Different Corm Sizes Affect Performance of Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow

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1 Advances in Zoology and Botany 1(4): 86-91, 213 DOI: /azb Different Corm Sizes Affect Performance Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow Abdul Kareem 1,*, Muhammad Aslam Khan 2, Shoib-UR-Rehman 2, Irfan Afzal 3 1 College Agriculture Bahadur Sub-Campus Layyah, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan 2 Institute Horticultural Sciences, University Agriculture, Faisalabad 3 Department Crop physiologies, University Agriculture, Faisalabad *Correspondence Author: [email protected] Copyright 213 Horizon Research Publishing All rights reserved. Abstract Vegetative reproductive and corm characteristics Gladiolus grandiflorus as affected by different corm sizes, large sized corm (3 to 3.5 cm), medium (2 to 2.5 cm) and to small (1 to 1.5 cm) were evaluated under natural agro-climatic conditions Faisalabad. The experiment was laid out in accordance with Complete Block Design with two factorial arrangements. Regarding vegetative parameters it was observed that sprouting percentage, plant height, number leaves per plant and days required for 25%, large sized corm perfume the best as compared to medium and small sized corms with maximum values (96.67%), (56.2 cm) and (7.72) in variety red majesty (15. days) in variety Early Yellow respectively. Similar results were observed with reproductive characters, similar number spikes per plant in both varieties in all corm sizes maximum thickness (1.23 cm) spike was observed in cvs. Early Yellow when large sized corms, spikes maximum length in both cultivars being cm and 47.5 cm in cv. Red Majesty and and cm in cvs. Early Yellow respectively, a significant difference was also in observed in number florets per spike and intact. In case corm characters more number cormels per plant was produced by plants raised by corms large sized and corms size was increased with increase corm size Keywords Gladiolus Gradiflorus, Red Majesty, Early Yellow, Different Corm Sizes, Cormlets, Spike Length 1. Introduction Gladiolus (Gladiolus grandiflorus) is among the leading cut and occupies eighth position in international cut trade (Ahmad et al., 28). It is frequently used as cut in different social and religious ceremonies (Mitra, 1992). Gladiolus is very much liked for its majestic spikes which contain attractive, elegant and delicate florets. These florets open in a sequence over long duration and hence have a good keeping quality cut spikes. The spikes gladiolus are popular in arrangement and for preparing high-class bouquets (Mukhopadhay and Yadav, 1995). There is a wide range colours; self or bicolour, with or without central mark, varying from white to darkest crimson. There are many varieties gladiolus available like White Friendship, T-21, Pink Parade, Traelor, Red Majesty, Aarti, Poonam, Hunting Song, Oscare, Praha. Mukta, Appleuse and Blue Mist etc. In European countries during winter season, snow and frost check the production and there is dearness fresh in the market. We are fortunate by having temperate, subtropical and tropical climatic conditions in our country and can produce the fresh round the year with little efforts and can export the commodity to outside the country but export fresh including gladiolus is quite insignificant from Pakistan. Different factors such as size corms and cormels, planting time and fertilizer management influence the production and quality gladiolus (Arora and Khanna, 199). Gladiolus is a corm which has solid shortened stem with buds systematically arranged under a paper-thin protective layer or scale usually one bud sprouts near the top the corm when planted. It also produces cormlets. The basal roots are emerged and spike is visible and basal portion shoot that begins to swell and develops into daughter corm. The daughter corm continues to enlarge after ing and then nutrition is directed downward for storage. The daughter corm does not in the same season (Hudson et al., 1981). The corm has direct effect on plant growth and quality (Sharga et al., 1984). At present there is an urgent need to standardize agrotechniques most suitable for local climate and edaphic conditions. The objective present study was to evaluate the effect different corm sizes gladiolus cultivars for commercial propagation so as to have the best quality to meet the market demand. 2. Materials and Methods The experiment was conducted at Floriculture Research Area, Institute Horticultural Sciences, University Agriculture, Faisalabad during the year to study the effect corm sizes on performance gladiolus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow. Corm size was 1 to 1.5 cm, 2 to

2 Advances in Zoology and Botany 1(4): 86-91, cm and 3 to 3.5 cm in diameter as treatments for each variety. There were 18 corms in each treatment planted 5 cm deep at a spacing 3 cm x 45 cm. The size main plot was 15 feet x 18 feet. There were six ridges in a sub plot and six corms were planted on each ridge. First irrigation was given just after sowing and then subsequent irrigation was applied as per crop requirement. All standard cultural practices required for raising crop were practiced. The experiment was laid out according to Completely Randomized Block Design with Factorial Design arrangement. Data were collected on various growth, ing and corm characteristics like sprouting percentage. height, number leaves per plant, length spike per plant, number florets per spike, intact, average number corms and average size corms. The data collected on various characters were statistically analyzed using the Fisher s analysis variance technique. The treatments were compared by Least Significance Difference at 5 percent level significance (Steel and Torrie, 1984). 3. Results and Discussion percentage Corm size significantly affected sprouting percentage (Table 1). percentage increased with increase in corm size being maximum (96.67%) in the largest size (3 to 3.5 cm) in cv. Red Majesty and lowest sprouting percentage (71.56%) was found in smallest corm size (1 to 1.5 cm) in cv. Early Yellow. In combine effect treatments (3-3.5cm) treatment performed the best while lowest results were found in in treatment (1-1.5cm) in both varieties as indicated in figure 3. For combined effect varieties the variety Red Majesty performed best Figure 4. Possible reason for this is that large sized corms have comparatively short dormancy period as compared to small sized ones which helped in quick emergence gladiolus (Ogele et al., 1995). Table 1. Main effect corm size on different corm sizes and varieties on performance gladiolus cv. Red Majesty and Early Yellow Red Majesty Length Treatments Thickness ing (Corm Spike Spike size leaves in 25% Size) Spike florets Spike -1 Corms b 35.74b a a 1. a.64 b 31.29b b 16.64b b 3.67cd a 54.12a 7.693a 19.9 b 1. a.94 a 47.55a a 22.12a 8.57ab 4.667ab a 56.2a 7.72a 19.9 b 1. a.986 a 47.5a a 21.78a a 5.9 a Early Yellow Length Treatments Thickness ing (Corm Spike Spike size leaves in 25% Size) Spike florets Spike -1 Corms b 15.11c 2.33 b 15. c.33 b.586 b 1.89c c 8.563b b d a 55.17a 6.96a 11.2 a 1. a.9 a 45.56a 7.33ab 21.35a 8.333ab 4.4ac a 52.46a 6.267a ab 1. a 1.23 a 43.11a 6.773ab 21.69a 8.333ab 5.4ab Table 2. Combined effect corm size on different corm sizes and varieties on performance gladiolus cv. Red Majesty and Early Yellow Combined effect Treatments Length Treatments Thickness ing (Corm Spike Spike size leaves in 25% Size) Spike florets Spike -1 Corms Varieties (Early Yellow and Red Majesty) leaves ing in 25% Combined effect varieties Spike Thickness Spike Length Spike florets Spike -1 V size Corms V

3 88 Different Corm Sizes Affect Performance Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow There was a significant difference among different corm sizes for plant height. height (56.2 cm) in large corm sized (3 to 3.5 cm) in cv. Red Majesty and the minimum height (15.11 cm) were found in cv. Early Yellow in corm size (1 to 1.5 cm). The combined effects for plant height indicated highest results for treatment (3-3.5cm) as intratment (2-2.5cm) and lwest results were found in treatment (1-1.5cm) as shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 indicates the results for combine effects varieties, the variety Red Majesty perform the best. This may be due to more storage reserves in large sized corms (3 to 3.5 cm) which helped in early and rapid vegetative growth the plant. height in small sized corms the two varieties was significantly different more in cv. Red Majesty than in cv. Early Yellow indicating superiority small sized corms former cv. over the later one. These results were supported by the Mahanta et al. (1998) who found that height plant was enhanced with increasing corm sizes in tuberose due to reserved food. Leaves -1 leaves was significantly influenced by corm size (Table 1). Large sized corms (3 cm to 3.5 cm) produced maximum number leaves (7.72) and (Table 2) in cv. Red Majesty while minimum number leaves (16.96) was found in small sized corms (1 cm to 1.5 cm) in Early Yellow. leaves per plant was statistically at par for all corm sizes in cv. Red Majesty and also at par with number leaves for medium and large sized corms. Figure 3 indicates the combined effects treatments; the treatment (3-3.5cm) performed the best for number leaves with more number leaves as compared to treatment (1-1.5cm) with lowest number leaves. It is clear from Figure 4 that the variety Red Majesty was found with more number leaves. These results are in alliance with the results Farid Uddin et al. (22) who reported that corm size has significant effect on number leaves. Results depicted that for cv. Red Majesty corms small, medium and large size perform equally well while for cultivating cv. Early Yellow only medium and large sized corms should be used. Days Required for 25% Flowers Time taken to complete 25% visible first inflorescence the crop was significantly influenced by corm size (Table 1) and (Figure 1). Small sized corm (1 to 1.5 cm) required maximum time to 25% both cvs. i.e and 15. days in cv. Red Majesty and Early Yellow respectively. The time taken to complete 25% visible first inflorescence initiation gladiolus crop was found to be delayed gradually with the decrease in corm size. However, it was noticed that ing started comparatively earlier in cvs. Red Majesty as compared to Early Yellow when the performance large sized corms was observed. The combined effects treatments indicate les number days were required in treatment (3-3.5cm) than other treatments as clear from Figure 3. The variety Red Majesty take less number days for 25% completions described in Figure 4. These results were supported by Kalasareddi et al. (1997) who found that large corms ed earlier in gladiolus. Earlier ing may be due to more food reserves present in large and medium sized corms as compared to small ones which produced more number leaves. These corms with more leaves were able to produce bloom earlier than small sized ones. Spikes -1 Corm size had no effect on number spikes per plant in both varieties as in Table 1.Equal number spikes was noted in all corm sizes while large and medium sized corms produced significantly more spikes plant-1 than small ones in cv. Early Yellow.The combined effects treatment indicated same results for both varieties as indicated in Figure 3 and 4. Spike production is a genetic factor for survival the individual corm. Spike Thickness Results showed significant effect corm size on spike thickness. Spike maximum thickness (1.23 cm) was observed in cv. Early Yellow when large sized corms were planted. Results were statistically at par with corms medium size, which produced spikes.9 cm thickness (Figure 2). Large and medium sized corms in cv. Red Majesty produced spikes which statistically had same thickness. Figure 3 indicate combined effects for thickness spike per plant, the thicker spike were found in treatment (3-3.5cm) and thin spikes were found in treatment (1-1.5cm) as indicated in Figure 3. Thicker spikes were found in found in variety Red Majesty, that performed the best as declared by figure 4. Results indicate that spike thickness is affected by corm thickness. Corms size less that 2 cm gave rise to thin spikes which are more prone to lodging. So corms for commercial propagation should be 2 or more than 2 cm.

4 Advances in Zoology and Botany 1(4): 86-91, Main effect corm size on different corm sizes and varieties on performance gladiolus cv. Red Majesty leaves plant-1 25% Thickness Length florets Spike-1 plant-1 size Corms Figure 1. Main effect corm size on different corm sizes and varieties on performance gladiolus cv. Red Majesty Main effect corm size on different corm sizes and varieties on performance gladiolus cv.early Yellow leaves plant-1 25% T hickness Length Spike plant-1 florets Spike-1 size plant- Corms 1 Figure 2. Main effect corm size on different corm sizes and varieties on performance gladiolus cv. Early Yellow Combined Effect Treatments leaves plant-1 25% Thickness Length florets Spike-1 size plant- Corms 1 Figure 3. Combined effect treatment

5 9 Different Corm Sizes Affect Performance Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow Combined Effect varieties Red Majesty Early Yellow leaves plant- 1 25% Thickness Length florets Spike-1 plant-1 size Corms Figure 4. Combined effect varieties Length spike s raised by medium and large sized corms produced spikes maximum length in both cultivars being cm and 47.5 cm in cv. Red Majesty and and cm in cvs. Early Yellow respectively. Spike length was too much reduced in cvs. Early Yellow i.e cm when small sized corms were used as planting materials. Results depict that for commercial purpose only medium or large sized corms should be used which has high market value. florets spike -1 Corm size significantly affected number floret spike -1. floret spike -1 was statistically more when medium and large sized corms were planted. Corms medium and large sized produced 7.82 and 8.31 floret spike -1 in cv. Red Majesty. While 7.3 and 6.77 floret spike in cv. Early Yellow. Small corms in both cv. produced small sized spike, bearing less number florets 5.85 in cv. Red Majesty and 3.62 in cv (Figure 3, 4). Early Yellow. florets spike-1 in case small sized corm was statistically at par with these from medium and large sized corms depicting the superiority cv. Red Majesty over Early Yellow for commercial point view. Flower Life Corm size significantly affected the intact both cultivars. The was maximum (22.12 days) when planted through large sized corms while days when raised through medium sized corms in cv. Red Majesty. In case Early Yellow, intact was maximum (21.35 days) and days when planted through large sized corms and medium sized corms respectively. Small sized corms had least ; days and 8.56 days in cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow respectively. cormels : More number cormels was produced by plants raised by corms large sized. cormels was at par for both medium and large sized being 8.5 and 8.67 in cv. Red Majesty respectively. While 8.33 for both corms sizes in cv. Early Yellow. cormels from small sized plants was almost half i.e and 4.43 cormels in cv. Red Majesty respectively. Results signify the importance medium or large sized corms for propagation material to produce more number cormels which will increase the net prit for a unit area. Corms Corms size was increased with increase corm size. Maximum corm size was observed on corm size (3-3.5 cm) in Red Majesty (5.9 cm) and minimum corm size was observed in corm size (1-1.5 cm) in Early Yellow (1.83 cm). The combined effect indicate there is increases in corm size with treatment (3-3.5cm), (2-2.5cm) and (1-1.5cm) respectively as shown in Figure 4. The corms variety Red Majesty attain more corm sizes as compared to Early Yellow (Figure 4). 4. Conclusion Positive relationship occurs between the large sized corms (3 to 3.5 cm), vegetative and reproductive growth Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow i.e. large sized corms produced maximum sprouting percentage (96.67%), maximum plant height (56.2 cm), maximum number leaves (7.72), minimum days required for 25% (149.4 and 15. days in cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow respectively), maximum spike thickness (1.23 cm), maximum length spike (47.55 cm and 47.5 cm in cvs. Red Majesty and and cm in cvs. Early Yellow respectively), maximum number florets spike - 1(8.31 floret spike -1 ), maximum number cormels - (8.67), maximum average number corms (5.9 cm) and maximum intact (22.12 days). Different corm size had no effect on number spikes. Therefore, large sized corms (3 to 3.5 cm) should be used for best quality Gladiolus grandiflorus cvs. Red Majesty and Early Yellow under agro-ecological conditions

6 Advances in Zoology and Botany 1(4): 86-91, Faisalabad. REFERENCES [1] Ahmad, T., I. Ahmad and M. Qasim. Present status and future prospects gladiolus cultivation in Punjab, Pakistan. J. Tekirdag Agric. Faculty. (In Press). [2] Arora, J.S. and K. Khanna Studies on corm production in gladiolus as affected by different corm sizes. Indian J. Hort. 47: [3] Farid Uddin M. R., Md. Moshiur and Md.G. Rabbani. 22. Effect different corm size and depth planting on growth and ing gladiolus. Pak. J. Bio. Sci. 5(5): [4] Hudson, T.H., J.F. William and M.K. Anton Sciences. Engle Wood Clifts. New Jersey, 7632, USA. Pp [5] Kalasareddi, P.T., B.S. Reddy, S.R.Patil, Y.H. Ryagi and P.M. Gangadharappa Effect corm size on ing and yield gladiolus cv. Snow White. Karnataka J. Agric. Sci. 1(4): [6] Korkut, A.B., S.J. Butt and E. Dozalan Effect different harvesting times on the corm yield and quality gladiolus. Pak. J. Sci. Hort. 41(4): [7] Mahanta, P., L. Paswan and A.B. Siddique Effect bulb size on growth and ing tuberose (Polianthus tuberose L.) cv. Single. Annals. Agri. Bio. Res. 3(1): [8] Mitra, R Gladiolus. In: Fuler Bagan (In Bangla) 3rd ed. Indian Book Academy, Calcutta, India.Pp [9] Mukhopadhay, T.K. and L.P. Yadav Effects corm size and spacing on growth, ing and production gladiolus. Haryana J. Hort. Sci. 13: [1] Ogale, V.K. and V.A. Rode and S.D. Mishra Role corm size in gladiolus ing and final (corm) yield. Ind. J. Pl. Phy. 38(3): [11] Sharga, A.N Effect bulb size on vegetative growth and characters tuberose (Polianthus tuberose L.). Progressive Hort. 14(4):