LESSON 5. A city-state governed by citizens Athenian politics (5th century BC)

Transcription

1 LESSON 5 A city-state governed by citizens Athenian politics (5th century BC)

2 To be able to live together people need clear rules and regulations: what is possible, what cannot be done and what has to be done? When you see a red traffic light, you have to stop. You can t steal and if you do, you get a fine or you go to prison. People have to pay taxes. People are allowed to buy houses. Those rules and regulations are the same for all people living in Belgium, it doesn t matter which nationality you have, whether you are male or female or what your job is. The people who determine those rules and regulations are our politicians. People who have the Belgian nationality and are 18 or older have to vote to get these politicians elected. They then act as our representatives. This is how our democracy works. But how did the Athenians in Ancient Greece deal with this?

3 Research questions 1. How were the duties and rights of the Athenians determined? 2. How did the Athenians govern their city-state? 3. What was the relationship between the Greek citystates like?

4 Question 2 How did the Athenians govern their city-state?

5 Introduction: Who are the people in the pictures? Choose from: Jean-Luc Dehaene - Guy Verhofstadt - Yves Leterme - Elio Di Rupo - Herman Van Rompuy SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

6 Introduction: What do these people have in common? Cross out what doesn t fit. - All these people were famous TV stars. - All these people were Belgian politicians. - All these people were monarchs (kings). - All these people were Prime Ministers. - All these people were tyrants. SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

7 Transparency of words: Which words from slide 8 sound like Dutch- French? French Dutch English monarque monarch - koning politicien - politicienne politicus - politica premier ministre eerste minister - premier tyran tiran SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

8 - Who is the man in the picture? - Use the words from slides 6 and 7 to describe his job. SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

9 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? Use the timeline and the texts to answer the questions. Monarchy A hereditary king governed the city-state and administered justice. We don t know much for certain about the Athenian kings. But they are mentioned in myths. Gloss: hereditary = erfelĳk administer justice = recht spreken Oligarchy - part 1 A small group of families (landowners) formed the elite. They claimed to be the descendants of a hero, king or even a god. They were rich enough to buy their own armour. They formed the centre of a small army that protected the city-state. They governed the city-state and administered justice. to claim = beweren to protect = beschermen armour = wapenuitrusting - to demand - eisen Oligarchy - part 2 Because of the blooming trade Athens was no longer an agricultural society. Some Athenians became rich through trade or crafts. A new group of wealthy citizens developed. They fought in the hoplite army. They demanded power in governing the city-state. Poor citizens still didn t have any power. Democracy All citizens were equal. They voted to pass laws and cooperated in governing the city-state. Inhabitants who weren t citizens, were excluded from governing the city-state. excluded = uitgesloten to pass laws = wetten erdoor krĳgen

10 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Transparency of words: Which words from slide 9 sound like Dutch- French and have the same meaning? French Dutch English oligarque démocratie (décision de) justice gouverner égal(e) hoplite réclamer oligarch democratie justitie (rechtspraak) regeren gelijk (egaal) hopliet claimen (eisen)

11 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Transparency of words: Match words from the previous slide to the following pictures.

12 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? Greek hoplites About 650 BC, Greek generals in various different city-states came up with a new way of fighting battles that gave Greek soldiers a big advantage over the soldiers of other countries like Egypt. Instead of fighting all in a big crowd, running forward and just trying to get at the enemy any which way, Greek generals trained their soldiers to fight in lines, shoulder to shoulder. In this way each man (women were not allowed to be soldiers) was protected by the shield of the man standing next to him. When they all marched forward together, no enemy spears or arrows could get through their wall of shields. A soldier who fought this way was called a hoplite (HOP-light), and a group of soldiers who fought this way were called a hoplite phalanx (FAY-lanks). A hoplite phalanx was a very strong military formation - but it only worked if all the soldiers were well trained, and if they were all brave enough to hold the line. If anyone started to run away, the whole line would fall apart, and it wouldn't work. Or, if some men went slower than others, or got out of step, it wouldn't work. So hoplites needed to spend a lot of time training, the way people today train to be in a marching band. Another new thing about this hoplite way of fighting was that each man had to have the right armour. Nobody could fight without a shield, and a helmet, and all that. So you could only be a soldier if you could afford the hoplite armour. The armour was pretty expensive, and the expense kept a lot of poor men from being in the army. Gloss: advantage = voordeel - a crowd = een massa - enemy = vĳand - arrows = pĳlen - brave = dapper a marching band = fanfare - to afford = zich veroorloven - the expense = de kost

13 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens?

14 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? Use the text on slide 12 to answer the questions. 1 What is a hoplite?. 2 What is a phalanx?. 3 Why couldn t everybody be a hoplite?. 4 Analysis: Connect your answer from question 3 to what you have learned about the inhabitants of the Athenian city-state and their rights and duties. a) Which inhabitants will be able to be hoplites?. b) What will the consequence (gevolg) be?.

15 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? Use the timeline and the texts to complete the grid/highlight the correct answers. Monarchy Oligarchy - part 1 Oligarchy - part 2 Democracy Who governed the city-state? Based on? - hereditary - owning lands in the city-state - rich through trade - voting - hereditary - owning lands in the city-state - rich through trade - voting - hereditary - owning lands in the city-state - rich through trade - voting - hereditary - owning lands in the city-state - rich through trade - voting How many? - one - a few - many - one - a few - many - one - a few - many - one - a few - many

16 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? Greek ships Greek ships had sails, and were pushed along by the wind. Small trading ships usually stayed close to the shore, so the sailors did not get lost. Before a voyage, the sailors prayed to the sea god Poseidon, for a safe journey. Greek warships had oars as well as sails. The largest warships had three banks of oars and were called triremes. A trireme needed 170 men to row it - one man to each oar. It had a long narrow deck that soldiers could run along and fight from. The oarsmen sat underneath the deck. Archaeologists have measured the remains of ship-sheds where Greek ships were built, to work out how big they were. A trireme was about 35 m/115 ft long. Athens built warships. During war time poor citizens had to work as oarsmen (rowers) on the war ships. -

19 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? Use the text on slide 16 to answer the questions. 1 What were the Greek warships called?. 2 Why were they called like this?.. Helpline: tri =. 3 How were the Greek warships able to sail?.. 4 Who had to operate the oars?.. 5 Why weren t these people hoplites?..

20 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? a) Use the texts on slide 9 to complete the grid. Evolution of government in Athens (5th century BC) Who? monarchs - kings rich citizens Based on? owning lands in the city-state citizenship

21 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? b) Use the information from the previous slides to answer the question. Analysis: Why did the Athenians evolve to a government based on wealth?

22 OPDRACHT VRAAG 15 Research: Who took part in the government of Athens? c) Use the information from the previous slides to answer the question. Analysis: Why did the Athenians evolve to a government based on democracy? d) CONCLUSION: Cross out what doesn t fit. Taking part in the Athenian government evolved: - from fewer people to more people / - from more people to fewer people - because of cultural factors / - because of economic factors / - because of military factors

23 Analysis (think)! Was the Athenian democracy a true democracy? a) Put a tick next to the inhabitants of the Athenian city-state who took part in government. b) Explain in your own words why Athens was or wasn t a true democracy. Picture 1 SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

24 Picture 2 Picture 3 (Corinthian pottery painter) Picture 4 Picture 5 SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

25 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Introduction In 510 BC a man named Cleisthenes (KLICE-then-eez), who was an aristocrat (a rich, powerful man) in Athens, invented another new type of government, the democracy. Cleisthenes, like other aristocrats, wanted to get more power. But tyrants had become unpopular in Athens. Cleisthenes decided to give more power to poor people. He organised a new way of making political decisions. Every Athenian man would have one vote, and they would all meet and vote on what to do. The big meeting was called the Assembly. But all the men couldn't meet every day; they had to work. So there was also a smaller council of 500 men, who were chosen by a lottery, and changed every year. Seems like Cleisthenes AND the other aristocrats would be out of power? But he arranged the voting so that his family, the Alcmaeonids (alk-mee-oh-nids), would have more votes than anyone else.

26 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Transparency of words: Look for the English words in the text on slide 25. French Dutch English aristocrat(e) voter assemblée conseil loterie aristocraat stemmen (volks)vergadering raad loterij

27 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? a) Use the text on slide 25 to answer the questions. Global - What is the text about?. - Who is the text about?. Detailed - What decision did this man take?. - How did he organise this?. - What was the name of the meeting? - Why couldn t every man attend this meeting?.. - How did the man solve this problem?..

28 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 - How were the members chosen? - Which problem did the man have to deal with as a result? ANALYSIS (Think!) Explain in your own words why the Athenian democracy still wasn t a true democracy..

29 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Read the text. A Day in Athens, 415 BC Today the members of the council of 500 have arrived early at the meeting room in the Agora (market place). They are dealing with the preparations for the Assembly. They are determining what to put on the agenda, which subjects they will talk about and which laws they will vote for. The main issue for today is: Are we going to declare war to Sicily or not? The citizens are arriving at the Agora now. There are a lot of them. Some of the citizens have travelled a long way (from their place of residence) to get to the city-state. They need to drink and eat something first to gather their strength. They re meeting their friends and acquaintances. And they re talking about the latest news and rumours. The bell is ringing. That s is the signal for the start of the Assembly. The citizens are hurrying towards the Pnyx, the hill which is 500 paces (steps) further away. To speed up the crowd, slaves are walking across the Agora with a red painted rope. When you are late, you have to walk around with a red mark on your clothes for the rest of the day. And you get a fine. A few thousands of men are gathered together on the hill and they are looking towards the speaker s platform. The Assembly opens with the following question: Who wishes to speak? Every citizen can (= is allowed to) give his opinion. But it s mostly the skilled speakers and orators who take the floor (= speak).

30 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? The strategist, Nicias, opens the debates. He s reasoning (= giving arguments) why war against Sicily maybe harmful. A possible defeat can weaken Athens and make it vulnerable for its enemies. His opponent, the strategist Alcibiades, tries to convince the people of the glory and economic advantages a victory can lead to. It s time for the voting. The citizens vote by raising their hands. The magistrates who are present, count the votes and write down the verdict (= the result of the voting): The Athenians have voted in favour of the war against Sicily. It s the magistrates job to carry out the verdict. Magistrates are citizens who work in the service of the citystate. A lot of preparations need to be done for the expedition. The ten strategists (the top of the magistrates) will take charge of (= will lead) the whole business. During the day the people s court will meet. People who break the law, will be put before a jury of citizens. Serious crimes against the city-state ( treason) are even put before the Assembly! During the session a water clock is used to determine how long a person can speak. Every juror had got two bronze ballots: one ballot is used to plead guilty, the other one is used to plead not guilty.

31 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work?

32 Areopagos rock, Athens today SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

33 Acropolis, Athens today SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

34 SINT-JOZEF SINT-PIETER BLANKENBERGE - GESCHIEDENIS EERSTE JAAR - DECO (CLIL)

38 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? a) Working with context: Look for the words in the text on slides Helpline Dutch / French Helpline English English terminology strateeg raad (geven) - begeleiden burger - citoyen volksvergadering - Assemblée kiezen voor - stemmen op magistraat volksrechtbank strategy to counsel citizenship to assemble (tele)voting magister ( Latin for teacher) people s

39 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Powers in a democracy Dutch Wetgevende macht Uitvoerende macht Rechterlijke macht Helpline from Latin: regis late = to propose (present) a law from the English verb to execute (In Latin: executivus) from the symbol lady Justitia = justice - judge English terminology.. power.. power.. power

40 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Use the text on slides 29 and 30 and the terminology on slides to complete the boxes. Choose from the following words for the duties: - to carry out (execute) decisions of the Assembly - to administer justice - to prepare the Assembly (meeting) - to discuss and vote for or against laws

41 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Remains of the meeting room of the Council of 500 COUNCIL OF 500 Who? 500 citizens who were selected by lottery Power? Term of office? 1 year Duties?..

42 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Agora Ancient Athens Magistrates Who? 1200 citizens who were selected by lottery Power? Term of office? 1 year Duties?..

43 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? Assembly, Ancient Athens Who? All citizens Power? Term of office? for life Duties?..

44 OPDRACHT VRAAG 16 Research: How did the Athenian democracy work? People s court Who? 6000 citizens selected by lottery Power? Term of office? 1 year Duties?..

45 OPDRACHT VRAAG 17 Research: How did the Athenians protect the democracy? Read the texts. Athenian Democracy Democracy in Ancient Greece was very direct. What this means is that all the citizens voted on all the laws. Rather than vote for representatives, like we do, each citizen was expected to vote for every law. They did have officials to run the government, however. Most of these officials were chosen by a lottery. So every citizen had a chance, regardless of their popularity or wealth, to become an official. A few key positions were voted on, such as the treasurer and the 10 generals who ran the army (also called the strategoi). Who could vote? In order to vote, you had to be a citizen. However, not everyone who lived in Athens was a citizen. Only men who had completed their military training were counted as citizens. Bodies of Government There were three main bodies of the government: the Assembly, the Council of 500, and the Courts. The Assembly included all citizens who showed up to vote. Everyone who was a citizen could participate as part of the assembly. The assembly would decide on new laws and important decisions, like whether or not to go to war. The Council oversaw much of the day-to-day running of the government. The Council was determined by lottery. If your name was chosen, then you would be on the council for one year. The Courts handled lawsuits and trials. The courts had large juries to help make decisions. For private lawsuits the jury was at least 201 people, for public lawsuits the jury was at least 501 people.

46 OPDRACHT VRAAG 17 Research: How did the Athenians protect the democracy? OSTRACISM Definition: A democratic practice invented to deal with tyrants. Every year, each citizen could write on a stone or a piece of parchment the name of a person who should be ostracised, or cast out of the city. If enough votes were tallied for one person, that person was ostracised. He couldn't return for 10 years. His property and other assets remained his, though.

47 OPDRACHT VRAAG 17 Research: How did the Athenians protect the democracy?

48 OPDRACHT VRAAG 17 Research: How did the Athenians protect the democracy? Use the texts and pictures on slides to answer the questions. 1 Give the three Athenian bodies of government. a) b) c) 2 Who could take part in these bodies of government? 3 How did the Athenians make sure that the power didn t belong to one person?..

49 OPDRACHT VRAAG 17 Research: How did the Athenians protect the democracy? 4 Explain in your own words what ostracism is..