Review of Literature

Transcription

1 Review of Literature 36

2 Review of Literature:- Water resources are said to be polluted when, because of man's action in adding or causing the adding of matter to the water or altering the physical, chemical or biological characteristics of water to such an extent that it s utility for any reasonable purpose or its environmental value is demonstrably depreciated. The quality of physicochemical and biological characterizations of water is an index to provide a complete and reliable picture of the conditions prevailing for tropic status in the water bodies. For present study following published literatures have been reviewed viz., water pollution causes, effects and control studies by (Goel, 1997). In which the authors have presented various types of water pollution and the major sources and control of pollution. "Pollution and Biomonitoring of Indian Rivers" (Trivedy, 2000), was also reviewed, similar studies regarding the "Introduction to water pollution Biology" have been presented by (Schmitz, 1995), (Tripathi and Pandey, 1995) in "water pollution" observed the effect of heavy metal on algae and correlation was shown between nutrient and phytoplankton. (Will Rich and William Hines, 1967) Water pollution control and Abatement (Gower, 1980) water quality in catchments Ecosystem (Khopkar, 2004), Environmental Pollution monitoring and control have also been reviewed. (Manahan, 1997) Studied certain algal forms grow in the special type of polluted water and these species are characteristic features for the particular environment. These forms are the indicator of water pollution. (Palmer, 1969) in his valuable review on algae as biological indicators of pollution found certain algae tolerant to relatively raw sewage or organic waste 37

3 Similar studies regarding the use of algae as indicator of river water quality and pollution has been emphasized by (Venkateswarlu, 1981) and (Kant, 1985). Studies on algae as indicators of organic pollution (Kannan and Krishnamurthy, 1985) studied diatoms as indicators of water quality (Mohanty, 1985) Studied algae as indicators of water quality were reviewed. Studied algae as indicators of water quality by (Narkhede and Raghothaman, 2007) were also reviewed. In some diatoms from Hathnur Dam, Tapti River by (Kavitha and Balasingh, 2007) were reviewed.the impact of sewage on the phytoplankton communities of parvathy puthanar canal, Thiruvanthpuram (Rajukumar and Rita kumari, 2004) were reviewed. (Rai et al., 1981) studied phycology and Heavy Metal pollution. And Heavy Metal tolerance in algae isolated from contaminated lakes near Sadbury (Stokes et al., 1973) reviewed. In Toxicity of Heavy Metals to fresh water algae (Whitton, 1970) also reviewed. Diatoms population seen in Tapti river, Maharashtra studied by (Narkhede and Ragothaman, 2007) were reviewed.(govindasamy et al., 2007) studied Impact of Municipal wastes on the river water quality of river Palar, Tamilnadu. (Sheeba and Ramanujan, 2005) worked on Phytoplankton composition and distribution in Ithikkara river, Kerala. And he was stated that Ithikkara River is rich in algal species quantitatively and qualitatively. He observed that Bacillariophycae more abundant than the other group of Phytoplankton. (Kavitha et al., 2005) in which they gave the information regarding to Genera like Chroococcus, Anacystis, Oscillatoria, Microcystis, 38

4 Oocystis, Spirogyra, Stigeoclonium, Navicula, Nitzschia, Cyclotella, Cymbella, Synedra and Cocconeis were recorded as pollution indicators. Algae are the Predominant Organisms in water bodies and contribute to Primary Productivity of the aquatic ecosystems. The algal diversity and Occurrence of specific Taxa in a water body varies considerably basing on the change in Physico-Chemical characters like ph, BOD, COD, Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity etc. Basing on the Occurrence and Diversity Pattern, algae are used as the indicators species of Aquatic environments by (Jena et al., 2005) were reviewed. (Nivedita and Hema, 2010) Studied Algal Biodiversity and Physico-Chemical characteristics of River Kosi in Almora District. Physico-Chemical Parameters and Chlorophyll Concentration were fluctuate and Seasonal variation were obtained in a Study conducted by (Abidi et al., 1983) were reviewed. Various aspects of algal taxonomy, Physiology and ecology further concentration more on the problems of environment like Pollutants and their effect on Plankton biology of algae with reference to uptake and accumulation of metals and detoxification mechanism in algae, heavy metals effects in aquatic food chain, bio-fouling and bio-corrosion by algae and their controls by (Anand, 2002) were also reviewed. He also worked on the role of Diatoms in bioaccumulation, Biotransference and Biomagnifications of Heavy Metals. Cyanobacterial biodiversity of the Tributaries of the river Kaveri by (Sankaran, 2006) were studied. Seasonal Variation in Primary Production of Two Freshwater Rock pools of kollam District, Kerala by (Danielkutty 39

5 and Sobha, 2006) was reviewed. He also studied on Chlorophyll-a exhibited direct relation with the Variations in the Phytoplankton Biomass and Productivity. The species composition of phytoplankton communities differs depending on the local climate, Soil, and sewage like environmental factors might be associated with differences among the Species include the availability of nutrients and the degree of mixing or stratification by (Rajukumar and Ritakumari, 2004) were reviewed.the results of the study that there exist differences in species composition and in relative abundance of the various Phytoplankton communities of the ecosystems. The fluctuations and the interactions of environmental factors are of significance when analyzing the nature and extent of sewage. Studied on Algal Diversity in Temple Ponds from North Goa by (Tejaswini and Vijaya, 2004) were reviewed. In this Ankistrodesmus sp., Scenedesmus sp., Closterium sp., Pediastrum sp., were the dominant green algae and Microcystis sp., Merismopodia sp., Oscillatoria sp. were common algae. (Vishnoi and Srivastava, 2004) studied on Algal flora of polluted water bodies around Jodhpur were reviewed. Heavy Metal are considered as major environmental pollutants and regarded to be Cytotoxic, Mutagenic, and Carcinogenic. The Heavy Metal pollution of natural environment has been consistently increasing through effluents, sedimentation of rocks and mining activities. High concentrations of all heavy metals are toxic to biological systems and effect of some heavy metal compounds on growth and differentiation in a blue green and green algae by (Ahluwalia and Manjit, 1988) were studied. And same worked 40

6 was also done by (Rai et al., 1981) in Phycology and Heavy Metal Pollution. Algae constitute a major Part of the Primary Producers in Aquatic and Terrestrial ecosystems. In spite of high concentration of various toxic metals in the environment, metal tolerance and adaptation to higher concentration have been worked out in many Algal Species by (Stokes et al., 1973) were studied. (Sachidanandamurthy and Yajurvedi, 2004) was also worked on monthly variation in water quality parameters of a perennial lake in Mysore City. Studies on the effect of various industrial effluents on Damodar River Ecosystem by (Ghatak and Konar, 1992) were reviewed. In this the Physico-Chemical and Biological Characteristics of river water was found generally gradually changed due to drainage of various industrial effluents. The concentrations of Dissolved Oxygen, Phosphate of waste was significantly decrease but carbon dioxide was increased at various sites.and resulted in decreases of Phytoplankton communities of the river water. Hydrobiological studies regarding rivers are scares but its relation with algae are few. Studies on river hydrobiology in Indian regions have been done by many workers for many rivers from time to time. (Venkateswarlu, 1969) studied ecology of algal flora of the moosi rivers, Hydrabad with special reference to water pollution. He studied the physicochemical characteristics affecting the distribution and periodicity of algae. The change in algal flora in the Cauvery River due to industrial and domestic pollution was studied by (Parmasivum and Sreenivasan, 1981). 41

7 Effect of Industial effluents on Phytoplankton communities of the river Ganga was studied by (Bigrami and Siddiqui, 1980). Seasonal variations of Phytoplanktons in the Vishwamitri River Baroda were studied by (Nandan and Patel, 1985). Earlier works was done on Tapi river by Ragothman and Manoj (1993), Kapila Manoj and Chauhan Manish (1999), Kapila Manoj and Himanshu Patel (1999), Ragothaman (2007), Ragothaman et al. (2004), Narkhede and Raghothaman, (2007), Ragothaman and Ramaih,(1986), Jaiswal (1990), Sarin and Swami, (1981), Ragothaman and Reddy (1982). 42