Učestalost i distribucija metastaza u kostima otkrivenih metodom scintigrafije koštanog sistema kod bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća

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1 Volumen 63, Broj 12 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 1001 ORIGINALNI Č L A N A K UDC: : Učestalost i distribucija metastaza u kostima otkrivenih metodom scintigrafije koštanog sistema kod bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća Incidence and imaging characteristics of skeletal metastases detected by bone scintigraphy in lung cancer patients Ljiljana Jauković, Boris Ajdinović, Zoran Janković, Sanja Dugonjić Vojnomedicinska akademija, Institut za nuklearnu medicinu, Beograd Apstrakt Uvod/Cilj. Scintigrafija skeleta je standardna metoda nuklearne medicine koja se primenjuje u otkrivanju metastaza u kostima kod bolesnika sa malignim tumorima. Utvrđivanje postojanja sekundarnih depozita u koštanom sistemu je neophodno za izbor adekvatnog načina lečenja. Cilj rada bio je određivanje učestalosti prisustva metastaza u kostima kod bolesnika sa suspektnim ili dokazanim karcinomom pluća, metodom scintigrafije kostiju Tc-99m obeleženim fosfonatima, te prikaz njihovih scintigrafskih karakteristika. Metode. Retrospektivno su analizirani nalazi 100 bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća (78 muškog i 22 ženskog pola) prosečne starosti 63,3 godine kojima je rađena scintigrafija kostiju u protekle tri godine ( ). Scintigrafski nalazi su podeljeni na kategorije: pozitivni, negativni i suspektni nalazi prema prisustvu metastaza u kostima. Rezultati. Incidencija pozitivnih nalaza je iznosila 57%, negativnih 32%, dok je scintigrafska slika suspektna na prisustvo depozita u kostima dobijena kod 11% bolesnika. Od 57 bolesnika sa depozitima u kostima u 51 slučaju scintigrafski su postojale multiple zone asimetrično pojačanog nakupljanja radiofarmaka, lokalizovane u rebrima u 72%, u kičmenom stubu u 54%, ekstremitetima u 49%, kostima karlice u 37%, grudnoj kosti u 12%, lopatici u 9%, te kostima lobanje u 5% slučajeva. Solitarna metastaska promena otkrivena je kod šest bolesnika. Promene su bile lokalizovane u kostima donjih ekstremiteta u tri slučaja, u humerusu, kostima karlice i grudnoj kosti u po jednom slučaju. Zaključak. Scintigrafija kostiju ima značajnu ulogu pri određivanju proširenosti bolesti i selekciji bolesnika za hiruško lečenje. S obzirom da je metastaska zahvaćenost kostiju ekstremiteta bila učestala, naša studija sugeriše da bi scintigrafija kostiju kod bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća standardno trebala da obuhvata i akviziciju nad kostima ekstremiteta. Ključne reči: pluća, neoplazme; neoplazme, metastaze; skelet; tehnecijum Tc 99m medronat; dijagnoza; radioizotopsko snimanje. Abstract Background/Aim. Detection of metastatic bone disease by skeletal scintigraphy is a classical application of nuclear medicine in cancer patients. Detection of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer is necessary for an appropriate treatment modality. The aim of this study was to report the frequency and imaging characteristics of bone metastases detected by bone scintigraphy (BS) using technetium-99m phosphonates in patients with lung cancer. Methods. We retrospectively analyzed a total of one hundred patients (78 males and 22 females), mean age of 63.3 years, with the diagnosis of lung cancer, who underwent BS during a threeyear-period ( ). Scintiscans were classified as positive, negative and suspicious with regard to the presence of bone metastases. Results. The incidence of positive, negative and suspicious findings were 57%. 32% and 11%, respectively. Out of 57 patients with bone metastases, 51 had multiple asymmetric foci of increased tracer activity localized in the ribs, spine, extremities, pelvis, sternum, scapula and skull in 72%, 54%, 49%, 37%, 12%, 9% and 5% of scans, respectively. BS revealed solitary metastases in 6 of the patients. The lesions were located in the lower limbs in three patients and in the upper limbs, pelvis and sternum in the remaining three patients. Conclusion. Bone scintigraphy plays a significant role in staging and selecting of patients for curative lung surgery. Due to the fact that metastatic involvment of the extremities was frequently shown, our study suggests that systematic inclusion of the limbs in BS acquisition should be obligatory. Key words: lung neoplasms; neoplasm metastasis; skeleton; technetium Tc 99m medronate; diagnosis; radionuclide imaging. Correspondence to: Ljiljana Jauković, Vojnomedicinska akademija, Institut za nuklearnu medicinu, Crnotravska 17, Beograd, Srbija. Tel: Lilaj@EUnet.

2 Strana 1002 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Volumen 63, Broj 12 Uvod Karcinom pluća je veoma česta maligna bolest i čini 12,3% od svih novootkrivenih slučajeva karcinoma. Smrtni ishod kod muškaraca i žena godišnje dovodi se u vezu sa karcinomom pluća, što ga čini vodećim uzrokom smrtnosti od maligne bolesti u evropskoj populaciji starijoj od 45 godina 1. Sa aspekta dijagnostike i izbora načina lečenja, pored verifikacije primarnog tumora neophodno je i određivanje proširenosti bolesti. Nesitnoćelijski karcinom pluća obuhvata različite histološke podtipove i čini oko 80% svih tumora pluća. Dominantni način lečenja podrazumeva adekvatnu hiruršku resekciju u ranom stadijumu bolesti, kada je isključena zahvaćenost medijastinumskih limfnih žlezda malignim procesom i prisustvo udaljenih metastaza. Scintigrafija koštanog sistema je dugi niz godina najčešće korišćeni screening metod u otkrivanju metastaza u kostima 2. Značaj scintigrafije kostiju nije umanjen ni uvođenjem u dijagnostički postupak magnetne rezonancije (MR) i pozitronske emisione tomografije (PET) 3, 4. Postoje različiti stavovi o tome da li da se radi scintigrafija kostiju kod svih bolesnika koji su kandidati za operativno lečenje. American Thoracis Society (ATS) i European Respiratory Society (ERS) preporučuju scintigrafiju kostiju samo kod bolesnika, kod kojih je prisutna simptomatologija zahvaćenosti koštanog sistema 5, 6, dok rezultati drugih studija navode da se bez nalaza scintigrafije kostiju kod čak % bolesnika izabere neprikladan način lečenja 7. Scintigrafijom kostiju se depoziti u kostima otkrivaju znatno pre nego što oni postanu radiografski uočljivi. Osetljivost pri otkrivanju metastaza u kostima prelazi 90%, dok specifičnost metode varira u širokom dijapazonu od 40 90% zavisno od autora i grupa bolesnika koji su obuhvaćeni ispitivanjem 8, 9. Komplementnom primenom radiografskih metoda kod bolesnika sa suspektnim scintigrafskim nalazom, naročito kod onih sa solitarnom promenom suspektnom za depozit, povećava se specifičnost i tačnost otkrivanja metastaza u kostima. Cilj ovog rada bio je retrospektivna analiza nalaza scintigrafije kostiju urađenih u trogodišnjem periodu ( ) u Institutu za nuklearnu medicinu Vojnomedicinske akademije (VMA), kod bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća. Analizom je obuhvaćena distribucija promena u scintigrafskim nalazima koje ukazuju na metastaze u kostima multiplog ili solitarnog tipa. Metode Ispitivanjem je obuhvaćeno 100 bolesnika, 78 muškaraca i 22 žene, prosečne starosti 63,3 (32 81) godine kojima je urađena scintigrafija koštanog sistema zbog suspektnog ili dokazanog karcinoma pluća. Planarna scintigrafija skeleta urađena je tri sata nakon intravenskog davanja obeleživačke doze tehnecijumom (Tc)-99m obeleženog medronata (MDP) ili Tc-99m dikarboksipropandifosfonata (DPD) aktivnosti 740 MBq. Sekvencijali scintigrama rađeni su gama kamerom (Gamma DIAGNOST-TOMO i Orbiter-Siemens) sa pripadajućim kolimatorom opšte namene za niske energije (LEGP), akvizicijom impulsa po položaju. Scintigrafija celog tela dvoglavom gama kamerom (ADAC-Vertex V60) sa pripadajućim LEGP kolimatorom rađena je akvizicijom impulsa po glavi kamere, što je odgovaralo hodu detektora od 15 cm u minuti. Scintigrafski nalazi su tumačeni na osnovu prisustva ili odsustva zona asimetrično pojačanog nakupljanja radiofarmaka koje ukazuje na prisustvo sekundarnih depozita u koštanom sistemu, a u skladu sa publikovanim kriterijumima 10. Shodno tome, svi nalazi su podeljeni u kategorije: pozitivnih sa prisustvom metastaza, negativnih kao i kategoriju sumnjivih nalaza. Grupa pozitivnih nalaza obuhvatala je bolesnike sa solitarnom metastatskom promenom, kao i one sa multiplim promenama čija je distibucija analizirana po određenim lokalizacijama (rebra, kičmeni stub, kosti ekstremiteta, kosti karlice, grudna kost, lopatica kao i kosti lobanje). Rezultati Od 100 analiziranih scintigrafskih nalaza, pozitivan nalaz koji ukazuje na postojanje sekundarnih depozita u koštanom sistemu dobijen je kod 57% ispitanika. Negativan scintigrafski nalaz, odnosno nalaz kojim se isključuje postojanje sekundarnih depozita u koštanom sistemu dobijen je kod 32% ispitanika. U ovu grupu su svrstani i nalazi koji su osim normalne distribucije pokazivali i pojačano nakupljanje radioframaka koje je dovedeno u vezu sa pridruženim nemalignim stanjima (zapaljensko-degenerativne promene zglobova, skorije povrede, prethodne operacije i sl). Sumnjiv scintigrafski nalaz kojim se prisustvo depozita (najčešće u rebrima, te kičmenom stubu) nije moglo sa sigurnošću ni isključiti, a ni potvrditi, dobijen je u 11% slučajeva i zahtevao je dodatnu primenu neke od radiografskih metoda (rendgenografija, kompjuterizovana tomografija KT, MR), odnosno scintigrafsku kontrolu (inicijalni nalaz superscana ) (tabela 1). Tabela 1 Scintigrafski nalaz koštanog sistema kod 100 bolesnika sa suspektnim ili dokazanim karcinomom pluća Scintigrafski nalaz Broj bolesnika Pozitivan 57 Suspektan 11 Negativan 32 Ukupno 100 Multiple scintigrafske promene tipa brojnih zona asimetrično pojačanog nakupljanja radiofarmaka koje ukazuju na depozit u kostima uočene su kod 51 od 57 pozitivnih scintigrafskih nalaza (91%) (slika 1, tabela 2). Promene su najčešće bile prisutne u rebrima kod 72% nalaza, kičmenom stubu kod 54%, ekstremitetima kod 49%, kostima karlice kod 37%; depoziti su ređe bili prisutni u grudnoj kosti i lopatici kod 12 i 9%, dok su u kostima lobanje depoziti bili prisutni samo kod 5% bolesnika sa sekundarnim depozitima. Solitarna promena koja je scintigrafski okarakterisana kao sekundarni depozit, uočena je kod 6 od 57 pozitivnih nalaza (10%). U tri slučaja ovakva promena je bila prisutna u butnoj kosti, dok je u humerusu (slika 2), kostima karlice i grudnoj kosti nađena u po jednom slučaju (tabela 2).

3 Volumen 63, Broj 12 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 1003 Tip scintigrafskog nalaza Multiple promene Solitarne promene Tabela 2 Distribucija promena u scintigrafskim nalazima koji ukazuju na prisustvo sekundarnih depozita u koštanom sistemu Broj bolesnika 51 Rebra Kičma Ekstremiteti Kosti karlice 41 (72%) 31 (54%) 6 28 (49%) 4 (7%) 21 (37%) 1 (1,7%) Grudna kost 7 (12%) 1 (1,7%) Lopatice 5 (9%) Kosti lobanje 3 (5%) Sl. 1 Sekundarni depoziti (brojne zone asimetrično pojačanog nakupljnja radiofarmaka) u rebrima, kostima karlice, oba femura i levoj lopatici na scintigrafskom nalazu koštanog sistema Sl. 2 Velika jasna zona asimetrično pojačanog nakupljanja radiofarmaka u dijafizi levog femura dobijena scintigrafijom koštanog sistema. Druge zone patološke akumulacije radiofarmaka nisu nađene

4 Strana 1004 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Volumen 63, Broj 12 Diskusija Scintigrafija skeleta je standardna metoda nuklearne medicine koja se koristi za otkrivanje metastaza u kostima bolesnika obolelih od maligne bolesti. Sekundarni depoziti u kostima su u našoj grupi ispitanika dijagnostikovani kod 57% bolesnika. Relativno visok postotak nalaza koji ukazuju na depozite u kostima mogao bi biti posledica nehomogenosti grupe ispitanika koja je obuhvatala sve bolesnike koji su u trogodišnjem periodu upućeni na scintigrafiju kostiju zbog suspektnog ili dokazanog karcinoma pluća, a bez njihovog klasifikovanja prema stadijumu bolesti. Naši rezultati su u skladu sa rezultatima Merricka i Merricka 11 koji navodi prevalenciju depozita u kostima od 63% za adenokarcinome, 57% za nesitnoćeliojske karcinome i 50% za skvamozne plućne karcinome. Scintigrafijom se otkriva pojačana osteoblastna aktivnost koja je karakteristika većine depozita u kostima. Promene se otkrivaju znatno pre nego što postaju radiografski vidljive, a što podrazumeva veličinu od bar jednog cm i uvećanje od 30% ili gubitak 50% minerala kostiju da bi se otkrile sklerotične ili litične lezije 12. Najčešće se metastaze u kostima scintigrafski prikazuju kao zone asimetrično pojačanog nakupljanja radiofarmaka vezane za reakciju kosti iznad ekspandirane metastatski izmenjene kostne srži vruće zone. Ovakav scintigrafski nalaz dobijen je kod 88% naših bolesnika sa depozitima u kostima. Fokalne promene su najčešće bile prisutne u rebrima, kičmenom stubu, ekstremitetima i kostima karlice, što je u skladu sa prevalencijom metastaza u kostima detektovanim na osnovu PET studija 13. Ređe, metastaze mogu biti predstavljene i hladnim zonama što je karakteristika veoma agresivnih tumora, koji izuzetno brzo napreduju te nema dovoljno vremena za reakciju kosti. Zbog visoke osetljivosti, a niže specifičnosti metode, za pravilno tumačenje scintigrafskih nalaza moraju se imati i anamnestički podaci o eventualnim povredama, skorašnjim operacijama ili pridruženim reumatsko-degenerativnim stanjima. Korelacija scintigrafskih nalaza sa nalazima ostalih metoda medicinskog snimanja (radiografija, KT, MR) i kliničkim tokom bolesti ukazuje da scintigrafija kostiju ima 81% osetljivosti, 78% specifičnosti, te nivo pozitivne i negativne vrednosti od 34 odnosno 93% 14. Komparativne studije ukazuju da je u detekciji depozita u kostima scintigrafija kostiju osetljivija metoda, veće pozitivne prediktivne vrednosti od trenutno najsavremenije tehnike medicinskog slikanja bolesnika sa malignom bolešću pozitronske emisione tomografije F- 18 dezoksiglukozom 15. Pozitronska emisiona tomografija prema scintigrafiji ima veću specifičnost (98% prema 61%), ali i dalje nešto nižu osetljivost, što favorizuje primenu scintigrafije kostiju čak i onda kada je PET dostupan 16, 17. Našom studijom prisustvo metastaza u kostima, isključeno je kod 32 od 100 bolesnika. Scintigrafski nalaz okvalifikovan je kao suspektan u 11 bolesnika, od kojih je njih sedam imalo promene u rebrima, tri u kičmenom stubu i jedan bolesnik suspektnu scintigrafsku promenu u butnoj kosti, te je dodatna radiološka dijagnostika bila neophodna. Naročito je za suspektne promene na pršljenskim telima kičmenog stuba, poželjno da se primenom MR potvrdi ili isključi prisustvo depozita u kostima. Dodatne SPECT studije takođe mogu biti korisne u evaluaciji solitarne lezije u toraksnom delu kičme 18. Poseban klinički interes ima utvrđivanje prirode solitarne promene koja se uočava scintigrafski. Način metastaziranja karcinoma pluća putem arterijskih embolusa daje mogućnost nastanka metastaza i u distalnim delovima ekstremiteta. Našim ispitivanjem solitarna promena koja je scintigrafski okarakterisana kao verovatni izolovani depozit, nađena je u šest slučajeva, od čega je kod četiri bolesnika promena bila lokalizovana u dugim kostima ekstremiteta. Uz podatke o tome da nema dijagnostički relevantne korelacije između bolova u kostima i prisustva depozita u kostima 7, nameće se potreba da scintigrafija koštanog sistema kod svih bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća obavezno obuhvati i duge kosti ekstremiteta. Rezultati PET studija u stagingu bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća ukazuju da pregled celog tela, kojim se zbog zauzetosti i boljeg iskorišćenja mašina standardno obuhvata nivo od baze lobanje do gornje trećine butne kosti, otvara mogućnost da udaljene metastaze ne budu otkrivene 19. Zaključak Scintigrafiju kostiju kao jednostavnu, dostupnu i veoma osetljivu metodu trebalo bi raditi u okviru staginga svih bolesnika sa karcinomom pluća kod kojih postoji indikacija za operaciju, nezavisno od prisustva bola u kostima. Zbog mogućnosti postojanja udaljenih metastaza scintigrafski pregled ne treba ograničiti na aksijalni skelet. Komplementarnom primenom radiografije, KT ili MR uvećava se tačnost pri otkrivanju ili isključivanju prisustva sekundarnih depozita u koštanom sistemu, što utiče na odabir bolesnika kod kojih će operativno rešenje dati najbolje rezultate lečenja. L I T E R A T U R A 1. Tyczynski JE, Bray F, Parkin DM. Lung cancer in Europe in 2000: epidemiology, prevention, and early detection. Lancet Oncol 2003; 4(1): Citrin DL, Bessent RG, Greig WR. A comparison of the sensitivity and accuracy of the 99TCm-phosphate bone scan and skeletal radiograph in the diagnosis of bone metastases. Clin Radiol 1977; 28(1): Ghanem N, Kelly T, Altehoefer C, Winterer J, Schafer O, Bley TA, et al. Whole-body MRI in comparison to skeletal scintigraphy for detection of skeletal metastases in patients with solid tumors. Radiologe 2004; 44(9): (German) 4. Fogelman I, Cook G, Israel O, Van der Wall H. Positron emission tomography and bone metastases. Semin Nucl Med 2005; 35(2): Mountain CF. Revisions in the International System for Staging Lung Cancer. Chest 1997; 111(6): Spiro SG, Porter JC. Lung cancer where are we today? Current advances in staging and nonsurgical treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 166(9): Schirrmeister H, Arslandemir C, Glatting G, Mayer-Steinacker R, Bommer M, Dreinhofer K, et al. Omission of bone scanning according to staging guidelines leads to futile therapy in non-

5 Volumen 63, Broj 12 VOJNOSANITETSKI PREGLED Strana 1005 small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 31(7): Thomas M, Gatzemeier U, Goerg R, Matthiessen W, Morr H, Schonfeld N, et al. Recommendations on the diagnosis of bronchial carcinoma. German Pneumology Society. Pneumologie 2000; 54(8): (German) 9. Baum RP, Hellwig D, Mezzetti M. Position of nuclear medicine modalities in the diagnostic workup of cancer patients: lung cancer. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2004; 48(2): Krasnow AZ, Hellman RS, Timins ME, Collier BD, Anderson T, Isitman AT. Diagnostic bone scanning in oncology. Semin Nucl Med 1997; 27(2): Merrick MV, Merrick JM. Bone scintigraphy in lung cancer: a reappraisal. Br J Radiol 1986; 59(708): Van der Wall H. The evaluation of malignancy: metastatic bone disease. In: Murray IPC, Ell R, editors. Nuclear medicine in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingston; p Nakamoto Y, Osman M, Wahl RL. Prevalence and patterns of bone metastases detected with positron emission tomography using F-18 FDG. Clin Nucl Med 2003; 28(4): Gayed I, Vu T, Johnson M, Macapinlac H, Podoloff D. Comparison of bone and 2-deoxy-2-[18F]fluoro-D-glucose positron emission tomography in the evaluation of bony metastases in lung cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2003; 5(1): Reed CE, Harpole DH, Posther KE, Woolson SL, Downey RJ, Meyers BF, et al. Results of the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0050 trial: the utility of positron emission tomography in staging potentially operable non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2003; 126(6): Bury T, Barreto A, Daenen F, Barthelemy N, Ghaye B, Rigo P. Fluorine-18 deoxyglucose positron emission tomography for the detection of bone metastases in patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Nucl Med 1998; 25(9): Kao CH, Hsieh JF, Tsai SC, Ho YJ, Yen RF. Comparison and discrepancy of 18F-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography and Tc-99m MDP bone scan to detect bone metastases. Anticancer Res 2000; 20(3B): Kobayashi K, Okuyama C, Kubota T, Nakai T, Ushijima Y, Nishimura T. Do short-time SPECT images of bone scintigraphy improve the diagnostic value in the evaluation of solitary lesions in the thoracic spine in patients with extraskeletal malignancies? Ann Nucl Med 2005; 19(7): Gontier E, Vaylet F, Bonardel G, Mantzarides M, Salles Y, Guigay J, et al. 18-FDG positon emission tomography and distal metastasis from lung cancer. Rev Pneumol Clin 2005; 61(4 Pt 1): (French) Rad je primljen 12. VI 2006.

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