Einführung in die Kognitive Ergonomie

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1 i Table of Contents ii Einführung in die Kognitive Ergonomie Wintersemester 1999/2000 Dr. Anthony Jameson Fachbereich Informatik Universität des Saarlandes Postfach Saarbrücken Tel.: 0681/ Fax: 0681/ WWW-Seite:

Anthony Jameson Fachbereich Informatik Universität des Saarlandes Postfach

2 iii Table of Contents iv Class 1 Vorlesung 1, Donnerstag, den 21. Oktober Vorlesung 1, Donnerstag, den 21. Oktober Scope and Goals 2 What Can You Do Later? 2 Types of System 4 Types of Decision 5 Evaluation Criteria 6 Types of Factors 8 Book Chapters for This Course 9 Relationship Between Classes and Book 10 Reading Assignment for Class 2 11 Framework and Case Study 12 Norman s General Framework 12 Questions About the Kegworth Disaster 13 Mental Models 14 Definitions of "Mental Model" 14 Characteristics of Mental Models 15 Formation of Mental Models 16

2 Types of System 4 Types of Decision 5 Evaluation Criteria 6 Types of Factors 8 Book Chapters for This Course 9 Relationship Between Classes

3 v Table of Contents vi Class 2 Vorlesung 2, den 28. Oktober Donnerstag, den 28. Oktober Human Reasoning 20 Types of Human Reasoning 20 Belief Bias in Deductive Reasoning 21 Prior Beliefs and Abductive Reasoning 22 Inductive Reasoning: Content-Dependence 25 Skill Acquisition 27 Knowledge Compilation 27 Automatic vs. Controlled Processing 29 Categories of Expert Slips 30 Description Errors 30 Context Errors 31 Capture Errors 32 Forgetting of Actions 33 Reading and Homework 34 Reading Assignment for Class 2 34 Homework Assignment for Class 3 37

22 Inductive Reasoning: Content-Dependence 25 Skill Acquisition 27 Knowledge Compilation 27 Automatic vs.

4 vii Table of Contents viii Class 3 Vorlesung 3, den 4. November Donnerstag, den 4. November Preattentively Distinguishable Features 40 Example 1 and Definition 40 Example 2 41 Uses of Preattentive Distinctions 42 Screens from the ACM Digital Library 43 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) 43 Making Presentation Fit Purpose 44 Search Results 45 Kosslyn s Maxims for Graph Design 47 Kosslyn s Maxims 47 Yet Another Optical Illusion 48 The Stroop Effect 49 Misleading Emphasis 50 An Unnatural Mapping 51 Violation of Familiar Conventions 52 Distracting Superfluous Detail 53 Reading and Homework 54 Reading Assignment for Class 4 54 Homework Assignment for Class 4 55

Library 43 Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) 43 Making Presentation Fit Purpose 44 Search Results 45 Kosslyn s Maxims for Graph Design 47 Kosslyn s Maxims 47 Yet

5 ix Table of Contents x Class 4 Vorlesung 4, den 11. November Donnerstag, den 11. November Designing Screen Hierarchies 58 Broad and Deep Hierarchies 58 Basic Concepts 59 Case 1: Constant Time per Screen 60 Case 2: Proportional Time per Screen 61 Case 3: Logarithmic Time per Screen 62 Case 4: Proportional + Constant Time 63 Considerations Besides Time 64 Top Ten Mistakes in Web Design Using Frames Bleeding-Edge Technology Scrolling Text, etc Complex URLs Orphan Pages Long Scrolling Pages Lack of Navigation Support Non-Standard Link Colors Outdated Information Overly Long Download Times 76 Web Page Examples 77 Visualizing Hierarchy: Example 77 Arranging Links: Examples 78 Reading and Homework 80 Reading Assignment for Class 5 80 Homework Assignment for Class 5 81

per Screen 62 Case 4: Proportional + Constant Time 63 Considerations Besides Time 64 Top Ten Mistakes in Web Design 65 1. Using Frames 65 2. Bleeding-Edge Technology 67 3. Scrolling Text, etc. 69 4.

6 xi Table of Contents xii Class 5 Vorlesung 5, den 18. November Donnerstag, den 18. November Fitts Law for Hand Movements 86 Fitts Law: Demonstration 86 Fitts Law: General Formulation 87 Fitts Law: Approach Angle 88 Fitts Law: Implications 89 A Commercial Soft Keyboard 90 Fitaly Virtual Keyboard 90 Fitaly vs. Qwerty 91 Analysis of the Opti Keyboard 92 The Basic Crossover Relationship 92 Design 93 Predicting Execution Times 94 Measured Execution Times 95 Extrapolation of Results 96 Measured Error Rates 97 Alternative Hard Keyboards 98 Alphabetical Keyboards 98 Half-Qwerty Keyboard: Design 99 Half-Qwerty Keyboard: Potential Use 100 The Problem With the Isometric Joystick 101 Isometric Joystick: Experimental Setup 101 Isometric Joystick: Results 102 Hand-Printing for Text Input 103 "Graffiti" for Text Input 103 Immediate Usability of Graffiti 104 Reading for Class Reading for Class Homework Assignment 106 Homework Assignment for Class 6 106

7 xiii Table of Contents xiv Class 6 Vorlesung 6, den 25. November Donnerstag, den 25. November Working Memory 108 Components of Working Memory 108 Working Memory: Mini-Experiment 109 What Determines Success in Retention? 113 Long-Term Memory 115 Encoding Specificity: Mini-Experiment 115 Questions About the Mini-Experiment 117 Long-Term Memory: Basic Concepts 118 Encoding Specificity: Basic Concepts 119 Encoding Specificity: Examples 120 Reading 121 Reading for Class Homework Assignment 123 Homework for Class 7 123

8 xv Table of Contents xvi Class 7 Vorlesung 7, den 2. Dezember Donnerstag, den 2. Dezember Semantic and Articulatory Distances 126 The Basic Model Again 126 Illustration of "Distances" 127 "Distances" in Execution 128 "Distances" in Evaluation 130 The Direct Manipulation Paradigm 131 Direct Manipulation 131 Two Perspectives on Perception 133 Gestalt View of Perception 133 Ecological View of Perception 134 Depth Cues 135 When Is Which Perspective Useful? 137 Three-D Support for Document Management 138 Screen Shots of the Data Mountain 138 Questions About the Data Mountain 141 "Distances" in the Data Mountain 142 Work for Class Reading for Class Homework for Class 8 144

The Direct Manipulation Paradigm 131 Direct Manipulation 131 Two Perspectives on Perception 133 Gestalt View of Perception 133 Ecological View of Perception 134 Depth Cues 135

9 xvii Table of Contents xviii Class 8 Vorlesung 8, den 9. Dezember Donnerstag, den 9. Dezember Elastic Windows 148 Non-Web Use of Elastic Windows 148 Visualization of Web Sites 150 WebToc Screen Shot 150 Questions About WebToc Video 151 Previews and Overviews 152 Metaphors 157 Conveying Mental Models (Revisited) 157 Pros and Cons of Metaphors 158 Questions for Evaluating Metaphors 159 Work for Class Reading for Class Homework for Class 9 162

Shot 150 Questions About WebToc Video 151 Previews and Overviews 152 Metaphors 157 Conveying Mental Models (Revisited)

10 xix Table of Contents xx Class 9 Vorlesung 9, den 16. Dezember Donnerstag, den 16. Dezember Principles Formulated as Questions 164 Principles Concerning Learnability 164 Principles Concerning Flexibility 167 Principles Concerning Robustness 170 Designing a Mental Model 173 Some Contents of a Mental Model of S 173 Mental Models in the Design Process 174 Desiderable Properties of Mental Models 175 Example Object Hierarchy 176 Conveying Object Hierarchies 177 Work for Class Reading for Class Homework for Class

Principles Concerning Robustness 170 Designing a Mental Model 173 Some Contents of a Mental Model of S 173 Mental Models in the Design

11 xxi Table of Contents xxii Class 10 Vorlesung 10, den 20. Januar Donnerstag, den 20. Januar Guidelines Concerning Command Names 186 Guidelines Concerning Naming 186 Mental Models Revisited 187 The Role of Mental Models 187 Definitions of "Mental Model" 188 The Usability Engineering Lifecycle 189 Overview of the Entire Lifecycle 189 Comments on Lifecycle Models 190 The Requirements Analysis Phase 191 Developing User Profiles 192 Procedures 192 Welche Benutzergruppen sind zu analysieren? 193 Very Short User Questionnaire 194 Profile of a User Category 196 Importance of Usability Requirements 198 Contextual Task Analysis 199 Procedures 199 Which Actors and Use Cases? 200 Features of the Work Environment 201 Reading Assignment for Class Reading Assignment for Class Design Project Assignment for Class Applying Design Guidelines 203

Engineering Lifecycle 189 Overview of the Entire Lifecycle 189 Comments on Lifecycle Models 190 The Requirements Analysis Phase 191 Developing User Profiles 192 Procedures 192 Welche Benutzergruppen

12 xxiii Table of Contents xxiv Class 11 Vorlesung 11, den 27. Januar Donnerstag, den 27. Januar GOMS: Annotated Examples 206 Text Editing Task 206 GOMS Analysis of Editing Task 207 Keystroke Analysis of Editing Task 209 Case Study of GOMS Use 211 DOS Interface 211 Original Macintosh Interface 213 Revised Macintosh Interface 214 Usability Problems Identified With GOMS 215 Observed vs. Predicted Execution Times 217 Learning Times 219 Effort Required for Project Activities 220 Assignments for Class Reading for Class Homework for Class

Case Study of GOMS Use 211 DOS Interface 211 Original Macintosh Interface 213 Revised Macintosh Interface 214 Usability Problems Identified

13 xxv Table of Contents xxvi Class 12 Vorlesung 12, den 3. Februar Donnerstag, den 3. Februar Comments on the GOMS Model 252 Simple Example of a GOMS Analysis 252 Some GOMS Terminology 253 What Are Models Like GOMS Good For? 254 Usability Engineering: Examples and Hints 256 Checklist: Measurement Operations 256 Specification for Conferencing System 257 Design Rationale 258 A Graphical Notation for IBIS 258 A Textual Notation for IBIS 259 Textual IBIS: Basic Schema 260 Role of Textual IBIS in Practice 261 Ubiquitous Computing: The "Digital Ink" Vision 262 Digital Ink: Overview 262 Wearable Computing: Nomadic Radio 267 Wearing the Nomadic Radio 267 Notification Scenario 268 Nomadic Radio: Issues 269 Overview of Auditory Output 271 Scaling of Incoming Messages 272 Determinants of Message Priority 273 Dynamic Adaptation 274 Evaluation Results 275 Work for Class Reading for Class Homework for Class

254 Usability Engineering: Examples and Hints 256 Checklist: Measurement Operations 256 Specification for Conferencing System 257 Design Rationale 258 A Graphical Notation for IBIS 258 A Textual

14 xxvii Table of Contents xxviii Class 13 Vorlesung 13, den 10. Februar Donnerstag, den 10. Februar Heuristic Evaluation 280 What Is Heuristic Evaluation? 280 How Many Heuristic Evaluators? 281 Usability Laboratories 283 Typical Usability Labs: Photos 283 Typical Usability Labs: Layout 286 Virtual Reality Issues 287 Privacy Metaphors for Virtual Reality 287 Input for Wearable Computers 289 Implicit Input: Affective Jewelry 289 Questions About Methods for Explicit Input 290 Speech Input 291 Handwriting 292 Keyboards 293 A Specialized Pointing Device 297 Combination of Several Modalities 299 Work for Class Reading Assignment 301 Homework Assignment 303

281 Usability Laboratories 283 Typical Usability Labs: Photos 283 Typical Usability Labs: Layout 286 Virtual Reality Issues 287 Privacy Metaphors for Virtual Reality 287

15 xxix Table of Contents xxx Class 14 Vorlesung 14, den 17. Februar Donnerstag, den 17. Februar The DRUM Tool for Video Analysis 306 DRUM Example Screen 306 DRUM Brochure 307 Introduction to ClockPro 311 Overall Design 311 Alarm Page 313 Setting the Alarm 315 When the Alarm Goes Off 320 Comments by ClockPro s Designer 321 Setting the Alarm 321 Errors 322 Automatic Processing; Real Alarm Clocks 324 Taking Human Limitations Into Account 325 Screen Design and Direct Manipulation 326

Overall Design 311 Alarm Page 313 Setting the Alarm 315 When the Alarm Goes Off 320 Comments by ClockPro s Designer 321

Einführung in die Kognitive Ergonomie

147 Vorlesung 8, den 9. Dezember 1999 148 147 Vorlesung 8, den 9. Dezember 1999 Donnerstag, den 9. Dezember 1999 Einführung in die Kognitive Ergonomie Wintersemester 1999/2000 1. Direct Manipulation and