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1 BROOKFIELD DIAL READING VISCOMETER with ELECTRONIC DRIVE Operating Instructions Manual No. M/ Please record the model and serial number of your viscometer. Having this information readily available will help us to assist you should there be any questions regarding your instrument. Model No. Serial No. 2 SPECIALISTS IN THE MEASUREMENT AND CONTROL OF VISCOSITY BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, INC. 11 Commerce Boulevard, Middleboro, MA USA TEL or FAX Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 1 Manual No. M/00-151

2 ISO 9001 CERTIFIED If you ve ever wanted to upgrade from your Brookfield analog/dial Viscometer to a new calculating (no factor finder), easy-to-use digital Viscometer... NOW IS THE TIME! This offer allows you to save $450! By using your existing laboratory stand and spindles, you can purchase our NEW Model DV-E Viscometer for just $1,345.00! (Reg. Price: $1,795.00) Trade in your Dial instrument and save an additional $ ACT NOW. This special offer is too good to pass up. SPECIAL OFFER Save $450 Call, mail or fax this certificate (Name) (Company) (Street Address) (City) (State) (Zip Code) (Phone) (Fax) (Serial No. of Trade-In) $1, (Reg. Price: $1,795.00) (use your existing spindles and lab stand) BONUS: Receive a $100 rebate with the trade in of your Dial Viscometer. BROOKFIELD ENGINEERING LABORATORIES, INC. 11 Commerce Boulevard, Middleboro, MA USA TEL or FAX Offer expires July 31, 2003

3 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION... 3 I.1 Components... 3 I.2 Utilities... 4 I.3 Specifications... 4 I.4 Set-Up... 4 II. GETTING STARTED... 5 II.1 Operation... 5 II.2 Using the Viscometer for Measurements... 5 II.2A Taking Readings and Calculating Viscosity... 6 II.3 Considerations for Making Measurements... 9 APPENDIX A - Cone/Plate Viscometer Set-Up APPENDIX B - Viscosity Ranges APPENDIX C - Variables in Viscosity Measurements APPENDIX D - Calibration Verification APPENDIX E - Model A Laboratory Stand with Parts Identification APPENDIX F - Fault Diagnosis and Troubleshooting APPENDIX G - Warranty Repair and Service Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 2 Manual No. M/00-151

4 I. INTRODUCTION The Brookfield Dial Reading Viscometer with electronic drive measures fluid viscosity at given shear rates. Viscosity is a measure of a fluid s resistance to flow. You will find a detailed description of the mathematics of viscosity in the Brookfield publication More Solutions to Sticky Problems a copy of which was included with your Dial Viscometer. The Dial Viscometer rotates a sensing element in a fluid and measures the torque necessary to overcome the viscous resistance to the induced movement. This is accomplished by driving the immersed element, which is called a spindle, through a beryllium copper spring. The degree to which the spring is wound, indicated by the red pointer, is proportional to the viscosity of the fluid. The Viscometer is able to measure over a number of ranges since, for a given spring deflection, the actual viscosity is proportional to the spindle speed and is related to the spindle's size and shape. For a material of given viscosity, the resistance will be greater as the spindle size and/or rotational speed increase. The minimum viscosity range is obtained by using the largest spindle at the highest speed; the maximum range by using the smallest spindle at the slowest speed. There are four basic spring torque series offered by Brookfield: Model Spring Torque (Dyne-cm) LV RV 7,187.0 HA 14,374.0 HB 57,496.0 The higher the torque calibration, the higher the measurement range. The viscosity measurement range for each torque calibration may be found in Appendix B. All units of measurement are calculated in units of centipoise (cp) by using a look-up table known as "the Brookfield Factor Finder" to convert torque reading. The equivalent units of measurement in the SI system are calculated using the following conversions: CGS SI Viscosity: 1 cp = 1 mpa s Torque: 10 7 dyne-cm = 1 Newton-m I.1 Components Quantity Description Part No. 1 Dial Reading Viscometer with Depends on Model Electronic Drive 1 Laboratory Stand Model A 1 Spindle Set SSL (LV 1-4) SSR (RV 1-7) SSH (HA/HB 1-7) 1 Guard Leg B-20Y (LV); B-21Y (RV) 1 Power Supply Kit AV-6 1 Carrying Case 001Y 1 Shipping Cap B Instruction Manual M/ If Cone/Plate Viscometer was purchased: 1 Cone/Plate Sample Cup CP-44Y 1 Cone Spindle CP-** (depends on spindle purchased) Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 3 Manual No. M/00-151

5 Please check to be sure that you have received all components, and that there is no damage. If you are missing any parts, please notify Brookfield Engineering or your local Brookfield agent immediately. Any shipping damage must be reported to the carrier. I.2 Utilities VAC/Hz Limits: 90 to 264 VAC; 50/60 Hz ± 5% Watts/Power Consumption: Viscometer 8 Watts Power Supply Up to 15 Watts I.3 Specifications Speeds: LVT 60, 30, 12, 6, 3, 1.5, 0.6, 0.3 RVT 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 4, 2.5, 2, 1, 0.5 HAT 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 4, 2.5, 2, 1, 0.5 HBT 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 4, 2.5, 2, 1, 0.5 Accuracy: Repeatability: ± 1% of Full Scale Range in use (See Appendix D for details) ± 0.2% of Full Scale Range in use Weight: Gross Weight 20 lb 9 kg Net Weight 17 lb 7.7 kg Carton Volume 1.65 cu ft 0.05 m 3 Operating Temperature: 0 C to 40 C Relative Humidity: 10% to 90% I.4 Set-Up 1) Assemble laboratory stand as shown in Appendix E. 2) Mount the Viscometer securely on a Brookfield laboratory stand. The metal handle should be inserted into the laboratory stand clamp. Level the viscometer, referring to the bubble level on the instrument. If the viscometer cannot be leveled, recheck the laboratory stand assembly. 3) The universal power supply kit is designed to be used with different adapters for different voltages. Verify that the viscometer's power requirements match your power source before connecting it to power. 4) For Cone/Plate models, refer to Appendix A. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 4 Manual No. M/00-151

6 II. GETTING STARTED II.1 Operation 1. Be sure the plug of the power supply is securely plugged into your power source. 2. Plug the metal jack of the power supply into the circular receptacle on the back of the Viscometer. 3. The black, rubber baton switch on the viscometer controls the motor and has three positions: CLUTCH LEVER SPEED KNOB (rpm) POWER SUPPLY RECEPTACLE MOTOR ON/OFF/PAUSE UP: Off - turns the motor off and stops the dial from turning MIDDLE: On - causes the dial to rotate at the selected speed DOWN: Pause (or motor stop) - causes the dial to pause when rotating 4. LV Viscometers use a set of four spindles and a narrow guard leg; RV Viscometers use a set of seven spindles and a wider guard leg; HA and HB Viscometers use a set of seven spindles and no guard leg. 5. Speeds (rpm) are changed by turning the black knob on the top of the viscometer (to the left or right) to the desired speed. 6. The clutch lever, when depressed, raises the dial against the red pointer and "holds" the Viscometer reading. Releasing the clutch lowers the dial and frees the pointer. II.2 Using the Viscometer for Measurements 1. Mount the guard leg (if used) on the Viscometer. 2. With no spindle on, lower the Viscometer by turning the black knob on the right side of the clamp. Center the viscometer over the test material. 3. Take care to avoid trapping air bubbles under the disk spindles. Begin by immersing the spindle on a diagonal path across the surface of the fluid. Slowly drag the spindle across the fluid surface and then bring the spindle to the upright position. Thread the spindle onto the Viscometer. 4. Attaching the spindle correctly is important. Gently push up on the Viscometer coupling screw, Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 5 Manual No. M/00-151

7 avoiding any side to side movements. Hold it securely while screwing the spindle on (Note: left hand thread). 5. Lower the Viscometer and center the spindle in the test material until the meniscus is in the middle of the immersion mark. II.2A Taking Readings and Calculating Viscosity 1. Select the desired speed. 2. Turn the Viscometer motor switch to the ON position. 3. Allow time for the indicated reading to stabilize; this time may vary, depending on your fluid, or your test method. A minimum of 5 revolutions is recommended before taking any reading. 4. To take a reading, depress the clutch lever and hold it in the down position. With the lever still depressed, move the motor switch to the "Pause" or "Off" position. Adjust the dial position, if necessary, to allow the red pointer to appear in the viscometer window. Depressing the clutch lever locks the calibrated spring deflection in place, thereby, providing the dial reading; holding the "Pause" key (or pressing the "Stop" key) stops the motor and causes the dial to stop turning so you can take a reading. It is advised, though not necessary, not to take readings when changing speeds. 5. Record the reading, indicated by the red pointer on the dial: this number is known as % torque. To convert the % torque reading to viscosity in centipoise (cp), multiply the dial reading by the appropriate factor for the spindle and speed in use. For maximum accuracy do not take readings below 10% torque. Do not run your Viscometer for extended periods of time at a % torque greater than 100%. 6. Switch the motor to the OFF position when changing spindles and samples. Remove the spindle before cleaning. 7. Interpretation of results is discussed in Appendix C of this manual and in our publication "More Solutions to Sticky Problems." Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 6 Manual No. M/00-151

8 The following tables apply to Brookfield Viscometer Models LV, RV, HA and HB with standard spindles. They enable the user to convert the percent scale reading into a viscosity value in units of centipoise. To convert the viscometer dial reading to a viscosity value in units of centipoise, multiply the reading noted on dial viscometer by the appropriate factor in the following tables. LV Series Viscometer K 0.3 4K K K K K K K = Spindle = Spindle Speed = Factor K = 1000 RV Series Viscometer K 0.5 4K 0.5 8K K K K 1 2K 1 4K 1 10K 1 140K K 2 2K 2 5K 2 20K K 2.5 4K K K 4 2.5K 4 10K K 5 8K K 10 4K K = Spindle = Spindle Speed = Factor K = 1000 HA Series Viscometer K 0.5 4K 0.5 8K K K K K 1 4K 1 8K 1 20K 1 80K K 2 2K 2 4K 2 10K 2 40K K K 2.5 8K K K 4 2K 4 5K 4 20K K 5 4K 5 16K K 10 8K K 20 4K K = Spindle = Spindle Speed = Factor K = 1000 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 7 Manual No. M/00-151

9 HB Series Viscometer K K K K K K K K 1 8K 1 16K 1 32K 1 80K 1 320K K 2 4K 2 8K 2 16K 2 40K 2 160K K K K K K K K 4 4K 4 8K 4 20K 4 80K K 5 3.2K 5 6.4K 5 16K 5 64K K K 10 8K 10 32K K 20 4K 20 16K K K K = Spindle = Spindle Speed = Factor K = 1000 Dial reading x Factor = Viscosity in cp (mpa s) Example: LVT Viscometer with #1 spindle at 6 rpm Dial Reading: 75 Factor: x 10 = 750 cp (mpa s) Full scale viscosity range for any speed and spindle combination is equal to the factor x 100. Factor x 100 = Full scale range Example: LVT Viscometer with #1 spindle at 6 RPM Full Scale Range: 10 x 100 = 1,000 cp Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 8 Manual No. M/00-151

10 II.3 Considerations for Making Measurements In taking viscosity measurements with the Dial Viscometer there are two considerations which pertain to the low viscosity limit of effective measurement. 1) Viscosity measurements should be accepted within the equivalent % Torque Range from 10% to 100% for any combination of spindle/speed rotation. 2) Viscosity measurements should be taken under laminar flow conditions, not under turbulent flow conditions. The first consideration has to do with the precision of the instrument. All Dial Viscometers have a full scale range precision of ± 1% for any spindle/speed combination. We discourage taking readings below 10% of range because the potential viscosity error of ± 1% is a relatively high number compared to the instrument reading. The second consideration involves the mechanics of fluid flow. All rheological measurements of fluid flow properties should be made under laminar flow conditions. Laminar flow is flow wherein all particle movement is in layers directed by the shearing force. For rotational systems, this means all fluid movement must be circumferential. When the inertial forces on the fluid become too great, the fluid can break into turbulent flow wherein the movement of fluid particles becomes random and the flow can not be analyzed with standard math models. This turbulence creates a falsely high viscometer reading with the degree of non-linear increase in reading being directly related to the degree of turbulence in the fluid. For the following geometries, we have found that an approximate transition point to turbulent flow occurs as follows: 1) No. 1 LV Spindle: 15 cp at 60 RPM 2) No. 1 RV Spindle: 100 cp at 50 RPM 3) UL Adapter: 0.85 cp at 60 RPM Turbulent conditions will exist in these situations whenever the RPM/cP ratio exceeds the values listed above. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 9 Manual No. M/00-151

11 APPENDIX A - Cone/Plate Viscometer Set-Up The Wells-Brookfield Dial Viscometer uses the same operating instruction procedures as described in this manual, however, the gap between the cone and the plate must be mechanically adjusted before measurements are made. This is done by moving the plate (built into the sample cup, Part No. CP-44Y) up towards the cone until two small pins (one in the cone, the second mounted on the plate) contact slightly, and then by separating (lowering) the plate inch (0.013mm). Note that the Wells-BrookfieldCone/Plate Viscometer requires the use of a circulating temperature bath controlling temperature to within +/- 0.1 C. The bath is connected to the ports on the CP-44Y sample cup. Brookfield offers a complete line of refrigerated and non-refrigerated (tap water cooling) circulating water baths. The following example assumes that the C/P Viscometer is set up on the Model A laboratory stand and has been leveled. Cone CP-40 is used in the illustrations. The water bath is on, set at the same test temperature that you will use when measuring the viscosity of your sample and is connected to the sample cup (Figure A1). Allow enough time for the bath to reach the test temperature. The Viscometer speed knob should be set at 10 or 12 rpm with motor OFF. Cup Outlet Adjustment Ring Bath Outlet PUMP OUTLET PUMP INLET Bath Inlet Water Bath Cup Inlet Sample Cup Figure A1 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 10 Manual No. M/00-151

12 Remove the sample cup and attach the cone to the Viscometer (Note: left hand threads), using the spindle wrench to hold the Viscometer shaft (Figure A2). Note: Lift up gently on the spindle wrench. These surfaes must be clean! Spindle Wrench Cone Figure A2 Attach the sample cup and swing the clip under the cup to secure it in place. Take care to avoid hitting the cone with the cup (Figure A3). Note: Do not add test sample during the gap setting procedure. Do Not Hit the CONE with the CUP! Figure A3 Start the Viscometer running at 10 or 12 rpm. Readings of % Torque (dial reading) will be utilized for setting the cone/plate gap. If the display reading jumps to 0.5% of scale (or higher), or will not settle to zero (indicating that the pins on the cone and cup are hitting), unscrew the adjustment ring by turning it to the left (clockwise as you look down on the instrument) until the reading settles at 0.0% (Figure A4). Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 11 Manual No. M/00-151

13 Index Mark Adjustment Ring Figure A4 Turn Adjusting Ring clockwise until the % torque display is stable at 0.0% Turn the adjustment ring to the right (counterclockwise as you look down on the instrument) in small increments (one or two divisions of the ring) while watching the Viscometer dial (Figure A5). Remember that you are trying to raise the cup so that the pin in the cone touches the pin in the cup. Once you have found this hit point, you can "back off" to create the desired gap between cone and cup. You must wait at least 6 seconds between movements of the ring. Turn the adjustment ring until the display reading jumps from 0.0 to 0.5% (HA and HB models) or from 0.0 to 0.5 % (RV models) or 0.0 to 1.0% (LV models). This is the HIT POINT. The cup may have to be adjusted up and down several times before this deflection is satisfactorily reached. The LV series Viscometer will be the most sensitive. Index Mark Adjustment Ring Turn Adjustment Ring Counterclockwise in Small Increments Figure A5 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 12 Manual No. M/00-151

14 When you are satisfied the pins are just hitting (by observing acceptable % readings), make a pencil mark on the adjustment ring directly under the index mark on the pivot housing (Figure A6). Index Mark Adjustment Ring Make a pencil mark directly under the index mark Figure A6 Turn the adjustment ring to the left (clockwise as you look down on the instrument) exactly the width of one division from the pencil mark you have just made. This will separate the pins by " (0.013 mm). This is a very important step because if it is not done, the pins may touch constantly and may cause wear and damage to the cone, cup and instrument. The Viscometer is now mechanically set and ready for sample measurement (Figure A7). Index Mark Adjustment Ring Adjustment Ring with Index Mark (enlarged) One Scale Division Turn Adjustment Ring Clockwise a Distance Equal to One Scale Division Figure A7 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 13 Manual No. M/00-151

15 Each of the five available cones has a specific sample volume, as shown in Table A1. Note that the correct amount of sample fluid should cover the cone face and up over the edge less than 1mm as shown in (Figure A8). Cone Less than 1 mm Sample Cup Figure A8 Notes: a) The cup may be removed without resetting the gap. b) Remove the spindle from the viscometer when you clean it. c) Find the hit point every time the spindle is attached. Table A1 Cone Sample Volume Cone Angle CP ml 0.8 CP ml 3.0 CP ml CP ml CP ml 3.0 Calibration Procedure using Cone/Plate Viscometer 1) Ensure that the circulating bath used maintains the stated calibration temperature to within ± 0.1 C. 2) The attachment of the cone spindle and sample cup, and the gap setting between the cone and cup must be accomplished by following "Cone/Plate Rheometer Set Up" Procedure. 3) Put the proper amount of viscosity standard fluid into the sample cup. The amount varies per cone spindle (refer to Table A1). Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 14 Manual No. M/00-151

16 4) Attach sample cup to viscometer and allow approximately 15 minutes for temperature equilibrium. 5) Measure the fluid's viscosity and record the viscometer readings (both % torque and cp). 6) See "Interpretation of Test Results" shown below for calculation of total calibration tolerance (instrument and fluid). Notes: 1) The spindle must rotate at least (5) times before a viscosity reading is taken. 2) The use of Brookfield Viscosity Standard fluids in the range of 5 cp to 5000 cp is recommended for cone/plate instruments. Please contact Brookfield Engineering Laboratories or an authorized dealer if your calibration procedure requires more viscous standards. 3) Select a viscosity standard fluid that will give viscosity readings between 10% and 100% of full scale range. Refer to Appendix B for viscosity ranges of cone spindles. Do not use a silicone viscosity standard fluid with a viscosity value greater than 5000 cp with a Cone/Plate Viscometer. Brookfield offers a complete range of mineral oil viscosity standards suitable for use with Cone/Plate Viscometers as shown in Table D2 (Appendix D). Consult with Brookfield or an authorized dealer to determine which fluid is appropriate. Mathematics of Cone/Plate Geometry Cone and Plate geometry, as illustrated in Figure A9, is the fixation of a conical vertex perpendicular to and in point contact with a flat plate. When the cone is made very obtuse (θ less than 4 ) and rotated at constant speed (ω), precise viscosity measurements are obtained at absolute and uniform values of shearing rate and stress. Viscosity (in poise) is the ratio of shear stress to shear rate. Shear stress is related to the summation of torque ( T ) over the conical surface. Shear rate is related to the cone rotational speed (ω), and gap width (c) at any radial distance (r) from the center of the rotating cone. θ ω Cone Plate c r ω Figure A9 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 15 Manual No. M/00-151

17 The ratio of (ωr) and (c) is a constant for any value of (r). Since (c) is a maximum at cone radius (r), the shear rate is related to (ω) and sin θ. For the Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer, the mathematical relationships are: Shear Stress (dynes/cm 2 ) = T 2/3 π r 3 Shear Rate (sec -1 ) = ω Sin θ Viscosity (centipoise or mpa s) = Shear Stress x 100 Shear Rate where: T = % Full Scale Torque (dyne-cm) r = Cone Radius (cm) ω = Cone Speed (rad/sec) θ = Cone Angle (degrees) Angle Radius Cone Spindle (deg.) (cm) CP-40 or CPE CP-41 or CPE CP-42 or CPE CP-51 or CPE CP-52 or CPE Viscometer Model Series Spring Torque (Dyne-Centimeter) LV RV 7,187.0 HA 14,374.0 HB 57,496.0 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 16 Manual No. M/00-151

18 Full Scale Viscosity Ranges Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer LVTCP VISCOMETER 3.0 CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-41 Cone #CP-52 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 2 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-42 Cone #CP-51 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 1 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-40 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 0.5 ml Sample , RVTCP VISCOMETER 3.0 CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-41 Cone #CP-52 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 2 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-42 Cone #CP-51 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 1 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-40 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 0.5 ml Sample , , , Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 17 Manual No. M/00-151

19 Full Scale Viscosity Ranges Wells-Brookfield Cone/Plate Viscometer HATCP VISCOMETER 3.0 CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-41 Cone #CP-52 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 2 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , , , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-42 Cone #CP-51 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 1 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-40 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 0.5 ml Sample , , , , HBTCP VISCOMETER 3.0 CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-41 Cone #CP-52 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 2 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,572, CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-42 Cone #CP-51 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 1 ml Sample 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , CONE SPINDLE Speed Shear Rate Cone #CP-40 (RPM) (sec -1 ) 0.5 ml Sample , , , , , , Note: When calibrating 2.4cm diameter cone spindles CP-51 or CP-52 at shear rates greater than 384 sec -1, use Brookfield Viscosity Standards 5,000 cp or lower. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 18 Manual No. M/00-151

20 APPENDIX B - Viscosity Ranges LV Series Viscometers with Spindles #1 - #4 RV/HA/HB Series Viscometers with Spindles #1 - #7 Viscosity Range (cp) Viscometer Minimum Maximum LVT 15 2,000,000 RVT 100 8,000,000 HAT ,000,000 HBT ,000,000 Small Sample Adapter and Thermosel Viscosity (cp) SSA & T-Sel Shear Rate Spindle (sec -1 ) LVT N , N 5-10, N 800-1,600, N , N ,000 SSA & T-Sel Shear Rate Spindle (sec -1 ) Viscosity (cp) RVT N 1,250-2,500, N 500-1,000, N , N , N 500-1,000, N 1,000-2,000,000 SSA & T-Sel Shear Rate Spindle (sec -1 ) N = RPM HAT Viscosity (cp) HBT N 2,500-5,000,000 10,000-20,000, N 1,000-2,000,000 4,000-8,000, N , , N 500-1,000,000 2,000-4,000, N 1,000-2,000,000 4,000-8,000, N 2,000-4,000,000 8,000-16,000,000 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 19 Manual No. M/00-151

21 UL Adapter Viscosity (cp) UL Shear Rate Spindle (sec -1 ) LVT RVT HAT HBT YULA-15 or 15Z 1.22N 1.0-2, , , ,000 ULA-DIN-Y 1.29N 1.9-3, , , ,000 N = RPM Cone/Plate Viscometer Viscosity (cp) Cone Shear Rate Spindle (sec -1 ) LVTC/P RVTC/P HATC/P HBTC/P CP N 0.5-1, , , ,400 CP N 1.9-3, , , ,600 CP N 1.0-2, , , ,400 CP N , , , ,200 CP N , , , ,572,800 N = RPM Helipath with T-Bar Spindles Viscosity (cp) T-Bar Spindle LVT RVT T-A ,400 2, ,000 T-B ,800 4, ,000 T-C ,00 10,000-2,000,000 T-D 1, ,000 20,000-4,000,000 T-E 3,900-1,560,000 50,000-10,000,000 T-F 7,800-3,120, ,000-20,000,000 Viscosity (cp) T-Bar Spindle HAT HBT T-A 4, ,000 16,000-3,200,000 T-B 8,000-1,600,000 32,000-6,400,000 T-C 20,000-4,000,000 80,000-16,000,000 T-D 40,000-8,000, ,000-32,000,000 T-E 100,000-20,000, ,000-80,000,000 T-F 200,000-40,000, , ,000,000 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 20 Manual No. M/00-151

22 APPENDIX C - Variables in Viscosity Measurements As with any instrument measurement, there are variables that can affect a viscometer measurement. These variables may be related to the instrument (viscometer), or the test fluid. Variables related to the test fluid deal with the rheological properties of the fluid, while instrument variables would include the viscometer design and the spindle geometry system utilized. Rheological Properties Fluids have different rheological characteristics that can be described by viscometer measurements. We can then work with these fluids to suit our lab or process conditions. There are two categories of fluids: Newtonian - These fluids have the same viscosity at different Shear Rates (different RPM s) and are called Newtonian over the Shear Rate range they are measured. Non-Newtonian - These fluids have different viscosities at different shear rates (different RPM's). They fall into two groups: Time Independent 1) Time Independent non-newtonian 2) Time Dependent non-newtonian - The time dependency pertains to the length of time the fluid is measured at a given Shear Rate (rpm). Therefore, these fluids will exhibit changes in viscosity with both changes in shear rate and the passage of time. Pseudoplastic - A pseudoplastic material displays a decrease in viscosity with an increase in shear rate, and is also known as shear thinning. If you take viscometer readings from a low to a high RPM and then back to the low RPM, and the readings fall upon themselves, the material is time independent pseudoplastic and shear thinning. Plastic - A plastic fluid behaves as a solid under static conditions. A certain amount of force, or "yield value," must be applied before the fluid begins to flow. Once this yield value is exceeded, flow begins. Plastic fluids then may display Newtonian, Pseudoplastic or Dilatant flow. Dilatant - A dilatant fluid increases in viscosity with an increase in shear rate (rpm). Time Dependent Thixotropic - A thixotropic material has decreasing viscosity under constant shear rate (rpm). If you set a viscometer at a constant speed, recording cp values over time and find that the cp values decrease with time, the material is thixotropic. Rheopectic - A rheopectic fluid has an increasing viscosity under a constant shear rate (rpm). Brookfield publication, More Solutions to Sticky Problems includes a more detailed discussion of rheological properties and non-newtonian behavior. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 21 Manual No. M/00-151

23 Viscometer Related Variables Most fluid viscosities are found to be non-newtonian. They are Shear Rate dependent on the measurement conditions. The specifications of the viscometer spindle and chamber geometry will affect the viscosity readings. If one reading is taken at 2.5 rpm, and a second at 50 rpm, the two cp values produced will be different because the readings were made at different shear rates. The faster the spindle speed, the higher the shear rate. The shear rate of a given measurement is determined by: the rotational speed of the spindle, the size and shape of the spindle, the size and shape of the container used, and therefore, the distance between the container wall and the spindle surface. A repeatable viscosity test should control or specify the following: 1) Test temperature 2) Sample container size (or spindle/chamber geometry) 3) Sample volume 4) Viscometer model 5) Spindle used (if using LV (#1-4) or RV (#1-7) attach the guard leg) 6) Test speed or speeds (or the shear rate) 7) Length of time or number of spindle revolutions to record viscosity. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 22 Manual No. M/00-151

24 APPENDIX D - Calibration Verification The accuracy of the Dial Viscometer is verified using viscosity standard fluids which are available from Brookfield Engineering Laboratories or your local Brookfield agent. Viscosity standards are Newtonian, and therefore, have the same viscosity regardless of spindle speed (or shear rate). Viscosity standards, calibrated at 25 C, are shown in Table D1. Container size: For Viscosity Standards <30,000 cp, use a 600 ml Low Form Griffin Beaker having a working volume of 500 ml. For Viscosity Standards 30,000 cp, use the fluid container. Inside Diameter: 3.25"(8.25cm) Height: 4.75"(12.1cm) Note: Container may be larger, but may not be smaller. Temperature: Conditions: As stated on the fluid standard label: (±) 0.1 C The Viscometer should be set according to the operating instructions. The water bath should be stabilized at test temperature. Viscometers with the letters LV or RV in the model designation should have the guard leg attached. TABLE D1 SILICONE VISCOSITY STANDARD FLUIDS Normal 25 C Standard Fluids High Temperature Standard Fluids Viscosity (cp) Viscosity (cp) Three Viscosity/Temperatures** 5 5,000 HT-30, ,500 HT-60, ,000 HT-100, , ,000 1,000 OIL VISCOSITY STANDARD FLUIDS BEL Part No. Viscosity (cp) 25 C B31 31 B B B1400 1,400 B2000 2,000 B ,000 B ,000 B ,000 B ,000 B ,000 **25 C, 93.3 C, 149 C Refer to Brookfield catalog for more information. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 23 Manual No. M/00-151

25 Brookfield Viscosity Standard Fluid General Information We recommend that Brookfield Viscosity Standard Fluids be replaced on an annual basis, one year from date of initial use. Exposure to outside contaminants, such as solvent, standard of different viscosity or other foreign material, requires replacement annually. Oil Fluids do have an expiration date on the label that should be adhered to. Viscosity Standard Fluids may be stored under normal laboratory conditions. Disposal should be in accordance with state, local and federal regulations as specified on the material safety data sheet. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories does not recertify Viscosity Standard Fluids. We will issue duplicate copies of the Certificate of Calibration for any fluid within two years of the purchase date. Brookfield Viscosity Standard Fluids are reusable provided they are not contaminated. Normal practice for usage in a 600 ml beaker is to return the material from the beaker back into the bottle. When using smaller volumes in accessories such as Small Sample Adapter, UL Adapter or Thermosel, the fluid is normally discarded. Verification Procedure for LV(#1-4) and RV,HA,HB(#1-7) Brookfield Spindles 1) Place the viscosity standard fluid (in a 600 ml low form beaker) into the water bath. 2) Lower the Viscometer into measurement position (with guard leg if LV or RV series Viscometer is used). 3) Attach the spindle to the Viscometer. If you are using a disk-shaped spindle, avoid trapping air bubbles beneath the disk by first immersing the spindle at an angle, and then connecting it to the Viscometer. 4) The viscosity standard fluid, together with the spindle and guardleg (if used), should be immersed in the bath for a minimum of 1 hour, stirring the fluid periodically, prior to taking measurements. 5) After 1 hour, check the temperature of the viscosity standard fluid with an accurate thermometer. 6) If the fluid is at test temperature (±0.1 C of the specified temperature, normally 25 C), measure the viscosity and record the Viscometer reading. Note: The spindle must rotate at least five (5) times before readings are taken. 7) The viscosity reading should equal the cp value on the fluid standard to within the combined accuracies of the Viscometer and the viscosity standard (as discussed in the section entitled, Interpretation of Calibration Test Results) which appears later in this section. Verification Procedure for a Small Sample Adapter When a Small Sample Adapter is used, the water jacket should be connected to a water bath and the sample stabilized at the proper temperature: 1) Put the proper amount of viscosity standard fluid into the sample chamber. The amount varies with each spindle/chamber combination. (Refer to the Small Sample Adapter instructions). Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 24 Manual No. M/00-151

26 2) Place the sample chamber into the water jacket. 3) Put the spindle into the test fluid and attach the extension link, coupling nut and free hanging spindle (or directly attach the solid shaft spindle) to the Viscometer. 4) Allow 30 minutes for the viscosity standard, sample chamber and spindle to reach test temperature. 5) Measure the viscosity and record the Viscometer reading. Note: The spindle must rotate at least five (5) times before a viscosity reading is taken. Verification Procedure for a Thermosel System Before verifying the Thermosel and controller, follow the verification procedure for regular spindles RV/ HA/HB 1-7 or LV 1-4. When a Thermosel System is used, the controller stabilizes the Thermo Container at the test temperature. 1) Put the proper amount of HT viscosity standard fluid into the HT-2 sample chamber. The amount varies with the spindle used. (Refer to the Thermosel instruction manual). 2) Place the sample chamber into the Thermo Container. 3) Put the spindle into the test fluid and attach the extension link, coupling nut and free hanging spindle (or directly attach the solid shaft spindle) to the Viscometer. 4) Allow 30 minutes for the viscosity standard, sample chamber and spindle to reach test temperature. 5) Measure the viscosity and record the Viscometer reading. Note: The spindle must rotate at least five (5) times before a viscosity reading is taken. Calibration Procedure using UL or DIN Adapters When a UL or DIN Adapter is used, a water bath should be stabilized at the proper temperature: 1) Put the proper amount of viscosity standard fluid into the UL Tube. (Refer to the UL Adapter instruction manual). 2) Attach the spindle (with extension link and coupling nut) onto the Viscometer. 3) Attach the tube to the mounting channel. 4) Lower the tube into the water bath reservoir, or if using the ULA-40Y water jacket, connect the inlet/outlets to the bath external circulating pump. 5) Allow 30 minutes for the viscosity standard, sample chamber and spindle to reach test temperature. 6) Measure the viscosity and record the Viscometer reading. Note: The spindle must rotate at least five (5) times before a viscosity reading is taken. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 25 Manual No. M/00-151

27 Calibration Procedure using a Helipath Stand and T-Bar Spindles T-Bar spindles should not be used for verifying calibration of the Viscometer. Calibration Procedure for Spiral Adapter 1) Place the viscosity standard fluid (in the proper container) into a water bath and stablize at the proper temperature. 2) Attach the spindle to the viscometer. Attach chamber (SA-1Y) and clamp to the viscometer. 3) Lower the viscometer into measurement position. Operate the viscometer at 50 or 60 RPM until the chamber is fully flooded. 4) The viscosity standard fluid, together with the spindle, should be immersed in the bath for a minimum of 1 hour, stirring the fluid periodically (operate at 50 or 60 RPM periodically), prior to taking measurements. 5) After 1 hour, check the temperature of the viscosity standard fluid with an accurate thermometer. 6) If the fluid is at test temperature (+/- 0.1 C of the specified temperature, normally 25 C), measure the viscosity and record the viscometer reading. Note: The spindle must rotate at least five (5) times for one minute, whichever is greater before readings are taken. 7) The viscosity reading should equal the cp value on the viscosity fluid standard to within the combined accuracies of the viscometer and the standard (as discussed in the section entitled, Interpretation of Calibration Test Results). Calibration Procedure using Cone/Plate Viscometer 1) Ensure that a circulating water bath is used and maintains the stated calibration temperature to within ± 0.1 C. 2) The attachment of the cone spindle and sample cup, and the gap setting between the cone and cup must be accomplished by following "Cone/Plate Rheometer Set Up" Procedure (see Appendix A). 3) Put the proper amount of viscosity standard fluid into the sample cup. The amount varies per cone spindle (refer to Appendix A - "Cone/Plate Rheometer Set Up" procedure, Table A1). 4) Attach sample cup to viscometer and allow approximately 15 minutes for temperature equilibrium. 5) Measure the fluid's viscosity and record the viscometer readings (both % torque and cp). 6) See "Interpretation of Test Results" shown below for calculation of total calibration tolerance (instrument and fluid). Notes: 1) The spindle must rotate at least (5) times before a viscosity reading is taken. 2) The use of Brookfield Viscosity Standard fluids in the range of 5 cp to 5000 cp is Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 26 Manual No. M/00-151

28 recommended for cone/plate instruments. Please contact Brookfield Engineering Laboratories or an authorized dealer if your calibration procedure requires more viscous standards, or consult the Oil Listing, TABLE D1. 3) Select a viscosity standard fluid that will give viscosity readings between 10% and 100% of full scale range. Refer to Appendix B for viscosity ranges of cone spindles. Do not use a silicone viscosity standard fluid with a viscosity value greater than 5000 cp with a Cone/Plate Viscometer. Brookfield offers a complete range of oil viscosity standards suitable for use with Cone/Plate Viscometers as shown in TABLE D1. Consult with Brookfield or an authorized dealer to determine which fluid is appropriate. Interpretation of Calibration Test Results: When verifying the calibration of the Viscometer, the instrument and viscosity standard fluid error must be combined to calculate the total allowable error. The Dial Viscometer is accurate to ± 1% of any full scale spindle/speed viscosity range. Brookfield Viscosity Standards Fluids are accurate to ± 1% of their stated value. Example: Calculate the acceptable range of viscosity using RVT with RV-3 Spindle at 2 RPM; Brookfield Standard Fluid 12,500 with a viscosity of 12,257 cp at 25 C: 1) Refer to the instructions on the FACTOR FINDER. Calculate the full scale viscosity range by multiplying the spindle/speed FACTOR by 100. Spindle RV-3, 2 RPM FACTOR = 500 Full scale viscosity range is 500 x 100 = 50,000 cp The viscosity is accurate to ± 500 cp (which is 1% of 50,000) Note: All spindle/speed factors found on the FACTOR FINDER are equivalent to 1% of the spindle/speed full scale viscosity range. 2) The viscosity standard fluid is 12,257 cp. Its accuracy is ± 1% of 12,257 or ± cp. 3) Total allowable error is cp = ± cp. 4) Therefore, any viscosity reading between 11,634.4 and 12,879.6 cp indicates that the viscometer is operating correctly. Any reading outside these limits may indicate a viscometer problem. Contact the Brookfield technical sales department or your local Brookfield dealer/distributor with test results to determine the nature of the problem. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 27 Manual No. M/00-151

29 The Brookfield Guardleg The guard leg was originally designed to protect the spindle during use. The first applications of the Brookfield Viscometer included hand held operation while measuring fluids in a 55-gallon drum. It is clear that under those conditions the potential for damage to the spindle was great. Original construction included a sleeve that protected the spindle from side impact. Early RV guard legs attached to the dial housing and LV guard legs attached to the bottom of the pivot cup with a twist and lock mechanism. The current guard leg is a band of metal in the shape of the letter U with a bracket at the top that attaches to the pivot cup of a Brookfield Viscometer/Rheometer. Because it must attach to the pivot cup, the guard leg cannot be used with a Cone/Plate instrument. A guard leg is supplied with all LV and RV series instruments, but not with the HA or HB series. It s shape (shown in Figure D1) is designed to accommodate the spindles of the appropriate spindle set; therefore, the RV guard leg is wider than the LV due to the large diameter of the RV #1 spindle. Interchanging spindles is not recommended. The calibration of the Brookfield Viscometer/Rheometer is determined using a 600 ml Low Form Griffin Beaker. The calibration of LV and RV series instruments includes the guard leg. The beaker wall (for HA/HB instruments) or the guard leg (for LV/RV instruments) define what is called the "outer boundary" of the measurement. The spindle factors for the LV, RV, and HA/HB spindles were developed with the above boundary conditions. The spindle factors are used to convert the instrument torque (expressed as the dial reading or %Torque value) into centipoise. Theoretically, if measurements are made with different boundary conditions, e.g., without the guard leg or in a container other than 600 ml beaker, then the spindle factors found on the Factor Finder cannot be used to accurately calculate an absolute viscosity. Changing the boundary conditions does not change the viscosity of the fluid, but it does change how the instrument torque is converted to centipoise. Without changing the spindle factor to suit the new boundary conditions, the calculation from instrument torque to viscosity will be incorrect. Practically speaking, the guard leg has the greatest effect when used with the #1 & #2 spindles of the LV and RV spindle sets. Any other LV (#3 & #4) or RV (#3 - #7) spindle can be used in a 600 ml beaker with or without the guard leg to produce correct results. The HA and HB series Viscometers/Rheometers are not supplied with guard legs in order to reduce the potential problems when measuring high viscosity materials. HA/HB spindles #3 through #7 are identical to those spindle numbers in the RV spindle set. The HA/HB #1 & #2 have slightly different dimensions than the corresponding RV spindles. This dimensional difference allows the factors between the RV and HA/HB #1&#2 spindles to follow the same ratios as the instrument torque even though the boundary conditions are different. The recommended procedures of using a 600 ml beaker and the guard leg are difficult for some customers to follow. The guard leg is one more item to clean. In some applications the 500 ml of test fluid required to immerse the spindles in a 600 ml beaker is not available. In practice, a smaller vessel may be used and the guard leg is removed. The Brookfield Viscometer/Rheometer will produce an accurate and repeatable torque reading under any measurement circumstance. However, the conversion of this torque reading to centipoise will only be correct if the factor used was developed for those specific conditions. Brookfield has outlined a method for recalibrating a Brookfield Viscometer/Rheometer to any measurement circumstance in "More Solutions to Sticky Problems", Section It is important to note that for many viscometer users the true viscosity is not as important as a repeatable day to day value. This repeatable value can be obtained without any special effort for any measurement circumstance. But, it should be known that this type of torque reading will not convert into a correct centipoise value when Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 28 Manual No. M/00-151

30 using a Brookfield factor if the boundary conditions are not those specified by Brookfield. The guard leg is a part of the calibration check of the Brookfield LV and RV series Viscometer/ Rheometer. Our customers should be aware of its existence, its purpose and the effect that it may have on data. With this knowledge, the viscometer user may make modifications to the recommended method of operation to suit their needs. RV Guardleg (B-21Y) LV Guardleg (B-20Y) Figure D1 Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 29 Manual No. M/00-151

31 APPENDIX E - Model A Laboratory Stand with Parts Identification VS-35Y UNIVERSAL LAB STAND CLAMP ASSEMBLY BROOKFIELD LABORATORY VISCOMETER ITEM PART # DESCRIPTION QTY VS-20 VS-1 VS-3 VS-21 VS-35 VS-40Y VS-41Y VS-29 VS-29W VS-28 UPRIGHT ROD BASE LEVELING SCREW JAM NUT CLAMP GEAR SCREW ASSEMBLY CLAMP SCREW ASSEMBLY TENSION INSERT BELLEVILLE SPRING WASHER TENSION SCREW BLM-4E ROD EXTENSION - 4 LONG * *for use with Thermosel and Water Baths OPTIONAL Figure E1 Unpacking Check carefully to see that all the components are received with no concealed damage. 1 base 1 clamp assembly 3 leveling screws 1 upright rod Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 30 Manual No. M/00-151

32 Remove the three (3) leveling screws from the base and discard the packing material. Remove the screw and washer from the upright rod. Assembly (Refer to Figure E1) Screw the leveling screws into the base. Insert the threaded end of the upright rod into the hole in the top of the base and tighten the screw to the rod on the underside of the base (with the rod gear rack facing forward toward the V in the base). Viscometer Mounting Insert the Viscometer handle core into the hole (with the cut-away slot) in the clamp assembly. Adjust the instrument level until the bubble is centered from right to left and tighten the Clamp Screw (clockwise). Note: The small clamp adjusting screw (Figure E1) on the clamp assembly should be loosened or tightened as necessary to provide smooth height adjustment and adequate support for the Viscometer. Operation Rotate the Gear Screw to raise or lower the viscometer. Brookfield Engineering Laboratories, Inc. Page 31 Manual No. M/00-151