ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING
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1 Abnormal uterine bleeding ABNORMAL UTERINE BLEEDING Diaa El-Mowafi Mowafi,, MD Associate Professor, Obstetrics & Gynecology Dep. Benha Faculty of Medicine, Egypt Researcher & Educator,, Wayne State University,, USA Fellow, Geneva University, Switzerland
2 Control of normal menstruation (I) Vascular Theory: Control of Normal Menstruation Degeneration of corpus luteum - - Oestrogen & progesterone - - Stromal Oedema Shrinkage of endometrium + + Coiling of spiral arteriols Ischaemia & necrosis of superficial & middle layer of endometrium. (II) Prostaglandin Theory: PG F2a V.C:& Myometrial contraction Thromboxane V.C. & aggregation of platelets PG E V.D. 2 Prostacycline V.D. & - - aggregation of platelets
3 Lysosomal theory (III) Lysosomal Theory: Phospholipids Phospholipase A 2 (Inactive) Oestrogen Progesterone Phospholipase A 2 (Active) Lysosomes Arachidonic A. PG Synthetase PG Endoperoxide Thromboxane Prostacycline Microsomes PGF PGE PGD
4 Tissue regeneration theory (IV) Tissue Regeneration Theory: Regeneration of endomerium starts within 48h of flow. (V) Relaxin Theory: Relaxin causes hypertrophy of endothelium of basal & spiral arterioles - - blood loss. (VI) Haemostatic Theory: + + Fibrinolotic Activity of endometrium + + bleeding. V III VI II IV
5 Varieties of abnormal uterine bleeding Clinical Varieties of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Polymenorrhea Menorrhagia Hypermenorrhea Metrorrhagia Menometrorrhagia Frequent, length of cycle less than 21 days Excessive, blood loss more than 80 ml Prolonged,, more than 7 days Irregular uterine bleeding not related to menses Irregular& & excessive bleeding ( ) menses Oligomenorrhea rhea Hypomenorrhea Infrequent, length of cycl more than 35 days Scanty, less than 2 days of bleeding Constitutional or Pathological
6 Etiology of abnormal uterine bleeding Aetiology of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding General Causes 1. Hypertension 2. Cong.. Ht. failure 3. Blood diseases 4. Hypo-hyperthyroidism 5. Anticoagulant therapy 6. Liver diseases 7. Psychological upsets 8. Severe anaemia 9. Hormonal as anovulation & E2 therapy Local Causes 1. Chronic pelvic infection 2. Pregnancy complication 3. Benign & malignant genital tumors 4. Endometriosis 5. RVF & Prolapse 6. IUCD 7. Simple congestion Dysfunctional No Organic lesions i.e. tumors,, inflammation, or pregnancy
7 Classification of abnormal uterine bleeding Classification of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding Newborn bleeding Childhood bleeding Adolescent bleeding (< (< 20 20years) ) Adult (childbearing period) bleeding (20-40 years) ) Perimenopausal bleeding(> 40 40years) Postmenopausal bleeding(>6m) Estrogen obtained from from mother --Precocious puberty. --F.B. F.B. in invagina. --Grape-like sarcoma of ofcervix or orvagina. Dysfunctional --Benign tumors. --PID. PID. --Complications of ofpregnancy. --Endometrial hyperplasia. --Benign tumors. --Malignant tumors of of CX. CX. orendometrium. --Dysfunctional.. Malignant in in 25% 25% of of cases.
8 Etiology of postmenopausal bleeding Etiology of ofpostmenopausal Bleeding General Causes Local Causes No No Cause (15%) HRT (25%) Bl. Bl. diseases Anticoagulants Hypertension 1.Vulva: --Malignant T. T. --Fissured dystrophies. --Urethral carancle. --Direct trauma Vagina: --Malignant T. T. --Senile vaginitis. --Trophic ulcers. -Retained pessary or or F.B. F.B Cervix: --Malignant T. T. --Erosion. --Ulcers Uterus: --Malignant T. T. --Endometrial hyperplasia (HRT or or E ov. ov.. T.) T.) --Fibroid+malignant ch. ch. or ornecrosis. --Senile endom. --T.B. T.B. endom Tube: --Malignant T. T Ovary: --Malignant T.+ut. metast. --Functioning ov. ov.. T. T. --E ov. ov.. T.+endom.. C
9 Dysfunctional uterine bleeding Dysfunctional Uterine Bleeding Definition: Abn.. ut. bleed. without organic lesions e.g. tumor,, inflammation or pregnancy. Classification Primary: dysf.. in in GT, GT, pituitary, hypothalamus or or higher centers. Secondary: dysf.. in inorgan or or system outside GT GT e.g. e.g. thyroid. Iatrogenic: sex sexhormones or or contraception. Ovulatory: Non-ovulatory ovulatory: e.g. PCO Corpus luteum abn. (i) Insufficiency «irregular ripening»...hypermen hypermen.,.,polymen., PM spotting. (ii) Prolonged activity «irregular shedding»»... hypermen., menorrhagia. 1. Cyclic or regular: menorragia & polymenorrhia. 2. Acyclic or irregular: metrorrhagia.
10 Diagnosis of abnormal uterine bleeding Diagnosis of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (I) History: Personal: age, marrital state, parity. Present: amount, character, duration, associated symptoms, UT or GIT symp., emotional. Menstrual: periods of amenorrhea Past: Medical, hormonal, surgical. Obstetric: DUB in purperium, choriocarcinoma. Family: Endometrial carcinoma. (II) Examionation General: anaemia, cachexia, chest & Ht., bl. press., thyroid. Abdominal: pelviabdominal mass, pregnancy, ascitis. Local: vulva, urethra,, anal canal, vagina,, CX., uterus, adnexae. (III) Investigations 1. D&C biopsy: 2. Hematological: -Hb% - Bl. Cl. time - Platelet C. - Tournique T. 3. Vaginal smear: 4. Endocrinal: Thyroid and adrenal 5. Hysteroscopy: polyp, malformations, myomas, remnants of conception, endometrial C. 6. Laparoscopy: ov.&.&tubal mass, endometriosis,, PID, ectopic. 7. U/S: pelvic mass.
11 Treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding Treatment of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding General - Anaemia - Bl. transf. Cause - Hypertension - Bl.diseases diseases. - Thyroid dis. - Polypectomy myomectomy. Medical 1. NSAD: e.g. Ibuprofen ( mg), Naproxen (250 mg), mefenamic acid ( mg). t.d.s during bleeding only. nausea, vomiting, diarrhea. 2. Antifibrinolytic Agents: Tranexamic acid (cyclokapron), 1gm/4h for 3 days then - - (22 gm/period period). 3. Ethamsylate (Dicynone): - - capillary fragility,, has anti-pg & antihyaluronidase effect. 500 mg/6h starting 5 d before menses for 10 d.
12 Hormonal treatment Hormonal 1.Oral contraceptives: Hypoplasia & anti-pg in endometrium pills/d.. bleeding stopped...1 pill (21 d). - Nausea & vomiting. 2. Progestogens: Opposes action of estrogen on endometrium Norethisterone (Primulot-N) or norethisterone acetate (Primulot-Nor)) 2 x 5 mg/d. up to 30mg/d. 3. Danazol: Isoxazole derivative of 17 - ethinyltestosterone. 400 mg/d. Atrophy of endometrium systematically by - - Gn secretion & ov. steroidogenesis, locally - - E & progesterone receptors. Expensive & side effects e.g. acne, weight gain and hirsutism. 4. LHRH analogues: Inhibit Gn secretion from pituitary microgram nasal spray / d. Quite expensive. Treatment of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
13 Surgical treatment Surgical (I) Conservative Surgery: Endometrial ablation or resection using diathermy,, thermal (ballon, microwave..etc.) or laser. N.B. Uterine curettage has a good diagnostic but short-term term therapeutic value. (II) Hysterectomy: 1. Failure of previous lines of treatment. 2. Associated pelvic lesions as fibroidor malignancy. 3. Peri- and post menopausal bleeding usually treated by hysterectomy. Treatment of Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
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