Cartography with ArcGIS

Transcription

1 Cartography with ArcGIS

2 All rights reserved. Course version 2.2. Revised September Printed in the United States of America. The information contained in this document is the exclusive property of ESRI. This work is protected under United States copyright law and other international copyright treaties and conventions. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, except as expressly permitted in writing by ESRI. All requests should be sent to Attention: Contracts and Legal Services Manager, ESRI, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA USA. The information contained in this document is subject to change without notice. U. S. GOVERNMENT RESTRICTED/LIMITED RIGHTS Any software, documentation, and/or data delivered hereunder is subject to the terms of the License Agreement. In no event shall the U.S. Government acquire greater than RESTRICTED/LIMITED RIGHTS. At a minimum, use, duplication, or disclosure by the U.S. Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in FAR Alternates I, II, and III (JUN 1987); FAR (JUN 1987) and/or FAR / (Commercial Technical Data/Computer Software); and DFARS (NOV 1995) (Technical Data) and/or DFARS (Computer Software), as applicable. Contractor/Manufacturer is ESRI, 380 New York Street, Redlands, CA D Analyst, ACORN, ADF, AML, ArcAtlas, ArcCAD, ArcCatalog, ArcCOGO, ArcData, ArcDoc, ArcEdit, ArcEditor, ArcEurope, ArcExplorer, ArcExpress, ArcGIS, ArcGlobe, ArcGrid, ArcIMS, ARC/INFO, ArcInfo, ArcInfo Librarian, ArcInfo Professional GIS, ArcInfo The World's GIS, ArcLessons, ArcLocation, ArcLogistics, ArcMap, ArcNetwork, ArcNews, ArcObjects, ArcOpen, ArcPad, ArcPlot, ArcPress, ArcQuest, ArcReader, ArcScan, ArcScene, ArcSchool, ArcScripts, ArcSDE, ArcSdl, ArcSketch, ArcStorm, ArcSurvey, ArcTIN, ArcToolbox, ArcTools, ArcUSA, ArcUser, ArcView, ArcVoyager, ArcWatch, ArcWeb, ArcWorld, ArcXML, Atlas GIS, AtlasWare, Avenue, Business Analyst Online, BusinessMAP, Community, CommunityInfo, Data Automation Kit, Database Integrator, DBI Kit, EDN, ESRI, ESRI BIS, ESRI Team GIS, ESRI The GIS Company, ESRI The GIS People, ESRI The GIS Software Leader, FormEdit, GeoCollector, Geographic Design System, Geography Matters, Geography Network, GIS by ESRI, GIS Data ReViewer, GIS Day, GIS for Everyone, GISData Server, JTX, MapBeans, MapCafé, MapData, MapObjects, Maplex, MapStudio, ModelBuilder, MOLE, MPS-Atlas, NetEngine, PC ARC/INFO, PC ARCPLOT, PC ARCSHELL, PC DATA CONVERSION, PC STARTER KIT, PC TABLES, PC ARCEDIT, PC NETWORK, PC OVERLAY, PLTS, Rent-a-Tech, RouteMAP, SDE, Site Reporter, SML, Sourcebook America, Spatial Database Engine, StreetEditor, StreetMap, Tapestry, the ARC/INFO logo, the ArcAtlas logo, the ArcCAD logo, the ArcCAD WorkBench logo, the ArcCOGO logo, the ArcData logo, the ArcData Online logo, the ArcEdit logo, the ArcEurope logo, the ArcExplorer logo, the ArcExpress logo, the ArcGIS logo, the ArcGIS Explorer logo, the ArcGrid logo, the ArcIMS logo, the ArcInfo logo, the ArcLogistics Route logo, the ArcNetwork logo, the ArcPad logo, the ArcPlot logo, the ArcPress for ArcView logo, the ArcPress logo, the ArcScan logo, the ArcScene logo, the ArcSDE CAD Client logo, the ArcSDE logo, the ArcStorm logo, the ArcTIN logo, the ArcTools logo, the ArcUSA logo, the ArcView 3D Analyst logo, the ArcView Data Publisher logo, the ArcView GIS logo, the ArcView Image Analysis logo, the ArcView Internet Map Server logo, the ArcView logo, the ArcView Network Analyst logo, the ArcView Spatial Analyst logo, the ArcView StreetMap 2000 logo, the ArcView StreetMap logo, the ArcView Tracking Analyst logo, the ArcWorld logo, the Atlas GIS logo, the Avenue logo, the BusinessMAP logo, the Community logo, the Data Automation Kit logo, the Digital Chart of the World logo, the ESRI Data logo, the ESRI globe logo, the ESRI Press logo, the Geography Network logo, the MapCafé logo, the MapObjects Internet Map Server logo, the MapObjects logo, the MOLE logo, the NetEngine logo, the PC ARC/INFO logo, the Production Line Tool Set logo, the RouteMAP IMS logo, the RouteMAP logo, the SDE logo, The Geographic Advantage, The World's Leading Desktop GIS, Water Writes, and Your Personal Geographic Information System are trademarks, registered trademarks, or service marks of ESRI in the United States, the European Community, or certain other jurisdictions. Other companies and products mentioned herein may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective trademark owners.

3 C O N T E N T S Introduction Welcome to Cartography with ArcGIS 1-1 Course objectives 1-2 Day 1 course content 1-3 Day 2 course content 1-4 Day 3 course content 1-5 Optional lessons 1-6 Course materials 1-7 Additional resources 1-8 ESRI Support Center 1-9 ArcGIS: A complete GIS 1-10 Logistics 1-11 Introductions 1-12 Exercise goals 1-13 Why GIS cartography? Why GIS cartography? 2-1 Exercise 2 overview: Map critique start 2-2 Lesson 2 overview 2-3 Cartography defined 2-4 The communication channel 2-5 Reading a book versus a map 2-6 Maps can fail 2-7 Advantages of GIS cartography 2-8 Limitations of GIS cartography 2-9 Non-GIS versus GIS cartography 2-10 Scale bar pitfalls 2-11 Ignoring cartographic issues 2-12 Projection and north arrow 2-13 Cartographic design Cartographic design 3-1 Lesson 3 overview 3-2 Cartographic design 3-3 Cartographers' responsibilities 3-4 Map objectives 3-5 Design objectives 3-6 Communication objectives 3-7 Cartographic processes 3-8 What controls cartographic design (overview)? 3-9 i

4 Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 4 5 Objective factor 3-10 Audience factor 3-11 Reality and generalization factors 3-12 Scale factor 3-13 Technical limits factor 3-14 Symbology and its graphic characteristics Symbology and its graphic characteristics 4-1 Lesson 4 overview 4-2 Forms of geographical phenomena 4-3 Classifying geographic data 4-4 Factors involved in symbol choice 4-5 The graphic characteristics 4-6 Which symbols to use? 4-7 Point data 4-8 Qualitative linear data 4-9 Quantitative linear data 4-10 Symbolizing areal data 4-11 Patterns: Secondary graphic characteristics 4-12 Design issues: Legibility thresholds 4-13 Design issues: Perception of graphic visuals 4-14 Design issues: Avoid optical illusions or vibration 4-15 Design issues: Visual contrast 4-16 Design issues: Visual hierarchy 4-17 Design issues: Visual hierarchy methods 4-18 Color in cartography Color in cartography 5-1 Lesson 5 overview 5-2 Why color? 5-3 The visible spectrum 5-4 The additive and subtractive primaries 5-5 Dimensions of colors 5-6 Color models and their parameters 5-7 HLS and HSV color models 5-8 RGB, CMY, and CMYK color models 5-9 Color to clarify 5-10 Color and background 5-11 Color preferences 5-12 Color conventions 5-13 Color associations 5-14 Color calibration chart 5-15 ii

5 Contents 6 7 Working with available symbols and creating custom ones Working with available symbols and creating custom ones 6-1 Lesson 6 overview 6-2 Cartographic tools available in ArcMap 6-3 Marker symbols for point features 6-4 Properties of a marker symbol in ArcMap 6-5 Creating custom marker symbols 6-6 Creating an Arrow Marker symbol 6-7 Creating a Character Marker symbol 6-8 Creating a Picture Marker symbol 6-9 Creating north arrows 6-10 Line symbology 6-11 Properties of a line symbol in ArcMap 6-12 Working with line symbol properties 6-13 Creating custom lines and markers 6-14 Customizing line symbols 6-15 Creating a Cartographic Line symbol 6-16 Working with the Cartographic Line properties 6-17 Creating a Hash Line symbol 6-18 Working with the line Template property 6-19 Creating a Marker Line symbol 6-20 Creating a Picture Line symbol 6-21 Fill symbols for polygon features 6-22 Properties of a polygon symbol in ArcMap 6-23 Customizing fill symbols 6-24 Creating Gradient Fill symbols 6-25 Communicating by color names 6-26 Text symbols 6-27 Working with fonts 6-28 Working with the color property 6-29 Saving your custom symbols 6-30 The StyleDump.dll for printing a style 6-31 Printing the style of your choice 6-32 Deploying custom symbols D symbols and styles 6-34 Fonts and styles in ArcScripts 6-35 Exercise 6 overview 6-36 Symbol levels and layer masking Symbol levels and layer masking 7-1 Lesson 7 overview 7-2 Group layers 7-3 Database design scenarios for symbol levels 7-4 Using the Symbol Levels tool 7-5 iii

6 Cartography with ArcGIS Contents 8 9 Variable-depth masking 7-6 Cul-De-Sac Masks 7-7 Feature Outline Masks 7-8 Intersecting Layers Masks 7-9 Exercise 7 overview 7-10 Qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping Qualitative and quantitative thematic mapping 8-1 Lesson 8 overview 8-2 Types of data 8-3 Choropleth maps 8-4 Data analysis is required 8-6 When to use absolute counts 8-7 Normalizing your data 8-8 Choosing an appropriate number of classes 8-9 Methods of choosing classes 8-10 Natural breaks, quantile, and equal interval 8-11 Standard deviation 8-12 Displaying quantitative values: Quantities 8-13 Graduated and proportional symbols 8-14 Showing quantity with dot density 8-15 Displaying quantitative values: Charts 8-16 Displaying multiple attributes 8-17 Creating bivariate maps 8-18 Classifying data pitfalls 8-19 Exercise 8 overview 8-20 Name placement guidelines Name placement guidelines 9-1 Lesson 9 overview 9-2 Purpose of text 9-3 Variety of textual information 9-4 Concerns and problems in text placement 9-5 General rules 9-6 Text legibility 9-7 Direction of lettering in maps 9-8 Names for large-scale versus small-scale maps 9-9 How near or far: Point features 9-10 Where to place names for point features 9-11 Why above is better for point features 9-12 Names for point features along linear features 9-13 Names at point features on coasts and shores 9-14 Labels at contour lines 9-15 Guidelines for linear features 9-16 iv

7 Contents Names at linear features 9-17 Ambiguity and clarity placements 9-18 Names of areal features 9-19 Intersection of large and small names 9-20 Spacing of letters 9-21 Spacing of letters for areal features 9-22 Direction of lettering at map edges 9-23 Labeling in ArcMap Labeling in ArcMap 10-1 Lesson 10 overview 10-2 The labeling road map 10-3 Labeling options in ArcGIS 10-4 Label engines and Labeling toolbar 10-5 Label Manager 10-6 Label Priority and Weight Ranking 10-7 Zooming side effects: Standard Label Engine 10-8 Locking labeling 10-9 Labeling features: Standard Label Engine Using label classes Creating label classes Formatting tags when labeling with VB Conversion and formatting while labeling Limiting decimals without rounding Enhanced text effects Text callouts and leader lines Scaling marker to fit text Other text properties Label placement for points Label placement for lines Label placement for polygons Duplicate labels Labeling performance Exercise 10 overview Labeling with the Maplex extension Labeling with the Maplex extension 11-1 Lesson 11 overview 11-2 Benefits of Maplex for ArcGIS? 11-3 Label rules: Polygons 11-4 Label rules: Polygons 11-5 Label rules: Polygons 11-6 Label rules: Lines 11-7 Label rules: Lines 11-8 v

8 Cartography with ArcGIS Contents Label rules: Lines 11-9 Label rules: Points Label rules: Points Label fitting strategies Label stacking Font size reduction Abbreviations Strategy order Resolving label conflicts Feature weights Background labels Exercise 11 overview Working with annotation Working with annotation 12-1 Lesson 12 overview 12-2 The labeling road map 12-3 Feature-based versus non-feature-based anno 12-4 Annotation storage 12-5 Setting the reference scale 12-6 Map annotation groups 12-7 Creating feature-based annotation 12-8 Creating non-feature-based annotation 12-9 Managing annotation groups Label classes Creating annotation feature classes in ArcCatalog Converting coverage or CAD annotation Annotation settings before conversion Annotation toolbar Creating new annotation Editing annotation appearance Editing multipart annotation Editing annotation attributes Display and symbology properties Keyboard shortcuts for annotation Unplaced annotations Exercise 12 overview Map element characteristics Map element characteristics 13-1 Lesson 13 overview 13-2 Design units 13-3 Visual center 13-4 Visual balance 13-5 vi

9 Contents 14 What about gaps? 13-6 Main map body 13-7 Inset maps 13-8 Map title 13-9 Legend Scale North arrow Map border Source, projection, and author Explanatory notes A map s overall appearance Cartographic planning Visual balance: Test Visual balance: Test Visual balance: Test Exercise 13 overview Layout techniques Layout techniques 14-1 Lesson 14 overview 14-2 Setting up the page 14-3 Layout design tools 14-4 Creating a map at a specific scale 14-5 Linked extent rectangle between data frames 14-6 Clipping a data frame to an outline of a layer 14-7 Clipping a data frame to a selected graphic 14-8 ArcMap Advanced Settings 14-9 Rotating symbology with data frame rotation Rotating maps Preparing the legend labels Modifying the appearance of a legend Transparency of legend symbols Showing transparency in legend Inserting additional text Incorporating a reference system Inserting other objects Adding a paragraph text element Adding a gradual color ramp at coastlines Building templates Organizing templates Creating a map book Exercise 14 overview vii

10 Cartography with ArcGIS Contents Mapping raster data Mapping raster data 15-1 Lesson 15 overview 15-2 Raster management 15-3 ArcMap raster tools 15-4 Properties of raster data 15-5 Types of ArcMap display renderers 15-6 Resampling during display 15-7 Raster generalization 15-8 Color ramp stretching 15-9 The Effects toolbar Rendering raster features on rasters Rendering vector features on rasters Labeling on rasters Rendering relief with core ArcGIS Rendering relief: Using ArcGIS Spatial Analyst Spatial Analyst and ArcGIS ArcToolbox The 3D Analyst extension ArcScene TINs: Three-dimensional data ArcGlobe Exercise 15 overview Building a cartographic database Building a cartographic database 16-1 Lesson 16 overview 16-2 Importance of a cartographic database 16-3 Layers in a cartographic database 16-5 Highways and major road networks 16-6 Coastlines 16-7 Hydrography 16-8 Administrative boundaries 16-9 Landforms Compiling data from other maps Data accuracy Database projection Database scale Creating data for different scale maps Matching multiple datasets National Map Accuracy Standards PLTS MPS-Atlas extension PLTS MPS-Atlas cartographic tools viii

11 Contents Generalization Generalization 17-1 Lesson 17 overview 17-2 Generalization defined 17-3 GIS-based generalization 17-4 Governing factors in generalization 17-5 Selection or omission of features 17-7 Aggregation 17-8 Simplification 17-9 Collapse Typification Exaggeration Aesthetic refinement Displacement Generalizing data in ArcGIS Generalization tools in ArcToolbox Generalization on geodatabase features Comparing algorithms Topological error handling options Aggregation options Categorizing features and status Generalizing buildings in street blocks Simplification, smoothing in Advanced Editing Remarks on generalization Cartographic representations Cartographic representations 18-1 Lesson 18 overview 18-2 What are representations? 18-3 Why should I use representations? 18-4 How are representations stored? 18-5 Creating representations 18-6 Representation rules 18-7 Interacting with representation rules 18-8 Representation rule properties 18-9 Rule properties can be mapped to fields Representation rule with geometric effects Representation markers The Marker Editor Marker Placement styles What is a representation override? When to edit representations? How do you edit representations? Overriding properties explicitly: By typing ix

12 Cartography with ArcGIS Contents Overriding properties explicitly: Interactively Representation toolbar Free representations are valuable Geoprocessing tools for representations Automating symbology tasks Graphic Quality toolset Representation Management toolset Symbolization Refinement toolset Exercise 18 overview Course conclusion Course conclusion 19-1 Course objectives 19-2 ESRI educational support 19-3 Learning pathways 19-4 Course evaluation 19-5 Thank you for attending 19-6 (Optional) Designing for the color impaired (Optional) Designing for the color impaired 20-1 Lesson 20 overview 20-2 Human eyes can have deficiencies 20-3 Deficiency in which colors? 20-4 What is difficult to distinguish? 20-5 Colors that are easier to identify 20-6 Which colors to avoid 20-7 Alternatives for point features 20-8 Alternatives for linear features 20-9 Alternatives for areal features Useful URLs Exercise 20 overview (Optional) Map printing (Optional) Map printing 21-1 Lesson 21 overview 21-2 Output: Outside ArcMap 21-3 Did you think ahead? 21-4 Printing to a specific page size 21-5 Layout preview 21-6 Printing maps 21-7 Output raster quality 21-8 Creating device-specific color separates 21-9 What is ArcPress? x

13 Contents Why use ArcPress? How ArcMap and ArcPress work Choose correct printer driver ArcPress print resolution Standardize printing Hints for better quality prints Sharing maps Export drivers Exporting a map: EPS example (Optional) Mapping for screen displays (Optional) Mapping for screen displays 22-1 Lesson 22 overview 22-2 Web-based GIS 22-3 Map content tuning for Web services 22-4 Rendering and image size 22-5 Overlaying multiple map image services 22-6 Top tips for optimizing the Web content display 22-7 Data generalization for performance 22-8 Scale factors for performance 22-9 Symbology for screen displays What to avoid in screen displays Text symbols for screen displays Text on color-rich background Label placement for screen displays Other things to consider (Optional) Language support in ArcGIS (Optional) Language support in ArcGIS 23-1 Lesson 23 overview 23-2 Levels of language support: Internationalization (I18N) 23-3 Levels of language support: Localization (L10N) 23-4 Internationalization 23-5 I18N: Steps 23-6 I18N Step 1: Install the language 23-7 I18N Step 2: Change System locale 23-8 I18N Step 3: Change user locale 23-9 I18N Step 4: Finalize the locale settings Customizing the regional options I18N: Typing with the language I18N: Text symbol properties in ArcMap Localization overview Localization process Exercise 23 overview xi

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