FYS3240 PC-based instrumentation and microcontrollers. Introduction. Spring 2012 Lecture #1

Transcription

1 FYS3240 PC-based instrumentation and microcontrollers Introduction Spring 2012 Lecture #1 Bekkeng

2 FYS 3240 Two main parts: 1. Computer based instrumentation and DAQ Data acquisition (DAQ) systems LabVIEW 2. Practical introduction to microcontrollers for instrumentation

3 Curriculum Lectures Laboratory exercises The textbook readings complement the lectures Textbooks: Ørjan G. Martinsen: PC-basert instrumentering og mikrokontrollere, Gyldendal. ISBN: ISBN-13: Gary Johnson and Richard Jennings: LabVIEW Graphical Programming, Fourth Edition, McGraw-Hill Professional. ISBN:

4 Lecturer Jan Kenneth Bekkeng (Senior Scientist FFI, Ass. prof-ii UIO) j.k.bekkeng[at]fys.uio.no Sounding rockets T&E DAQ

5 About the lectures and Labs Lectures given in Norwegian Notes will be made available on the course home page Important messages are made available at the course home page 2 lecture hours each week 4 (bachelor) / 5 (master) lab assignments - room V442 Submit the lab reports including the source code to bentaf@student.matnat.uio.no (lab teaching assistant) Nominally three weeks are assigned to each lab assignment All labs must be approved by 31. May! Lab teaching assistant: Name : Bent Furevik bentaf@student.matnat.uio.no Phone :

6 Atmel XMEGA-B1 Xplained evaluation kit

7 About the lab work Lab0: LabVIEW introduction with exercises Learn basic application development with LabVIEW Lab 1: Simple I/O programming LEDs and switches Lab 2: Control an LCD display Lab 3: Control the ADC (analog to digital converter) Lab 4: Project for Master (4240) students Select your own project in agreement with lab teaching assistant Bent Furevik

8 Course background Assumes basic knowledge in electronics, computer architecture and programming. This is covered e.g. by FYS1210 (basic electronics) FYS3230 (sensor and measurement techniques) A programming course (e.g. INF 1000) The textbook PC-basert instrumentering og mikrokontrollere The lectures will focus on: DAQ systems System design (hardware and software) Principles, concepts and implementation strategies You will learn state-of-the-art technology (hardware and software techniques) for DAQ-systems!

9 Computer courses with more theory & background information INF2270 Datamaskinarkitektur C-programming Computer architecture Hardware and software interaction INF Introduksjon til operativsystemer og datakommunikasjon C-programming OS Data communication INF3190 Datakommunikasjon Data communication

10 Other good books: LabVIEW for Everyone: Graphical Programming Made Easy and Fun (3rd Edition) by Jeffrey Travis and Jim Kring The LabVIEW Style Book by Peter A. Blume LabVIEW for Data Acquisition by Bruce Mihura (2001) The C Programming Language by Brian W. Kernighan, Dennis M.Ritchie(1988)

11 Topics you will learn about Computer buses and interfaces Microcontrollers LabVIEW programming Instrumentation and data acquisition (DAQ) Networked and distributed DAQ systems High-speed data streaming Parallel programming Real-Time and Embedded systems FPGAs and GPUs Instrumentation under Linux

12 LabVIEW LEGO MINDSTORMS NXT Module Can develop LabVIEW programs that run on a host computer and communicate with an NXT brick. These programs also can run directly on the NXT. The Tilted Twister solves Rubik s Cubes in 6 minutes!

13 Trends in Test and Measurement Multicore CPUs and Parallel programming Increased CPU performance without increased clock rates Software-Defined Instrumentation Can easily change functionality FPGA-Enabled Instrumentation High performance, True parallelism, High determinism, High reliability, Reconfigurable 64 bit operating systems and support An unlimited address space allows much more RAM (Random Access Memory) in the computer Wireless

14 What is LabVIEW Express VIs Data flow direction Standard VIs Icon wire

15 Example: a while loop in LabVIEW

16 What is LabVIEW II LabVIEW is a graphical programming environment G programming language LabVIEW contains the same programming concepts found in most traditional languages data types, loops, event handling, variables, recursion, and object-oriented programming LabVIEW is the de facto standard for measurement, test, and control systems (both in industry and academia) Graphical icons and wires resemble a flowchart Provides easy integration with thousands of hardware devices Contains large built-in libraries Available for multiple targets and OS (Windows, Mac, Linux and RTOS)

17 LabVIEW Operating System (OS) compatibility

18 LabWindows/CVI from National Instruments CVI is short for C for Virtual Instrumentation LabWindows/CVI is a software development environment for C programmers LabWindows uses the same libraries and data acquisition modules as the more famous National Instrument product LabVIEW and is thus highly compatible with it LabVIEW is targeted more at domain experts and scientists and CVI more towards software engineers that are more comfortable with textbased linear languages such as C

19 Instrument Control Overview Control any instrument if you know the following: Type of connector on the instrument Type of cables needed Electrical properties involved Communication protocols used Software drivers available Instruments Computer

20 Real-Time Computing FYS4220 In computer science, real-time computing (RTC) is systems that are subject to a "real-time constraint - i.e., operational deadlines from event to system response. the correctness depends not only on the logical result but also on the time it was delivered By contrast, a non-real-time system is one for which there is no deadline, even if fast response or high performance is desired or preferred.

21 Embedded Computing FYS4220 An embedded system is a computer system designed to perform one or a few dedicated functions, often with realtime computing constraints. Embedded systems span all aspects of modern life and there are many examples of their use: mobile phones, MP3 players, digital cameras, GPS receivers etc. Embedded processors can be microprocessors, microcontrollers or FPGAs. The program instructions written for microcontrollers are referred to as firmware, and are stored in read-only memory or Flash memory chips. Embedded systems run with limited computer hardware resources: limited memory, small or non-existent keyboard and/or screen

22 Data Acquisition (DAQ) & Control Systems The main application domain for Real-Time and Embedded computer systems is within Data Acquisition and Control. A dish washer system reads data from a timer, temperature and water level sensors, and controls the water valves and heater Data acquisition involves collecting signals from measurement sources and digitizing the signal for storage, analysis and presentation. For a Control System the processed data is also utilized for controlling the external process through a feedback loop

23 Computer-based DAQ system FYS3240/4240 Configuration Display Data Storage

24 MHz Third generation PC (2004)

25 What is an Operating System (OS)? An operating system (OS) is a collection of programs that acts as an intermediary between the hardware and its user(s), providing a high-level interface to low level hardware resources, such as the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. The operating system provides various facilities and services that make the use of the hardware convenient, efficient and safe Lazowska, E. D.: Contemporary Issues in Operating Systems, in: Encyclopedia of Computer Science, Ralston, A., Reilly, E. D. (Editors), IEEE Press, 1993, pp.980 The OS hides the messy details The OS Presents a virtual machine, which is easier to use Each program gets time/space on the resource

26 Protected mode In computing, protected mode is an operational mode of x86- compatible central processing units (CPU) The term x86 refers to a family of instruction set architectures based on the Intel 8086 CPU It allows system software to utilize features such as virtual memory, paging, safe multi-tasking, and other features designed to increase an operating system's control over application software. In protected mode, there are four privilege levels or rings, numbered from 0 to 3, with ring 0 being the most privileged and 3 being the least. The use of rings allows for system software to restrict tasks from accessing data or executing privileged instructions. In most environments, the operating system and some device drivers run in ring 0 and applications run in ring 3

27 Windows architecture Privilege levels in Windows Ring 0 : all rights operating system (kernel) Ring 3 : limited rights e.g. related to I/O Applications (user programs) 32 bit Windows XP Need a device driver in order to allow hardware I/O operations from application programs

28 Device Drivers In computing, a device driver or software driver is a computer program allowing higher-level computer programs to interact with a hardware device. A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus or communications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling program invokes a routine in the driver, the driver issues commands to the device. Once the device sends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original calling program. Drivers are hardwaredependent and operating-system-specific.

29 Windows device drivers

30 How to make a device driver for Windows? Writing a device driver can be a challenge as it requires windows (API) programming knowledge Different approaches to get the device driver you need: Make a complete device driver Make the device driver using a program to assist you making the driver, e.g. a program called Driver Agent Use LabVIEW! LabVIEW includes custom made drivers (for serial communication, TCP, UDP, USB, DAQ etc). In addition, device drivers for specific instruments etc. can be downloaded from NI. Therefore, usually no device driver has to be written!

31 Using device drivers in LabVIEW All NI hardware is shipped with LabVIEW driver software After your hardware driver software is installed, it is integrated into LabVIEW It provides a new palette for easy access to the functions You simply drag-and-drop the functions to your block diagram to configure and control the hardware device

32 LabVIEW Hardware targets Standard PC Real-time PC Embedded controller (in a PXI system) FPGA 8-, 16-, and 32-bit microprocessors ARM Microcontrollers

33 Simple to advanced DAQ systems. DAQ using the PC sound card AC, low frequencies (10 20 khz) PC with plug-in PCI DAQ card(s) PC with a USB DAQ device DAQ system with multiple connected PXI systems and hundreds of measurement channels

34 Workstation vs. PC A workstation is a high-end computer designed for technical or scientific applications, running numeric- and graphic-intensive applications high-performance computing (HPC) Desktops PCs are all about flexibility they are designed to meet a much wider variety of computing needs As desktop PCs become faster and stronger, the lines between a high-powered desktop and true workstations become more blurred Workstations typically offered higher performance than personal computers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity and multitasking capability In addition, workstations typically have more slots for PCI and PCI Express

35 Workstation vs. PC II HP Z800 Workstation HP Compaq dc x Intel Xeon Six Core prosessor (5600 serie) 192 GB maksimalt minne (RAM) Rack-monterbart minitårn (for 19 rack) 1 PCI 1 PCI Express Gen1 (x8 mekanisk, x4 elektrisk) 1 PCI Express Gen2 (x8 mekanisk, x4 elektrisk) 2 PCI Express Gen2 (x16 mekanisk, x8 elektrisk) 2 PCI Express Gen2 x16 (for grafikkort) Intel Core 2 Quad prosessor 16 GB maksimalt minne (RAM) 3 PCI 1 PCI Express x16 2 PCI Express x1 Note: With Windows 7, 192 GB is the physical memory limit for 64-bit Windows (X64)

36 Intel Processors