700 S70 S00 S09 S700 S5 S5 Manganese Mn.00 Phosphorus P Sulphur S Silicon Si Molybdenum Mo Titanium Ti 5x(C+N) m, xC m, 0.0 Niobium Nb 0xC m, Nitrogen N Alumium Al Cu Cu 0.50 Nickel Ni Chromium Cr

20 ASTM Pipe ASTM Pipe Dimensions and Weights ASME B.0 &.9 Dimensions and Weights per Metre Staless Steel Pipe ASME B.9 Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) Dimensions and Weights per Metre Steel Pipe ASME B.0 Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) OD Schedule 00 Schedule 0 Schedule OD Schedule 0S Schedule 0S Schedule 80S kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m kg/m

21 ASTM Pipe Standard CrossSection and Weight Tolerances (ATSM A50/A50M) Nomal Pipe Size (NPS) 8 to > to > to 8 >8 to Under Outside Diameter (OD) Standard Cut Lengths. Pipe orderg alternatives are: Over Random. Standard lengths are the range 5.m to 8.m. Shorter lengths as agreed with the purchaser. Specified Lengths. Cut lengths as specified, with end fish also specified. Length tolerances. No pipe shall be shorter than specified. No pipe shall be more than () longer than specified. Tighter tolerances may be specified, e.g. for bevelled pipe. Straightness. All fished pipe shall be reasonably straight. For metalarc welded pipe imum deviation from straight = 8 (.) 0 ft ( m) Wall thickness (t) Under % % Includes ovality tolerance except for th wall pipe (i.e. t>% OD). M wall thickness = Nomal wall thickness (t) x 75. Not applicable if filler metal added. For non standard pipes W(lb/ft) = (ODt)t, or W (kg/m) = 0.0(ODt) t % Weight Over Under Over % ASTM Pipe Tolerances ASTM A50/A50M Seamless and Welded Austenitic Staless Steel Pipes This specification covers austenitic steel pipe tended for high temperature and general corrosive H grades the chemical composition table are specifically for high temperature service. Manufacture Manufacture. In order to comply with this specification welded pipe must be manufactured by an automatic weldg process usg no filler metal, or it must be a seamless pipe. If a welded pipe has a nomal pipe size greater than then it may be constructed from two longitudal sections, and hence have two longitudal welds. The pipe may be either hot fished or cold fished. Fish and Repair Fish. The surface of the pipe must be clean and free of scale and contamatg iron particles. It can be bright annealed but may be pickled, blasted or can be passivated. Repair by weldg. Permitted on 0% of the weld seam length of welded pipe if NPS and havg a wall thickness 0.00 (). Tungstenarc weldg process is used for repairs, with filler metal to a grade as specified A. Weld repairs must be identified on the pipe and test certificate. No weldg repairs carried out by S.S.E. Pipefittgs Limited.

22 Specifications Butt Weld Fittgs Specifications General Applicable Specifications Specifications applicable to Butt Weldg fittgs are as follows: ASME B.9007 Factorymade wrought Steel Butt Weldg fittgs. ASME B.899 Wrought Steel Butt Weldg Short Radius Elbows and Returns. (Withdrawn, but fittgs to this standard are still available) MSS SP 99, Reaffirmed 99 Wrought staless steel butt weldg fittgs. This applies to 5S, 0S, and 0S wall thicknesses only. ASME B.5997 Butt Weldg Ends. This defes various weld bevel designs and dimensions, beyond the scope of this manual. Wall Thicknesses. Fittgs are manufactured to match the wall thicknesses of pipe. Weights quoted the fittg tables are based on manufacturers data and are approximate. Actual weights may vary from those quoted dependg on the type of construction. Manufacture and Test Materials and Manufacture. ASME and MSS staless steel butt weldg fittgs are most coonly manufactured to ASTM A0, ASTM A85 and ASTM B Production Testg. Test requirements are defed ASTM A0. ASME Test Requirements. B.9 and B.8 do not require production testg of fittgs although they must be capable of withstandg the rated pressure: Pressure Ratgs. The rated pressure is as for straight seamless pipe of equivalent NPS, wall thickness and material. Proof Testg to qualify the fittg design comprises a burstg strength test. The fittg is required to withstand, without rupture, 05% of the pressure given by: P = (St) / D (Burst test data is available for all fittgs.) where S = Actual ultimate tensile strength of a specimen from a representative fittg. t = Nomal wall thickness D = Outside diameter MSS SP Test Requirements. SP does not require hydrostatic testg of fittgs although they must be capable of withstandg.5 times the pressure ratgs at 00 F: Pressure Ratgs. Fittgs produced to MSS SP have the pressure ratgs shown this table. Testg will be carried out to Norsok, Shell, BP, Project or National / International specifications. The longitudal specimen may be a full size tubular section with metal plugs fitted the ends to allow grippg by the test mache, or for larger tube sizes a strip may be cut from the tube. Transverse tension tests may also be performed usg a rg expansion method or for larger tube sizes (e.g. greater than 8 NPS) a transverse strip may be cut/flattened.

23 Testg There are two ma categories of tests: destructive tests which the parent material or representative samples of the product are tested, and nondestructive tests performed on the fished product. Tensile Test This is probably the most revealg of the mechanical tests that can be performed upon a specimen of pipe or tubular product material. A longitudal specimen of known cross sectional area is taken from the material and gripped at each end, and then pulled apart until fracture occurs. By recordg the gradually creasg load applied and the extension durg loadg a StressStra Graph can be plotted (see diagram). A B Elastic Deformation B Elastic Limit C Proof Stress D Ultimate Tensile Stress E Specified Stra Stress = Force per unit area, Example units: Pounds per square ch (psi or lbf/ ) Newtons per square metre (N/m ) Pascal (Pa). ksi = x0 psi, Pa = N/m ; MPa = x0 Pa. Stra = Increase length per unit length Testg Staless Steel Products Initially the graph is a straight le, and the material can be expected to return to its origal dimensions when the load is removed. The graph deviates from the straight le at pot B, when it enters the plastic region. The deformation is permanent after this load has been applied. The test piece contues to stretch and also weakens so that the elongation creases even though the load is decreased. Eventually the test piece fractures. From this graph the followg values can be computed. Tensile Strength (D). The imum tensile stress that the material is capable of sustag. Yield Strength or Proof Stress (C). The load at which the sample is permanently elongated by a specific percentage of the origal length. The percentage elongation (correspondg to the distance E on the graph) is coonly set at 0.% The dotted le to C on the graph is drawn parallel to le AB.) Elongation. This is a measure of the extension of the test piece at the pot of fracture. The fractured test piece is carefully fitted together and the distance between gauge marks on the test piece is measured and compared with origal gauge length. The crease length is expressed as a percentage of the origal length. Elastic Limit or Yield Pot (B). The stress at which the test piece is permanently deformed. Modulus of Elasticity. In the tensile test, the ratio between Stress and Stra with the elastic deformation range (AB) is known as Young s Modulus of Elasticity. Reduction of Area. This is the reduction cross sectional area of the test piece after tensile fracture expressed as a percentage of the origal crosssectional area. The longitudal specimen may be a full size tubular section with metal plugs fitted the ends to allow grippg by the test mache, or for larger tube sizes a strip may be cut from the tube. Transverse tension tests may also be performed usg a rg expansion method or for larger tube sizes (e.g. greater than 8 NPS) a transverse strip may be cut/flattened.

24 Testg Testg Staless Steel Products Hardness Tests Brell Hardness Test. A standard size hardened steel ball is dented to the surface of material by an applied standard load. The diameter of the impression is measured accurately by microscope and converted to a hardness value usg tables. Vickers Diamond Hardness Test. This determes hardness by measurg the impression left material by a diamond pyramid under a standard load. The impression is accurately measured, and its area calculated. The Vickers Hardness Number is calculated by dividg the load (kg) by the area of impression ( ). Rockwell Hardness Test. This determes hardness by measurg the depth to which a diamond cone or hardened steel ball, under specific load, penetrates the material. Two loads are used, a mor load (0 kgf) and then a major load (00 or 50 kgf), the difference dentation beg used by the mache to determe the Rockwell number. The number creases with creasg hardness and is displayed or prted by the mache. Two scales are most frequently used, a B scale with a 00 kgf load and.588 steel ball, and a C scale with a 50 kgf load and diamond cone. A Rockwell superficial hardness mache is used for testg very th wall thicknesses, the mor load used beg kgf and the major load beg 5, 0 or 5 kgf. The superficial hardness scales used are then 5T, 0T or 5T with a.588 steel ball, or 5N, 0N or 5N with a diamond cone. For heavy wall fittgs, Hardness Tests across the wall thickness are available on request. Impact Tests In this type of test, a sample is subjected to sudden force to measure its toughness or resistance to shock. Charpy Impact Test. In this test a specimen is supported at both ends and subjected to a blow by a Pendulum iediately behd a prepared notch, either U or V shape cross section. The energy absorbed fracturg the specimen is measured by the height to which the pendulum rises after breakg the test piece. These tests can be carried out at various temperatures to determe the performance of material at either elevated or cryogenic temperatures. At higher temperature specimens fracture by a ductile mechanism, absorbg much energy. At low temperatures they fracture a brittle manner absorbg less energy. With the transition range a mixture of ductile and brittle fracture is observed. Mimum test results for absorbed energy, fracture appearance, lateral expansion or a combation of these, may be specified. Manipulatg Tests These tests prove the ductility of certa tubular products and confirm the soundness of welds. Bend Tests. A bend test volves bendg a sufficient length of full size pipe through 90 or 80 degrees around a mandrel havg or 8 times the nomal pipe diameter. This checks the ductility and weld soundness of pipe ( and under) used for coilg. Transverse guided bend tests may also be specified to check the ductility of fusion welds. These volve bendg the root or face of the weld a specimen agast a plunger. Flange Test. This tests the ability of boiler tubes to withstand bendg to a tube sheet. It volves the tube havg a flange turned over a right angles to the tube body. Flatteng Test. This is usually applied to tube and volves flatteng a sample of tube between two parallel faces without the tube showg flaws or cracks. The length of the test piece and degree to which it is to be flattened (i.e. the distance between the parallel faces) are specified. Flare or Drift Test. This is an alternative to the flange test for certa types of pressure tube. A cone is forced to the end of the tube. The end of the tube is expanded by a specified crease diameter without splits or cracks. The cluded angle of drift is also specified.

25 Testg Corrosion Testg Various corrosion tests are available usg different corrosive environments to dicate the performance of material under heavy duty applications. Weld Decay Test. This test detects tercrystalle corrosion and volves the use of boilg copper sulphate/ sulphuric acid solution. Test samples are first sensitised and then iersed the solution for 7 hours. After the iersion the samples are bent through 90 degrees and are considered satisfactory if no cracks are present. Strauss Test. This test detects tercrystalle corrosion and volves the use of boilg copper sulphate / sulphuric acid solution which must conta solid electrolytic copper. The test samples are iersed the solution for 5 hours. After iersion the samples are bent through 90 degrees and are considered resistant to tercrystalle corrosion if they bend without crackg. Huey Test. This test detects the susceptibility of a material to tergranular attack and volves the use of boilg nitric acid. The test samples are iersed the solution at a concentration of 5% by weight for five hour periods. The effect of the acid on the material is measured by the loss weight after each period and the corrosion rate assessed as a thickness loss a given time. Testg Staless Steel Products Potentiostat Test This is a method of determg the corrosion properties of staless steel by producg polarisation curves which relate electrode potentials and a current flow. The shapes of the curves, which are very sensitive to microstructure and composition, provide a critical method of assessg the corrosion properties of staless steel. Other tests are available to meet Shell, BP, Exxon Mobil, Norsk and many other companies regulations NonDestructive Tests Nondestructive tests do not damage the material or product beg tested. Frequently they are built to production processes, as is the case with pipe tested usg eddy current equipment. Ultrasonic Testg. This test volves ultrasonic sound waves beg aimed, via a couplg medium, at the material to be tested. A proportion are bounced back at the terface but the remader enter the material and bounce from the ternal surface, to the external surface, where a transducer converts them to electrical energy. This is the monitored on a cathode ray tube where results are compared with those from a calibration standard. Any deviations from the standard are visible, thus dicatg cracks or ternal defects. EddyCurrent Testg. This volves ducg eddy currents to the material by excitg a coil which surmounts two narrow search coils surroundg the material. Any discontuities material are found by comparg the electrical conditions that exist the two search coils. The fault signals are amplified and can be shown on a cathode ray tube or as an audible signal. Hydrostatic Testg. This is used to test the manufactured items under a pressure equivalent to or greater than pressure to be encountered service. It volves fillg the tube with water, which cannot be compressed, and creasg the pressure side the tube to that specified. Magnetic Particle Testg. This method of testg is used when tryg to detect discontuities material of ferromagnetic structure. The method is based on the prciple that an imperfection will cause a distortion the magnetic field pattern of a magnetised component. The imperfection can be revealed by applyg magnetic particles to the component durg or after magnetisation. Radiographic (XRay) Testg. This is usually used to determe whether a weld is sound. It volves subjectg a weld or weld area to an XRay source with an XRay sensitive film plate on the under side of the weld. The results are shown on the developed film (a photomicrograph) and terpreted accordg to specification. DyePenetrant Test. This is used to detect cracks and volves sprayg a dye on the area to be tested. After allowg time for penetration the surplus dye is removed and the area is then sprayed with a white developer. Any faults are revealed as coloured les or spots caused by the developer absorbg the dye seepg from the cracks. If more sensitive results are required, a fluorescent dye is used and the same process is followed. When viewed under ultraviolet light any defects show as a highly fluorescent le or spot. 5

26 Pressure Ratgs Pressure Ratgs Pressure Ratgs for Pipes, Tubes and Fittgs Wall thickness calculations for straight pipe under ternal pressure The followg equations and tables are based on those provided the Process Pipg Specification, ASME B.a008, ASME Code for Pressure Pipg (see for references to source paragraphs and tables this specification). Firstly, any one of the followg four equations may be used to calculate the pressure design wall thickness (t) of a straight pipe subject to ternal pressure. The equations assume t<d/ (for pipe with t >D/ or P/SE >5 additional factors need to be considered). The four alternative equations are: PD PD t = t = t = D (SE + PY) SE where: t = Pressure design thickness d = Inside diameter of pipe. For pressure design calculation, the side diameter of the pipe is the imum value allowable under the purchase specification. P = Internal design pressure. D = Outside diameter pipe as listed tables of standards or specifications or as measured. E = Quality factor. See the table Basic quality factors E for longitudal weld jots staless steel pipes, tubes and fittgs on page 7. S = Stress value for material from the table Basic allowable stresses S tension for staless steels on pages 89. Y = Coefficient from table Values of coefficient Y for t<d/ on pages 89. P(d + c) [SE P( Y)] Secondly, the mimum required wall thickness tm of straight sections of pipe is determed accordance with the followg equation. t m = t + c where: SE P ( ) SE + P t = tm = Mimum required thickness, cludg mechanical, corrosion and erosion allowances. c = The sum of the mechanical allowances (thread or groove depth) plus corrosion and erosion allowances. For threaded components, the nomal thread depth (dimension h of ASME B.0., or equivalent) shall apply. For mached surfaces or grooves where the tolerance is not specified, the tolerance shall be assumed to be 0.5 (0.0 ) addition to the specified depth of the cut. The actual mimum thickness for the pipe selected, considerg manufacturer s tolerance, shall not be less than tm. Units of Measure for Calculations It is important to use compatible units for pressure calculations. ASTM and ASME specifications are based upon imperial sizes. Pipe Bends The equations above may also be used for pipe bends provided the requirement for mimum wall thickness (tm) is met. Further Information Refer to ASME B.a008 paragraph 0 for further details relatg to pressure ratg and wall thickness calculations applicable to elbows, branch connections, closures, flanges, reducers and other components.

27 Pressure Ratgs Values of Coefficient Y for t<d/ Materials Ferritic Steels Austenitic Steels Cast Iron 900 ( ) (50) Temperature, F ( C) 000 (58) 050 (5) (59) ( ) Pressure Ratgs The above table and the equations are based on paragraph 0. of ASME B.a008 The value for Y may be terpolated for termediate temperatures. For t > D/: Y = d + c D + d + c Basic Quality Factors E for Longitudal Weld Jots Staless Steel Pipes, Tubes and Fittgs Spec no. Class (or Type) Description E A8 Forggs and Fittgs Seamless Tube A8 Electric Fusion Welded Tube, Double Butt Seam 5 Electric Fusion Welded Tube, Sgle Butt Seam 0 Seamless Tube A9 Electric Fusion Welded Tube, Double Butt Seam 5 Electric Fusion Welded Tube, Sgle Butt Seam 0 Seamless Pipe A Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Double Butt Seam 5 Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Sgle Butt Seam 0,, Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, 00% radiographed A58 5 Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Spot radiographed 0.90 Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Double Butt Seam 5 A7 Seamless Pipe A0 Seamless Fittgs Welded Fittg, 00% radiographed Welded Fittg, Double Butt Seam 5 Welded Fittg, Sgle Butt Seam 0 A09 Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Double Butt Seam 5 Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Sgle Butt Seam 0 A0 Seamless Pip A7 Seamless Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, 00% radiographed Electric Fusion Welded Tube, Double Butt Seam 5 Electric Fusion Welded Tube, Sgle Butt Seam 0 A790 Seamless Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, 00% radiographed Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Double Butt Seam 5 Electric Fusion Welded Pipe, Sgle Butt Seam 0 This table is based on Table AB of ASME B.a008 An E factor of may be applied only if all welds, cludg welds the base material, have passed 00% radiographic examation. Substitution of ultrasonic examation for radiography is not permitted for the purpose of obtag an E of. 7

28 Pressure Ratgs Pressure Ratgs 8 ASTM Spec No. A A7 A9 A A58 A9 A A58 A A7 A A7 A8 A8 A7 A8 A8 A8 A A A58 A09 A A58 A7 A09 A A58 A09 A A58 A7 A09 A A58 A7 A09 A A58 A0 A A58 A7 A09 A0 A7 A A0 A0 A9 A A58 A7 A09 A A09 A Basic Allowable Stresses S Tension for Staless Steels Temperature, F ( C) 00 (9) M Temp to 00 (7.8) 700 (7) (0) (58) (5) () (70) (70) (8) Grade TP TP TP0L TP0L 0L TPL TPL L TP TP TPH TPH TP09 TP0Ti 8H TP05 TP0 TO0 TP7L TP0 0S TP0 TP TP TP TP09 09S TP09 TP7 7 TP7 TP7 TP TP TP TP0 0S FP TP TP TP FPH FPH FPH FP FPH TP TP TP TP TP7 TP7 Ti,,,,,,,,,,7 5,,8,7,,0,,5,,,5,,0,,,,,0,5,,,,5,,0,,,,,,,,0,,,5,,,,,,,,,,,,,5,8,5,8,,,5,8,8,,5,8,,5,8,,5,8,,,5,8,,5,8 M Temp F (for C see notes) Metal Temperature, F ( C) Basic Allowable Stress, S ksi

29 Pressure Ratgs Basic Allowable Stresses S Tension for Staless Steels ASTM Spec No. A7 A A0 A0 A7 A A58 A7 A09 A A58 A7 A09 A A A0 A0 A9 A A58 A7 A7 A09 A A8 A8 A7 A790 A7 A790 A7 A790 A7 A790 Grade TPH TPH FP7 FP7H TP7H TP7 7 TP7 TP7 TP TP TP TP7H TPH FP0 FP0H FP0 FP0 0 TP0 TP0H TP0 TP0H TP TP S0 S0 S80 S80 S900 S900 S750 S750 M Temp F (for C see notes) M Temp to 00 (7.8) (9) Metal Temperature, F ( C) 500 Temperature, F ( C) 000 (0) (7) (5) (58) Basic Allowable Stress, S ksi () (70) (70) (8) ,5,8 8,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,5,8,5,8,,,5,8,8,,5,,5,8,5,8,,5, Pressure Ratgs This table is based on Table AA of ASME B.a008. For specified mimum tensile and yield strengths refer to the dividual ASTM specifications Sections,, & 5. Mimum temperatures C: 0 F = 9 C, 0 F = 5 C, 5 F = 99 C, 5 F = 5 C For temperatures above 58 C (000 F), these stress values may be used only if the material has been heat treated at a temperature of 09 C (000 F) mimum. When the material has not been solution heat treated, the mimum temperature shall be 9 C (0 F) unless the material is impact tested. Must be verified by tensile test. For temperatures above 58 C (000 F), these stress values apply only when the carbon content is 0.0% or higher. 5 For temperatures above 58 C (000 F), these stress values may be used only if the material has been heat treated by heatg to a mimum temperature of 08 C (900 F) and quenchg water or rapidly coolg by other means. This steel is tended for use at high temperatures; it may have low ductility and/or low impact properties at room temperature after beg used a higher temperatures. 7 If the chemical composition of this Grade is such as to render it hardenable, qualification under PNo. is required. 8 Increasgly tends to precipitate tergranular carbides as the carbon content creases above 0.0%. 9 This steel may develop embrittlement after service at approximately C (00 F) and higher temperature. 0 This material when used below 9 C (0 F) shall be impact tested if the carbon content is above 0.0%. The stress values above 58 C (000 F) shall be used only when the microgra size, is No. or less (coarser gra). Otherwise, the lower stress values listed for the same material, specification, and grade shall be used. 9

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32 Visit our website: S.S.E. Pipefittgs Limited Pedmore Road Woodside Dudley DY 0RE Tel: (08) 0 Fax: (08) [email protected] All data and detail provided this brochure is for formation only and should not be used as a substitute for the Specification/Standard from which the formation is derived. All formation is provided good faith and is based on the latest knowledge available at time of publication. No liability will be accepted by the Company or its Officers respect of any action taken reliance on formation obtaed there by any third party. As the components described are manufactured to National / International Standards / Specifications, and are used for a wide variety of purposes over which the Company has no control. The Company specifically excludes all conditions or warranties expressed or implied regardg the suitability or fitness for purpose once the component has been subjected to processes carried out by others. Any contract between the Company and the Customer or Supplier will be subject to the Company s Terms and Conditions of Sale or Purchase. The extent of the Company s liabilities is clearly defed these Conditions a copy of which is available from S.S.E. Pipefittgs Limited. Issue (May 0) Designed and produced by Squarefox Design Limited