Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. By Mick Benson

Transcription

1 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo By Mick Benson

2 Definition Benign - not life-threatening Paroxysmal - a sudden onset Positional - response provoked by change in head position Vertigo - sensation of movement, usually described as spinning or turning BPPV is the most common form of vertigo & inner ear vestibular disorders

3 Typical Presentation Transient episodes of vertigo (<1 minute) Initiated by position change Characterized by periods of exacerbation and remission Usually unilateral Symptoms include dizziness, imbalance, difficulty concentrating & nausea

4 What Triggers BPPV? Lying down or getting up getting in and out of bed Rolling over in bed Bending over picking something up Looking up Shaving Washing hair in shower Going to dentist or beauty salon

5 How does BPPV cause Vertigo Semicircular Canals (SCC) Filled with endolymph Detect rotational movement Endolymph exerts pressure on Cupula (sensory receptor at SCC base) & sends impulses to brain Otolith in the semicircular canals shift causing the cupula to send false positional signals to the brain

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7 Etiology Idiopathic (unknown causes) Natural age-related degeneration of otolithic membrane Head injuries (concussions, whiplash) Other possible causes Ear viruses, migraine, ear surgery

8 Incidence Accounts for 20% of dizziness cases presenting to ENT office Frequently seen in elderly 50% of all dizziness in elderly is due to BPPV

9 Aging & Vestibular Dysfunction why should we care? Increased falls risk in elderly Major public health concern leading cause of injury-related death & nonfatal injury in U.S. At risk for fractures (hip) Complications after hip fractures blood clots, infection, pneumonia Loss of independence (65-80% never regain preinjury level of independence) 3 year mortality rate = ~ 50%

10 Types of BPPV Cupulolithiasis- -otoconia in the utricle break loose and adhere to the cupula of the posterior semicircular canal Canalithiasis--otoconia are free floating in the posterior semicircular canal The most common form Accounts for 81-90% of all cases

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12 Evaluation Dix Hallpike (may use Frenzel Goggles) Patient sitting upright Turn head 45º to right Eyes remain open Assist patient into supine, head hanging position; maintain 45º head turn to right Patient focuses on target; observe eyes for nystagmus Maintain head hanging position for seconds; if response occurs, wait for nystagmus to fatigue Patient centers head and returns to upright, seated position When seated, patient focuses on target; if response was demonstrated, may see nystagmus reversal Repeat with head hanging left

13 Frenzel Goggles Used to detect nystagmus during Dix-Hallpike evaluation

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15 Diagnosis is based on a positive Dix- Hallpike BPPV Nystagmus Classifications Counterclockwise lateral canal BPPV Clockwise lateral canal BPPV Down beating superior canal BPPV Up beating posterior canal BPPV

16 Typical Characteristics of Nystagmus Latency seconds Paroxysmal Rotary nystagmus Duration < 1 minute Fatigues with repetition Nystagmus may reverse in upright position

17 Nystagmus video ch?v=zwnuabbdkd0&feature =endscreen&nr=1

18 Interventions Wait/see symptoms may subside within 2 months Medication (little benefit) Habituation exercises (Brandt-Daroff) Surgery Canalith Repositioning Procedures (CRP) Epley and Semont maneuvers Move otoconia from posterior canal into utricle (90% success rate)

19 CRP/Epley is only done when a positive Dix-Hallpike is observed Should only be performed after a negative Cerebral Artery Screen Should only be performed by trained clinicians Not many therapists trained to treat BPPV: Certified Vestibular Rehab. Specialist ature=related

20 Canalith Repositioning Procedure (CRP) 1. Supporting patient s neck, quickly assist patient into supine, head hanging position; maintain 45º head position Otoconia move toward center of PSSC 2. Without lifting the patient s head, help patient turn head to the opposite Hallpike position Otoconia reach common crus 3. Rotate head and body until patient is lying on side and nose is pointing to floor Otoconia pass through common crus 4. Maintaining head position from #3, assist patient to a seated position Otoconia enter utricle 5. Ask patient to center head and to tilt head down 20º Otoconia move into utricle 6. Repeat positions 1-5 until there is no nystagmus in any position

21 Canalith Repositioning Procedure/Epley

22 Semont

23 Patient instructions following CRP/Epley Sleep semi-recumbent for one night Avoid provoking head positions for one week Avoid moving head up and down Move head and body as a unit Can wear soft cervical collar as reminder for head movement Do not sleep on the side that was just treated

24 Bilateral BPPV Much less common If you see it, usually will see with head trauma Must treat one side at a time so you don t undo the side you just treated Harder to clear generally will have multiple visits

25 Lateral Canal BPPV Otoconia migrate to the lateral canal Less common than posterior canal BPPV Can happen after CRP/Epley if head is lifted between first and second positions

26 Lateral Canal BPPV Roll test Body supine Head inclined 30º Turn head to either side

27 Lateral Canal BPPV Patients usually describe a strong and prolonged vertigo Often report dizziness when turning over in bed but not in other positions Can last up to or longer than a minute See a horizontal nystagmus, not rotary Nystagmus is typically present in both head positions but one is usually significantly worse Nystagmus can be geotropic (towards ground) or ageotropic (towards sky) Most commonly canalithiasis with geotropic nystagmus that is greater on the affected side

28 Maneuver for Lateral Canal BPPV

29 Summary Most common disorder of the inner ear s vestibular system Etiology is idiopathic or head trauma More common in elderly can have dramatic effect on quality of life Diagnosis is based on positive Dix- Hallpike CRP/Epley highly successful

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31 References: Boissonnault, W.G. (2011). Primary Care for the Physical Therapist Examination and Triage,2 nd Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Saunders Hain, T.C. (2011). Lateral Canal BPPV. Retrieved 03/03/12 from dizziness-and-balance.com Hain, T.C., Rodenbeek, M. (2009). BPPV. On the Level: Quarterly Newsletter of the VEDA, vol. 26 (No. 1) pp. 1-8 Herdman, S.J. (2000). Vestibular Rehabilitation. Phila., PA: F.A. Davis Co.

32 References cont.: Shankman, G.A., Manske, R.C. (2011). Fundamental Orthopedic Management For The Physical Therapist Assistant, 3 rd Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby