Universal Dependencies
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- Charles Stone
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1 Universal Dependencies Joakim Nivre! Uppsala University Department of Linguistics and Philology Based on collaborative work with Jinho Choi, Timothy Dozat, Filip Ginter, Yoav Goldberg, Jan Hajič, Chris Manning, Ryan McDonald, Natalia Silveira, Marie de Marneffe, Slav Petrov, Sampo Pyysalo, Reut Tsarfaty, Daniel Zeman
2 Natural Language Processing
3 Natural Language Processing Linguistic diversity makes our life harder Why 90% parsing accuracy for English but only 80% for Finnish? Can we even compare the numbers?
4 Natural Language Processing Linguistic diversity makes our life harder Why 90% parsing accuracy for English but only 80% for Finnish? Can we even compare the numbers? Current NLP relies heavily on linguistic annotation Treebank annotation schemes vary across languages How do we avoid comparing apples and oranges?
5
6 Language X conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss? cc conj En kat jager råder og møs cc conj A cat chases rats and mice
7 Language X conj conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss Language Y? cc conj En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs conj conj cc A cat chases rats and mice A cat chases rats and mice conj? cc conj cc
8 Language X conj conj conj conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss Language Y? cc conj?? cc conj cc conj En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs conj cc cc cc A cat chases A rats cat and chases mice rats and mice A cat chases rats and mice conj Language Z conj conj
9 Language X conj conj conj conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss Language Y? cc conj?? cc conj cc conj En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs conj cc cc cc A cat chases A rats cat and chases mice rats and mice A cat chases rats and mice conj Language Z conj conj Which languages are most closely related?
10 1/5 Language X conj conj conj conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss Language Y? cc conj?? cc conj cc conj En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs conj cc cc cc A cat chases A rats cat and chases mice rats and mice A cat chases rats and mice conj Language Z conj conj Which languages are most closely related?
11 1/5 Language X conj conj conj conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss Language Y? cc conj?? cc conj cc conj En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs conj cc cc cc A cat chases A rats cat and chases mice rats and mice A cat chases rats and mice conj Language Z conj conj 2/5 Which languages are most closely related?
12 1/5 Language X conj conj conj conj conj En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss Language Y? cc conj?? cc conj cc conj En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs En kat jager råder og møs conj cc cc cc A cat chases A rats cat and chases mice rats and mice A cat chases rats 2/5 and mice conj Language Z conj conj 2/5 Which languages are most closely related?
13 Language Swedish X conj conj conj conj conj conj En conj katt jagar conj råttor och möss En katt jagar råttor och möss En En katt katt jagar jagar råttor råttor och och möss mössen katt jagar råttor och möss 1/5 Language Danish Y? cc cc conj conj cc conj? cc conj? En En kat cc kat jager conj jager rotter råder og og mus møs råder og 2/5 møs En kat jager rotter råder og mus møs En kat jager rotter og mus Language English Z conj conj cc conj cc cc A cat cc cc chases rats and mice A cat chases rats and mice A cat cat chases chases rats rats 2/5 and and mice A cat chases rats and mice mice advmod Which languages advmod are most closely related? Toutefois, les filles adorent les Toutefois, toutefois les, fillestoutefois les adorent, fille les les adorer filles desserts les toutefois, ADV les PUNCTfilletoutefois DET adorer, NOUN les les VERB fille dessert DET conj advmod conj conj dob
14 Why is this a problem?
15 Why is this a problem? Hard to compare empirical results across languages
16 Why is this a problem? Hard to compare empirical results across languages Hard to evaluate cross-lingual learning
17 Why is this a problem? Hard to compare empirical results across languages Hard to evaluate cross-lingual learning Hard to build and maintain multilingual systems
18 Why is this a problem? Hard to compare empirical results across languages Hard to evaluate cross-lingual learning Hard to build and maintain multilingual systems Hard to make progress towards a universal parser
19 conj conj En katt Universal jagar råttor och möss Dependencies? cc conj En kat jager rotter og mus cc conj A cat chases rats and mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres
20 conj conj En katt Universal jagar råttor och möss Dependencies? cc conj En kat jager rotter og mus cc conj A cat chases rats and mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres Part-of-speech tags
21 conj conj En katt Universal jagar råttor och möss Dependencies? cc conj En kat jager rotter og mus cc conj A cat chases rats and mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres Part-of-speech tags Morphological features
22 conj conj En katt Universal jagar råttor och möss Dependencies? cc conj En kat jager rotter og mus cc conj A cat chases rats and mice Dependency relations advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres Part-of-speech tags Morphological features
23 Universal Dependencies
24 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies
25 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies CLEAR
26 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies Google UD CLEAR
27 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies CLEAR Google UD Stanford UD
28 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies Google UD HamleDT CLEAR Stanford UD
29 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies Google UD HamleDT CLEAR Stanford UD Interset
30 Universal Dependencies Stanford Dependencies Google UD HamleDT Google universal tags CLEAR Stanford UD Interset
31 Universal Dependencies Universal Dependencies
32 Universal Dependencies Universal Dependencies Milestones: Kick-off meeting at EACL in Gothenburg, April 2014 Release of annotation guidelines, Version 1, October 2014 Release of treebanks for 10 languages, January 2015 Release of treebanks for 18 languages, May 2015 Open community effort anyone can contribute!
33 Goals and Requirements
34 Goals and Requirements Cross-linguistically consistent grammatical annotation
35 Goals and Requirements Cross-linguistically consistent grammatical annotation Support multilingual research and development in NLP
36 Goals and Requirements Cross-linguistically consistent grammatical annotation Support multilingual research and development in NLP Based on common usage and existing de facto standards
37 Design Principles
38 Design Principles Dependency Widely used in practical NLP systems Available in treebanks for many languages
39 Design Principles Dependency Widely used in practical NLP systems Available in treebanks for many languages Lexicalism Basic annotation units are words syntactic words Words have morphological properties Words enter into syntactic relations
40 Design Principles Dependency Widely used in practical NLP systems Available in treebanks for many languages Lexicalism Basic annotation units are words syntactic words Words have morphological properties Words enter into syntactic relations Recoverability Transparent mapping from input text to word segmentation
41 Golden Rules
42 Golden Rules Maximize parallelism Don t annotate the same thing in different ways Don t make different things look the same
43 Golden Rules Maximize parallelism Don t annotate the same thing in different ways Don t make different things look the same But don t overdo it Don t annotate things that are not there Languages select from a universal pool of categories Allow language-specific extensions
44 En kat jager rotter og mus cc conj A cat chases rats Morphology and mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. toutefois, les fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres
45 En kat jager rotter og og mus mus cc cc conj conj A cat chases rats rats Morphology and and mice mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. toutefois, les fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres Lemma representing advmod the semantic content of the word Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. toutefois, le fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres
46 En kat jager rotter og og mus mus cc cc conj conj A cat chases rats rats Morphology and and mice mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. toutefois, les fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres Lemma representing advmod the semantic content of the word Part-of-speech tag representing the abstract lexical Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. category associated with the word toutefois, le fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres
47 En kat jager rotter og og mus mus cc cc conj conj A cat chases rats rats Morphology and and mice mice advmod Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. toutefois, les fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Gender=Fem Number=Plur Definite=Def Gender=Masc Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur Tense=Pres Lemma representing advmod the semantic content of the word Part-of-speech tag representing the abstract lexical Toutefois, les filles adorent les desserts. category associated with the word toutefois, le fille adorer les dessert. ADV PUNCT DET NOUN VERB DET NOUN PUNCT Features Definite=Def representing Gender=Fem lexical Number=Plur and grammatical Definite=Def Gender=Masc properties Number=Plur Number=Plur Person=3 Number=Plur Number=Plur associated with the lemma Tense=Pres or the particular word form
48 Part-of-Speech Tags Open Closed Other ADJ ADP PUNCT ADV AUX SYM INTJ CONJ X NOUN PROPN VERB DET NUM PART PRON SCONJ Taxonomy of 17 universal part-of-speech tags, based on the Google Universal Tagset (Petrov et al., 2012) All languages use the same inventory, but not all tags have to be used by all languages
49 Features Lexical Inflectional Nominal Inflectional Verbal PronType Gender VerbForm NumType Animacy Mood Poss Number Tense Reflex Case Aspect Definite Voice Degree Person Negative Standardized inventory of morphological features, based on the Interset system (Zeman, 2008) Languages select relevant features and can add languagespecific features or values with documentation
50 Syntax nmod aux case aux The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT nmod aux case aux The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT
51 nmod aux aux Syntax The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT case nmod The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT Content words are related by dependency relations
52 nmod aux aux Syntax The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT case nmod aux case aux The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT Content words are related by dependency relations nmod Function words attach to the content word they modify The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT
53 Syntax nmod aux case aux The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT Content words are related by dependency relations Function words attach to the content word they modify aux Punctuation attach aux to head of phrase or clause The cat could have chased all the dogs down the street. DET NOUN AUX AUX VERB DET DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT nmod case
54 pass case Hunden jagades av katten. NOUN VERB ADP NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Voice=Pass Definite=Def pass nmod The dog was chased by the cat. DET NOUN AUX VERB ADP DET NOUN PUNCT pass nmod Hunden jagades av katten. NOUN VERB ADP NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Voice=Pass Definite=Def nmod
55 pass Hunden jagades av katten. NOUN VERB ADP NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Voice=Pass Definite=Def pass nmod The dog was chased by the cat. DET NOUN AUX VERB ADP DET NOUN PUNCT pass nmod Hunden jagades av katten. NOUN VERB ADP NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Voice=Pass Definite=Def
56 pass auxpass nmod The dog was chased by the cat. DET NOUN AUX VERB ADP DET NOUN PUNCT pass nmod Hunden jagades av katten. NOUN VERB ADP NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Voice=Pass Definite=Def
57 pass auxpass nmod case The dog was chased by the cat. DET NOUN AUX VERB ADP DET NOUN PUNCT pass nmod case Hunden jagades av katten. NOUN VERB ADP NOUN PUNCT Definite=Def Voice=Pass Definite=Def nmod
58 Dependency Relations
59 Dependency Relations Taxonomy of 40 universal grammatical relations, broadly attested in language typology (de Marneffe et al., 2014) Language-specific subtypes may be added
60 Dependency Relations Taxonomy of 40 universal grammatical relations, broadly attested in language typology (de Marneffe et al., 2014) Language-specific subtypes may be added Organizing principles Three types of structures: nominals, clauses, modifiers Core arguments vs. other dependents (not complements vs. adjuncts)
61 Dependents of Clausal Predicates Nominal Clausal Other Core pass iobj csubj csubjpass ccomp xcomp Non-Core nmod vocative discourse expl advcl advmod neg aux auxpass cop mark
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63 nmod nmod aux case advmod Mary was quietly reading a book in the garden. PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT advcl mark aux cop neg If you are sick, you should not exercise. SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ccomp mark aux xcomp Peter thought that he should stop smoking. PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB PUNCT appos mark
64 nmod nmod aux case aux case advmod advmod Mary was quietly reading book in the garden Mary was quietly reading a book in the garden. PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT advcl advcl mark mark aux aux cop neg cop neg If you are sick you should not exercise If you are sick, you should not exercise. SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ccomp ccomp mark mark aux aux xcomp xcomp Peter thought that he should stop smoking Peter thought that he should stop smoking. PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB PUNCT appos appos mark mark nmod
65 aux aux auxadvmod advmod advmod nmod nmod nmod case case case Mary was quietly reading book in the garden Mary was quietly reading book in the garden PROPN Mary AUX was quietly ADV reading VERB DET a NOUN book ADP in DET the NOUN garden PUNCT. PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT mark mark mark cop cop cop advcl advcl advcl aux aux aux If you are sick you should not exercise If you are sick you should not exercise SCONJ If PRON you AUX are ADJ sick PUNCT, PRON you should AUX ADV not exercise VERB PUNCT. SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT ccomp ccomp ccompmark mark mark aux aux aux xcomp xcomp xcomp Peter thought that he should stop smoking Peter thought that he should stop smoking PROPN Peter thought VERB SCONJ that PRON he should AUX VERB stop smoking VERB PUNCT. PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB PUNCT PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB PUNCT appos appos appos mark mark mark nmod neg neg neg
66 PROPN AUX ADV VERB DET NOUN ADP DET NOUN PUNCT advcl Dependents mark of Nominals aux cop neg If you are sick, you should not exercise. SCONJ PRON AUX ADJ PUNCT PRON AUX ADV VERB PUNCT Nominal Clausal Other nummod appos nmod acl ccomp mark amod case xcomp Peter thought that he should stop smoking. PROPN VERB SCONJ PRON AUX VERB VERB PUNCT appos mark amod nmod case Cairo, the lovely capital of Egypt PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ NOUN ADP PROPN
67 Coordination conj cc () appos mark Coordination Cairo, the lovely capital of Eg PROPN PUNCT DET ADJ NOUN ADP PR amod nmod case conj cc conj Huey, Dewey and Louie PROPN PUNCT PROPN CONJ PROPN Coordinate structures are headed by the first conjunct Subsequent conjuncts depend on it via the conj relation Conjunctions depend on it via the cc relation Punctuation marks depend on it via the relation
68 Multiword Expressions Relation mwe name compound goeswith Examples in spite of, as well as, ad hoc Roger Bacon, Carl XVI Gustaf, New York phone book, four thousand, dress up notwith standing, with out UD annotation does not permit words with spaces Multiword expressions are analysed using special relations The mwe, name and goeswith relations are always head-initial The compound relation reflects the internal structure
69 Other Relations Relation parataxis list remnant reparandum foreign dep Explanation Loosely linked clauses of same rank Lists without syntactic structure Orphans in ellipsis linked to parallel elements Disfluency linked to (speech) repair Elements within opaque stretches of code switching Unspecified dependency Syntactically independent element of clause/phrase
70 Language-Specific Relations Language-specific relations are subtypes of universal relations added to capture important phenomena Subtyping permits us to back off to universal relations Relation acl:relcl compound:prt nmod:poss nmod:agent cc:preconj :pre Explanation Relative clause Verb particle (dress up) Genitive nominal (Mary s book) Agent in passive (saved by the bell) Preconjunction (both and) Preerminer (all those )
71 Papers Nivre, J. (2015) Towards a Universal Grammar of Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of CICLing, Naseem, T., Chen, H., Barzilay, R. and Johnson, M. (2010) Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction. In Proceedings of EMNLP, McDonald, R., Petrov, S. and Hall, K. (2011) Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. In Proceedings of EMNLP, Zeman, D., Marecek, D., Popel, M., Ramasamy, L., Stepánek, J., Zabokrtský, Z., Hajic, J. (2012) HamleDT: To Parse or Not to Parse? In Proceedings of LREC, McDonald, R., Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y., Goldberg, Y., Das, D., Ganchev, K., Hall, K., Petrov, S., Zhang, H., Täckström, O., Bedini, C., Bertomeu Castelló, N. and Lee, J. (2013) Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), De Marneffe, M.-C., Dozat, T., Silveira, N., Haverinen, K., Ginter, F., Nivre, J. and Manning, C.D. (2014) Universal Stanford Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. In Proceedings of LREC, Swanson, B. and Charniak, E. (2014) Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses. In Proceedings of EACL, Östling, R. (2015) Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), Futrell, R., Mahowald, K. and Gibson, E. (2015) Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora. In Proceedings of Depling,
72 Papers Nivre, J. (2015) Towards a Universal Grammar of Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of CICLing, Naseem, T., Chen, H., Barzilay, R. and Johnson, M. (2010) Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction. In Proceedings of EMNLP, McDonald, R., Petrov, S. and Hall, K. (2011) Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. In Proceedings of EMNLP, Zeman, D., Marecek, D., Popel, M., Ramasamy, L., Stepánek, J., Zabokrtský, Z., Hajic, J. (2012) HamleDT: To Parse or Not to Parse? In Proceedings of LREC, McDonald, R., Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y., Goldberg, Y., Das, D., Ganchev, K., Hall, K., Petrov, S., Zhang, H., Täckström, O., Bedini, C., Bertomeu Castelló, N. and Lee, J. (2013) Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), De Marneffe, M.-C., Dozat, T., Silveira, N., Haverinen, K., Ginter, F., Nivre, J. and Manning, C.D. (2014) Universal Stanford Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. In Proceedings of LREC, Swanson, B. and Charniak, E. (2014) Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses. In Proceedings of EACL, Östling, R. (2015) Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), Futrell, R., Mahowald, K. and Gibson, E. (2015) Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora. In Proceedings of Depling,
73 Papers Nivre, J. (2015) Towards a Universal Grammar of Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of CICLing, Naseem, T., Chen, H., Barzilay, R. and Johnson, M. (2010) Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction. In Proceedings of EMNLP, McDonald, R., Petrov, S. and Hall, K. (2011) Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. In Proceedings of EMNLP, Zeman, D., Marecek, D., Popel, M., Ramasamy, L., Stepánek, J., Zabokrtský, Z., Hajic, J. (2012) HamleDT: To Parse or Not to Parse? In Proceedings of LREC, McDonald, R., Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y., Goldberg, Y., Das, D., Ganchev, K., Hall, K., Petrov, S., Zhang, H., Täckström, O., Bedini, C., Bertomeu Castelló, N. and Lee, J. (2013) Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), De Marneffe, M.-C., Dozat, T., Silveira, N., Haverinen, K., Ginter, F., Nivre, J. and Manning, C.D. (2014) Universal Stanford Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. In Proceedings of LREC, Swanson, B. and Charniak, E. (2014) Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses. In Proceedings of EACL, Östling, R. (2015) Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), Futrell, R., Mahowald, K. and Gibson, E. (2015) Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora. In Proceedings of Depling,
74 Papers Nivre, J. (2015) Towards a Universal Grammar of Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of CICLing, Naseem, T., Chen, H., Barzilay, R. and Johnson, M. (2010) Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction. In Proceedings of EMNLP, McDonald, R., Petrov, S. and Hall, K. (2011) Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. In Proceedings of EMNLP, Zeman, D., Marecek, D., Popel, M., Ramasamy, L., Stepánek, J., Zabokrtský, Z., Hajic, J. (2012) HamleDT: To Parse or Not to Parse? In Proceedings of LREC, McDonald, R., Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y., Goldberg, Y., Das, D., Ganchev, K., Hall, K., Petrov, S., Zhang, H., Täckström, O., Bedini, C., Bertomeu Castelló, N. and Lee, J. (2013) Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), De Marneffe, M.-C., Dozat, T., Silveira, N., Haverinen, K., Ginter, F., Nivre, J. and Manning, C.D. (2014) Universal Stanford Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. In Proceedings of LREC, Swanson, B. and Charniak, E. (2014) Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses. In Proceedings of EACL, Östling, R. (2015) Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), Futrell, R., Mahowald, K. and Gibson, E. (2015) Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora. In Proceedings of Depling,
75 Papers Nivre, J. (2015) Towards a Universal Grammar of Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of CICLing, Naseem, T., Chen, H., Barzilay, R. and Johnson, M. (2010) Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction. In Proceedings of EMNLP, McDonald, R., Petrov, S. and Hall, K. (2011) Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. In Proceedings of EMNLP, Zeman, D., Marecek, D., Popel, M., Ramasamy, L., Stepánek, J., Zabokrtský, Z., Hajic, J. (2012) HamleDT: To Parse or Not to Parse? In Proceedings of LREC, McDonald, R., Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y., Goldberg, Y., Das, D., Ganchev, K., Hall, K., Petrov, S., Zhang, H., Täckström, O., Bedini, C., Bertomeu Castelló, N. and Lee, J. (2013) Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), De Marneffe, M.-C., Dozat, T., Silveira, N., Haverinen, K., Ginter, F., Nivre, J. and Manning, C.D. (2014) Universal Stanford Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. In Proceedings of LREC, Swanson, B. and Charniak, E. (2014) Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses. In Proceedings of EACL, Östling, R. (2015) Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), Futrell, R., Mahowald, K. and Gibson, E. (2015) Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora. In Proceedings of Depling,
76 Papers Nivre, J. (2015) Towards a Universal Grammar of Natural Language Processing. In Proceedings of CICLing, Naseem, T., Chen, H., Barzilay, R. and Johnson, M. (2010) Using Universal Linguistic Knowledge to Guide Grammar Induction. In Proceedings of EMNLP, McDonald, R., Petrov, S. and Hall, K. (2011) Multi-Source Transfer of Delexicalized Dependency Parsers. In Proceedings of EMNLP, Zeman, D., Marecek, D., Popel, M., Ramasamy, L., Stepánek, J., Zabokrtský, Z., Hajic, J. (2012) HamleDT: To Parse or Not to Parse? In Proceedings of LREC, McDonald, R., Nivre, J., Quirmbach-Brundage, Y., Goldberg, Y., Das, D., Ganchev, K., Hall, K., Petrov, S., Zhang, H., Täckström, O., Bedini, C., Bertomeu Castelló, N. and Lee, J. (2013) Universal Dependency Annotation for Multilingual Parsing. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), De Marneffe, M.-C., Dozat, T., Silveira, N., Haverinen, K., Ginter, F., Nivre, J. and Manning, C.D. (2014) Universal Stanford Dependencies: A Cross-Linguistic Typology. In Proceedings of LREC, Swanson, B. and Charniak, E. (2014) Data Driven Language Transfer Hypotheses. In Proceedings of EACL, Östling, R. (2015) Word Order Typology through Multilingual Word Alignment. In Proceedings of ACL (Short Papers), Futrell, R., Mahowald, K. and Gibson, E. (2015) Quantifying Word Order Freedom in Dependency Corpora. In Proceedings of Depling,
77 Research Problems Annotation Produce guidelines and/or annotation for language X Study the annotation of construction Y across languages Parsing Develop and/or evaluate a parser for language X Study cross-lingual transfer learning and/or annotation projection Develop better evaluation schemes for multilingual parsing Typology Study word order patterns in language X Compare the realisation of construction Y across languages
78 Questions?
Towards a Universal Grammar for Natural Language Processing
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