REAL TIME PCR USING SYBR GREEN
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1 REAL TIME PCR USING SYBR GREEN 1
2 THE PROBLEM NEED TO QUANTITATE DIFFERENCES IN mrna EXPRESSION SMALL AMOUNTS OF mrna LASER CAPTURE SMALL AMOUNTS OF TISSUE PRIMARY CELLS PRECIOUS REAGENTS 2
3 THE PROBLEM QUANTITATION OF mrna northern blotting ribonuclease protection assay in situ hybridization PCR most sensitive can discriminate closely related mrnas technically simple but difficult to get truly quantitative results using conventional PCR 3
4 control NORTHERN expt target gene internal control gene actin, GAPDH, RPLP0 etc Corrected fold increase = 10/2 = 5 Ratio target gene in experimental/control = fold change in target gene fold change in reference gene 4
5 Standards same copy number in all cells expressed in all cells medium copy number advantageous correction more accurate 5
6 Standards The perfect standard does not exist 6
7 Standards Commonly used standards Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase mrna Beta-actin mrna MHC I (major histocompatability complex I) mrna Cyclophilin mrna mrnas for certain ribosomal proteins E.g. RPLP0 (ribosomal protein, large, P0; also known as 36B4, P0, L10E, RPPO, PRLP0, 60S acidic ribosomal protein P0, ribosomal protein L10, Arbp or acidic ribosomal phosphoprotein P0) 28S or 18S rrna 7
8 CYCLE NUMBER AMOUNT OF DNA , , , , , , , , , , ,048, ,097, ,194, ,388, ,777, ,554, ,108, ,217, ,435, ,870, ,073,741, ,400,000, ,500,000, ,550,000, ,580,000,000 8
9 CYCLE NUMBER AMOUNT OF DNA , , , , , , , , , , ,048, ,097, ,194, ,388, ,777, ,554, ,108, ,217, ,435, ,870, ,073,741, ,400,000, ,500,000, ,550,000, ,580,000,000 AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA PCR CYCLE NUMBER PCR CYCLE NUMBER 9
10 AMOUNT OF DNA PCR CYCLE NUMBER 10
11 AMOUNT OF DNA PCR CYCLE NUMBER 11
12 Linear ~20 to ~
13 Linear ~20 to ~
14 REAL TIME PCR kinetic approach early stages while still linear 14
15 15
16 16
17 1. halogen tungsten lamp 2b. emission filters 3. intensifier 5. ccd detector 350,000 pixels 2a. excitation filters 4. sample plate 17
18 SERIES OF 10-FOLD DILUTIONS 18
19 19
20 20
21 SERIES OF 10-FOLD DILUTIONS 21
22 threshold Ct SERIES OF 10-FOLD DILUTIONS 22
23 threshold =
24 threshold 24
25 STANDARD CURVE METHOD 25
26 dilutions target DNA triplicates cdna target primers dilutions reference DNA triplicates cdna reference primers Standard curve method 26
27 copy number target gene control copy number target gene experimental Dilution curve target gene NORTHERN control expt target gene fold change in target gene= copy number experimental copy number control internal control gene actin, GAPDH, RPLP0 etc Ratio experimental/control = fold change in target gene fold change in reference gene 27
28 copy number reference gene experimental Dilution curve reference gene copy number reference gene control NORTHERN control expt target gene internal control gene actin, GAPDH, RPLP0 etc Ratio experimental/control = fold change in target gene fold change in reference gene 28
29 Real time pcr - week 1 Two different series of diluted DNAs to do standard curve plus two unknowns RPLPO (ribosomal protein, reference gene) alpha-5 integrin Get standard curve and efficiency RPLP0 and alpha- 5 integrin Determine ratio of RPLP0 and alpha-5 integrin in two unknowns (cdna 1 and cdna 2) Determine melting temperature RPLP0 and alpha-5 integrin Each person will do either RPLP0 or alpha-5 integrin 29
30 Date: protocol: A B C D RPLP0-4 RPLP0-5 RPLP0-6 RPLP0-7 RPLP0-8 RPLP0-9 RPLP0-10 5uL H 2 O cdna 1 cdna 2 add RPLP0 master mix to this row E a5-int -4 a5-int -5 a5-int -6 a5-int -7 a5-int -8 a5-int -9 a5-int -10 5uL H 2 O cdna 1 cdna 2 F G add a5-integrin master mix to this row H 30
31 NORTHERN cdna1 cdna2 alpha-5 integrin (target gene) RPLP0 (reference) Ratio alpha-5 integrin cdna2 to cdna1 = fold change in alpha-5 integrin fold change in RPLP0 31 4
32 Importance of controls negative control checks reagents for contamination 32
33 Importance of cleanliness in PCR Contamination is major problem Huge amplification contributes to this Bacterial vectors contribute to this Amplification of ds DNA is more sensitive than that of cdna 33
34 PFAFFL METHOD M.W. Pfaffl, Nucleic Acids Research :
35 EFFECTS OF EFFICIENCY 35
36 CYCLE AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA 100% EFFICIENCY 90% EFFICIENCY 80% EFFICIENCY 70% EFFICIENCY , ,048 1, ,096 2,213 1, ,192 4,205 2, ,384 7,990 3,748 1, ,768 15,181 6,747 2, ,536 28,844 12,144 4, ,072 54,804 21,859 8, , ,127 39,346 14, , ,842 70,824 23, ,048, , ,482 40, ,097, , ,468 69, ,194,304 1,356, , , ,388,608 2,578, , , ,777,216 4,898,763 1,338, , ,554,432 9,307,650 2,408, , ,108,864 17,684,534 4,335, , ,217,728 33,600,615 7,804,726 1,667, ,435,456 63,841,168 14,048,506 2,835, ,870, ,298,220 25,287,311 4,819, ,073,741, ,466,618 45,517,160 8,193,466 AFTER 1 CYCLE 100% = 2.00x 90% = 1.90x 80% = 1.80x 70% = 1.70x 36
37 CYCLE AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA 100% EFFICIENCY 90% EFFICIENCY 80% EFFICIENCY 70% EFFICIENCY , ,048 1, ,096 2,213 1, ,192 4,205 2, ,384 7,990 3,748 1, ,768 15,181 6,747 2, ,536 28,844 12,144 4, ,072 54,804 21,859 8, , ,127 39,346 14, , ,842 70,824 23, ,048, , ,482 40, ,097, , ,468 69, ,194,304 1,356, , , ,388,608 2,578, , , ,777,216 4,898,763 1,338, , ,554,432 9,307,650 2,408, , ,108,864 17,684,534 4,335, , ,217,728 33,600,615 7,804,726 1,667, ,435,456 63,841,168 14,048,506 2,835, ,870, ,298,220 25,287,311 4,819, ,073,741, ,466,618 45,517,160 8,193,466 AFTER 1 CYCLE 100% = 2.00x 90% = 1.90x 80% = 1.80x 70% = 1.70x AFTER N CYCLES: fold increase = (efficiency) n 37
38 CYCLE AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA 100% EFFICIENCY 90% EFFICIENCY 80% EFFICIENCY 70% EFFICIENCY , ,048 1, ,096 2,213 1, ,192 4,205 2, ,384 7,990 3,748 1, ,768 15,181 6,747 2, ,536 28,844 12,144 4, ,072 54,804 21,859 8, , ,127 39,346 14, , ,842 70,824 23, ,048, , ,482 40, ,097, , ,468 69, ,194,304 1,356, , , ,388,608 2,578, , , ,777,216 4,898,763 1,338, , ,554,432 9,307,650 2,408, , ,108,864 17,684,534 4,335, , ,217,728 33,600,615 7,804,726 1,667, ,435,456 63,841,168 14,048,506 2,835, ,870, ,298,220 25,287,311 4,819, ,073,741, ,466,618 45,517,160 8,193,466 AMOUNT OF DNA AMOUNT OF DNA 1,200,000, % EFF 1,000,000,000 90% EFF 80% EFF 800,000,000 70% EFF 600,000, ,000, ,000, PCR CYCLE NUMBER 10,000,000,000 1,000,000, % EFF 100,000,000 90% EFF 80% EFF 10,000,000 70% EFF 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, PCR CYCLE NUMBER
39 AMOUNT OF DNA 10,000,000,000 1,000,000, ,000,000 10,000,000 1,000, ,000 10,000 1, % EFF 90% EFF 80% EFF 70% EFF PCR CYCLE NUMBER 39
40 SERIES OF 10-FOLD DILUTIONS 40
41 threshold 41
42 QUALITY CONTROL -EFFICIENCY CURVES use pcr baseline subtraction (not curve fitting default option) - see next slide set the threshold manually to lab standard check all melting curves are OK check slopes are parallel in log view delete samples if multiple dilutions cross line together (usually at dilute end of curve) delete samples if can detect amplification at cycle 10 or earlier make sure there are 5 or more points check correlation coefficient is more than
43 43
44 QUALITY CONTROL -EFFICIENCY CURVES use pcr baseline subtraction (not curve fitting default option) set the threshold manually to lab standard check all melting curves are OK check slopes are parallel in log view delete samples if multiple dilutions cross line together (usually at dilute end of curve) delete samples if can detect amplification at cycle 10 or earlier make sure there are 5 or more points check correlation coefficient is more than
45 PFAFFL METHOD M.W. Pfaffl, Nucleic Acids Research : NORTHERN target gene internal control gene actin, GAPDH, RPLP0 etc ratio = fold increase in target gene fold increase in reference gene 45
46 triplicates cdna triplicates cdna target primers reference primers 46
47 IL1-b vit RPLP0 con RPLP0 vit IL1-b con 47
48 IL1-beta IL1-b vit av =18.03 av =29.63 IL1-b con AFTER N CYCLES: change = (efficiency) n AFTER N CYCLES: ratio vit/con = (1.93) = =
49 RPLP0 RPLP0 con RPLP0 vit av =19.80 av =19.93 AFTER N CYCLES: change = (efficiency) n AFTER N CYCLES: ratio vit/con = (1.87) = =
50 IL1-beta IL1-b vit RPLP0 RPLP0 con av =18.03 av =29.63 IL1-b con RPLP0 vit AFTER N CYCLES: increase = (efficiency) n AFTER N CYCLES: increase = (efficiency) n Ratio vit/con = (1.93) = = 2053 Ratio vit/con = (1.87) = = 1.08 ratio = change in IL1-B = 2053/1.08 = 1901 change in RPLP0 ratio = (E target ) Ct target (control-treated) (E ref ) Ct ref (control-treated) 50
51 An example of a step-by-step way to set up the calculations for the Pfaffl method in EXCEL. Row 3, columns B, C, D, and E are the average Ct values from real time. In separate experiments, the average efficiency for the target gene was determined to be and for RPLP0 was
52 Ct EFFICIENCY METHOD APPROXIMATION METHOD 52
53 IL1-b vit RPLP0 con RPLP0 vit IL1-b con 53
54 IL1-b vit RPLP0 con RPLP0 vit IL1-b con 54
55 control RPLP0 con Ct = target - ref Ct = 9.70 IL1-b con av =19.93 av =29.63 experiment IL1-b vit RPLP0 vit av =18.03 av =19.80 Ct = target - ref Ct = -1.7 Difference = Ct- Ct = Ct = 9.70-(-1.7) =
56 Ct = for IL1-beta 2 Ct variant: assumes efficiency is 100% Fold change = = 2702 But our efficiency for IL1-beta is 93% Fold change = = 1800 Pfaffl equation corrected for RPLP0 efficiency Fold change =
57 SERIAL 10-FOLD DILUTIONS RED: 83% efficiency PURPLE: 93% efficiency 57
58 SERIAL 10-FOLD DILUTIONS RED: 94% efficiency PURPLE: 94% efficiency 58
59 Ct EFFICIENCY METHOD assumes minimal correction for the standard gene, or that standard and target have similar efficiencies 2 Ct variant assumes efficiencies are both 100% approximation method, but need to validate that assumptions are reasonably correct - do dilution curves to check Cts don t change The only extra information needed for the Pfaffl method is the reference gene efficiency, this is probably no more work than validating the approximation method 59
60 Real time pcr - week 2 Two different cdnas derived from cells which have undergone control or vitreous treatment Do levels of alpha-5 integrin change relative to RPLPO? Calculate according to Pfaffl method 60
61 RNA from control RPE cells cdna from control RPE RNA from TGF-b treated RPE cells cdna from TGF-b treated RPE cells? Is there any change in a5-integrin expression? 61
62 OVERVIEW tissue extract RNA copy into cdna (reverse transciptase) do real-time PCR analyze results 62
63 OVERVIEW tissue extract RNA copy into cdna (reverse transciptase) do real-time PCR analyze results 63
64 IMPORTANCE OF RNA QUALITY Should be free of protein (absorbance 260nm/280nm) Should be undegraded (28S/18S ~2:1) Should be free of DNA (DNAse treat) Should be free of PCR inhibitors Purification methods Clean-up methods 64
65 OVERVIEW tissue extract RNA copy into cdna (reverse transciptase) do real-time PCR analyze results 65
66 Importance of reverse transcriptase primers Oligo (dt) Random hexamer (NNNNNN) Specific 66
67 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION adds a bias to the results efficiency usually not known 67
68 OVERVIEW tissue extract RNA copy into cdna (reverse transciptase) do real-time PCR analyze results 68
69 Importance of primers in PCR specific high efficiency no primer-dimers Ideally should not give a DNA signal cross exon/exon boundary 69
70 EXON 1 INTRON 2 EXON 2 DNA EXON 1 EXON 2 RNA 70
71 How are you going to measure the PCR product Directly Sybr green Quality of primers critical Indirectly In addition to primers, add a fluorescently labeled hybridization probe Many different approaches to this, see Bustin J.Mol.Endocrinol. (2000) 25:169 71
72 Importance of controls negative control (no DNA) checks reagents for contamination no reverse transcriptase control detects if signal from contaminating DNA positive control checks that reagents and primers work especially importance if trying to show absence of expression of a gene 72
73 Standards same copy number in all cells expressed in all cells medium copy number advantageous correction more accurate reasonably large intron no pseudogene no alternate splicing in region you want to PCR 73
74 RNA from control RPE cells cdna from control RPE RNA from TGF-b treated RPE cells cdna from TGF-b treated RPE cells? Is there any change in a5-integrin expression? 74
75 RNA from control RPE cells cdna from control RPE No RT for control RPE (to see if any genomic DNA signal ) RNA from TGF-b treated RPE cells cdna from TGF-b treated RPE cells No RT for TGF-b treated RPE (to see if any genomic DNA signal )? Is there any change in a5-integrin expression? 75
76 THE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTION REACTIONS HAVE BEEN DONE FOR YOU reactions done as 20ul reactions with oligo (dt) as primer and 1ug total RNA reactions done under oil reactions were incubated 1 hr 37C, then diluted to 150ul with water, and incubated in a boiling water bath for 10 mins You will use 5uL of this diluted cdna in your reactions 76
77 Date: protocol: A B C D E Con RT Con RT TGF RT TGF RT Con -RT TGF -RT 5uL H 2 O add RPLP0 master mix to this row F G Con RT Con RT TGF RT TGF RT Con -RT TGF -RT 5uL H 2 O add a5-integrin master mix to this row H 77
78 SPECIAL THANKS TO Dr. Joyce Nair-Menon and Lei Li for the use of their real-time PCR results Anyone who has ever discussed their realtime PCR results with me NEI - EY12711 for the money 78
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