CROP MANAGER. Leading the way in disease management.

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1 T OP CROP FUNGICIDE GUIDE APRIL MANAGER Leading the way in disease management They say timing is everything. Well, this special fungicide issue couldn t have come at a better time for us at BASF. We have some very exciting developments in disease management. There s the recent registration of HEADLINE on canola, this year s launch of TWINLINE for flag leaf disease control in cereals and our latest offering for pulses, PRIAXOR DS, is in the final stages of registration. And that s all on top of our proven performers LANCE and CARAMBA for Fusarium head blight control in cereals. In short, our fungicide portfolio is looking stronger than ever. Through unrivalled disease control and the benefits of AgCelence, we ve helped growers achieve higher yields and improved grain quality in oilseeds, pulses and cereals. Of course, we also understand that challenges are constantly changing. Which is why we are constantly innovating. BASF is committed to sustainability in crop protection through innovative products and sound agronomic recommendations for your farm. A planned application applied preventatively is the best way to use these innovative fungicides to maximize production. BASF is proud to sponsor this special fungicide issue, and we encourage growers to keep it handy. Just think of it as another way we ll always be there for you. Scott Chapman Marketing Manager, Fungicides and Seed Solutions BASF Canada WESTfungicideguide12.indd 1 3/26/12 3:17 PM

2 I t s t h e s e n s at I o n t h at c o m e s w I t h g e t t I n g an extra 3 to 4 bushels of canola an acre. This ll turn that frown upside down: HEADLINE fungicide is now registered for canola. Not only is it unrivalled in blackleg control, it gives plants inner strength through AgCelence greener leaves, stronger stems and as a result, higher yields.* And since it can be applied with your herbicide, it saves you work too. Which is enough to make even the most reserved grower jump for joy. Visit agsolutions.ca/headline for more. *All comparisons are to untreated, unless otherwise stated. Always read and follow label directions. AgSolutions and HEADLINE are registered trade-marks of BASF Corporation; AgCelence is a trade-mark of BASF SE; all used with permission by BASF Canada Inc. HEADLINE should be used in a preventative disease control program BASF Canada Inc _DelightAd_TC_v5.indd 1 WESTfungicideguide12.indd :36 PM 3/26/12 3:17 PM

3 Fungicide Guide 2012 Know. Grow. Pests and Diseases 4 March 2012 POTATOES IN CANADA Foliar diseases of barley 12 BBCH Growth Stages - Cereals 14 Update on Clubroot in Alaska Fungicides Charts CEREALS 6 POTATOES Not a new field, but an expanding one 10 OILSEEDS AND PULSES 10 SPECIAL CROPS Top Crop Manager would like to thank BASF for sponsoring this year s guide. Through their support we are able to publish this information guide to assist our readers. We are grateful to the numerous fungicide management specialists for their assistance and numerous helpful suggestions contained in the Top Crop Manager Fungicide Guide. T OP CROP MANAGER Published as part of Top Crop Manager, March 2012, by: Annex Publishing & Printing Inc. PO Box 530, 105 Donly Drive South, Simcoe, ON N3Y 4N5 Canada Tel: (519) Fax: (519) Group Publisher: Diane Kleer Western Field Editor: Bruce Barker Eastern Sales Manager: Steve McCabe Western Sales Manager: Kevin Yaworsky Canada s original technical crop production magazine, The Western edition of Top Crop Manager, is published eight times a year. To be sure of your copies, either mail, fax or your name and full postal address to Top Crop Manager, or subscribe at: com. There is no charge for qualified readers. SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL 2012 E very year, it seems there is another method of boosting yield and production. Since the mid-1990s, agriculture has seen the advent of genetically modified traits, GPS and precision farming and various pesticide formulations. Since the middle of the last decade, there has been a marked increase in two other sectors: seed treatments and fungicides. Both are geared to protection, with the former taking care of the seed in the ground and the latter guarding the plant that emerges from the soil. And fungicides, like seed treatments, are not new to the agri-food industry, yet they are certainly expanding in their usage, formulations and availability. Growers are hearing more about fungicides as a means of protecting their crops, boosting yields and maintaining quality, so their importance in the growing season is also taking on a higher profile. It used to be a simple matter for growers to plant the seed in the ground and wait for the final product to mature before harvesting and selling it. That process has been complicated by a host of challenges, from insect pests to a growing list of weed species and diseases. The bottom line is that the face of agriculture continues to evolve. Growers need to respond to the challenges and then incorporate technologies that help them protect their crops, boost their yields and maintain quality. It is just part of an ongoing process. And that is where fungicides are becoming an integral part of a grower s management system. It is also why Top Crop Manager offers the 2012 Fungicide Guide, another in our lineup of value-added resources that help growers deal with an increasing number of diseases. We welcome BASF Canada as the sponsor of this edition of our Fungicide Guide, and we thank them for their support. As with all of our guides, we have done what we can to make the tables as user-friendly and concise as possible. At the same time, we want the guide to be comprehensive, and most of all, to have value. Always remember that this is an amalgamation of charts and label information, compiled from provincial ministries as well as private sector sources. Growers should always check provincial guides and product labels to avoid errors. The guide is laid out in two sections: cereals and potatoes, and oilseeds, pulses and specialty crops. Product ratings come from provincial guides and have been reviewed by the participating chemical companies. Again, we strongly advise growers to check provincial guides and product labels for full details and as a cross-reference. Each year, new products may be introduced and some withdrawn from the market. Due to publication lead-time conflicting with confirmation of registration for new products, there is the possibility that we have been unable to include all of them. We suggest readers make a suitable note in their copy of the guide as new products are introduced :36 PM WESTfungicideguide12.indd 3 3/26/12 3:17 PM

4 pests and diseases Photos courtesy Kelly Turkington Foliar diseases of barley: Don t rely on a Single Strategy from the Disease Management Toolbox by T.K. Turkington, A. Tekauz, K. Xi, and H.R. Kutcher One of the main constraints to successful barley production results from foliar diseases, which destroy green leaf area and thus restrict the barley plant s ability to set yield and fill grain. Although a range of strategies are available to control foliar and other cereal diseases, rarely does the use of a single silver bullet solution provide complete protection. The main barley foliar diseases in western Canada are scald, (Rhynchosporium secalis), netted (Drechslera teres (Sacc.) Shoemaker) and spotted (Drechslera teres f. maculata Smedeg.) forms of net blotch, and spot blotch (Cochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kuribayashi) Drechs. ex Dastur). Scald, net blotch and spot blotch each have unique life cycles, and as a consequence producers need to consider a combination of strategies to provide effective and consistent long-term protection from these foliar diseases. These diseases are major constraints to maintaining yield and quality in western Canada and elsewhere, and the harm exerted can be especially acute when susceptible varieties are grown. Because the pathogens are composed of several to many strains or pathotypes, and new ones evolve rapidly in response to variety changes and/or production modifications, even resistant varieties may become vulnerable and become diseased. Yield losses of up to 20% as a result of these diseases have been reported previously and similar losses have been demonstrated in Harrington barley grown under foliar disease pressure in western Canada. Such studies have also demonstrated the usefulness of foliar fungicides in enhancing yields, thousand kernel weight, and kernel plumpness in affected crops. Since a silver bullet scenario does not exist, producers need to consider a combination of strategies from their disease management toolbox to provide effective and consistent longterm protection from foliar diseases. Management considerations prior to and at seeding Information from previous growing seasons, such as what diseases commonly appear in a particular production region, is a powerful tool to help determine the strategies that can be used. ABOVE: Scald on barley. 4 SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL 2012

5 As an example, if a severe leaf spot problem occurred the previous year, consideration should be given to growing a different crop or using a different field where the risk of the disease occurring is lower. Field location, topography and wind-direction, can also be important considerations. This is particularly so for net blotch and spot blotch, because they are wind-borne. Locating a barley field downwind from another that has had a history of net blotch will invariably exacerbate the risk of disease. This may be less of an issue for scald given that the pathogen is only dispersed by rain-splash over short distances, i.e. less than 2 m. Seeding - quality seed, seed placement, seed treatment, and seeding date. The use of good quality, pathogen-free, non-damaged seed with good germination and vigour, is another important cornerstone of an effective and holistic disease management program. Quality seed helps avoid early-season disease problems, and reduces or eliminates the risk of introducing a seed-borne pathogen to new areas (fields or regions). Effective management of seed-borne pathogens at early crop growth stages is particularly relevant when a susceptible variety is being grown, or when environmental conditions are conducive to disease development and spread during the growing season. While seed-borne inoculum may not result in appreciable early-season disease, barley foliar diseases are polycyclic in nature and can complete and repeat their life cycles in 7-14 days, thus having the potential to build up, spread, and reach damaging levels. Research from Alberta showed that during the three-year period from 1995 to 1997, between 71 and 97 percent of barley grain samples tested had detectable levels of net blotch, with percent seed infestation that ranged from 7.1 to 22.6%. Maximum infestation levels by the same pathogen in single grain samples were high in each year, ranging from 81 to 89%. Such levels would certainly have an effect on subsequent seed germination and emergence, if seed treatment were not used and/or and early-season conditions favoured the pathogen(s) over the crop plant. Moreover, there may be seed-to-seedling transmission of diseases such as net blotch, resulting in early season leaf disease development, which would be especially important in fields not cropped to barley for several years. For best results, seeding with quality seed should be combined with shallow seed placement, which further reduces the risk of seedling blights and early season root and foliar damage. Seed treatment with a registered fungicide is another viable strategy to address potential early- season disease problems. Treating seed assists plants in getting a good start even under less than optimal conditions, and promotes even stand establishment. Seed treatment is particularly appropriate under continuous barley production and/or if a more susceptible variety is grown, or where there is seed-borne disease. Field experiments showed that seeding date may affect severity of scald in central Alberta. This research has led to the recommendation that early seeding of scald susceptible barley cultivars should be avoided in scald-infested fields. Scald susceptible cultivars may be seeded late for swath grazing to reduce the risk of scald development. Crop residue management Research from a number of trials in Canada and elsewhere have indicated that the adoption of conservation tillage has not led Net blotch on barley. to a dramatic increase in barley leaf spot diseases and a negative impact on crop yields compared to conventional tillage. Overall, crop production factors such as environmental variation among individual fields, regions and years, crop rotation, seed-borne inoculum, and choice of cultivar (level of disease resistance) will likely have a larger impact on the risk of disease development compared with the type of tillage system that is used. Crop rotation Diversification of crops in a rotation helps to break-up the life cycles of many disease-causing organisms. Cook and Veseth indicate in their 1991 book, Wheat Health Management, that rotation allows time for natural enemies to destroy the pathogens of one crop while one or preferably two unrelated crops are grown. They also suggest that rotation acts as natural soil fumigation, where the collective activity of antibiotic, predatory, and competitive organisms helps to eliminate plant pathogens from soil and infested crop residues. However, economic considerations tempt producers to restrict rotations. Variety choice Regardless of rotation and field location, producers should choose to grow varieties that have the best disease resistance package available, with the understanding that such varieties should also meet agronomic and marketing requirements. This information is included in the annually updated provincial Seed Guides. Weighing and prioritizing varietal attributes (grain yield, quality, maturity, disease performance, etc.) relevant to a particular situation is no easy task. Fortunately, barley breeding programs in western Canada are releasing ever-improved varieties that incorporate as many of the agronomic, quality, and disease attributes as possible. Research in Alberta has shown that growing a different SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL

6 FUNGICIDES 2012 CROPS CEREALS Fungicide Group Active Ingredient Resistance Risk Wheat (W) Barley (B) Oat (O) Rye ( R) Corn ( C) Bravo 500 M chlorothalonil Low X Bumper 418EC 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X Caramba 3 metconazole Medium X X X X Dithane DG Rainshield M mancozeb Low X Echo 720 M chlorothalonil Low X Folicur 432F - delete line 3 tebuconazole Medium X X X Folicur EW 3 tebuconazole Medium X X X Headline EC 11 pyraclostrobin High X X X X X Manzate Products - 200, 75DF, Pro-stick M mancozeb Low X Nufarm Propiconazole 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X Penncozeb 75DF M mancozeb Low X Pivot 418EC 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X Proline 480 SC 3 prothioconazole Medium X X X X Propel 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X Prosaro 250 EC 3,3 tebuconazole, prothioconazole Medium X X Quadris 11 azoxystrobin High X Quilt 3, 11 azoxystrobin, propiconazole Medium X X X Stratego 250EC - delete line 3,11 propiconazole, trifloxystrobin Medium X X X Tilt 250E 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X Twinline 3,11 metconazole, pyraclostrobin Medium X X X X Fungicide effective against the disease X Product registered for the crop POTATOes Fungicide Group Active Ingredient Resistance Risk Acrobat WP 40 dimethomorph Low - Medium Allegro 500F 29 fluazinam Low Bravo 500 M chlorothalonil Low Contans (bio-fungicide) N/C Coniothyrium minitans strain Unknown Copper 53W M copper sulphate Low Copper Spray M copper oxychloride Low Curzate 60 DF 27, M3 cymoxanil Low - Medium Dithane DG Rainshield M mancozeb Low Echo 720/90DF M chlorothalonil Low Gavel 75 DF 22, M3 mancozeb, zoxamide Low - Medium Headline EC 11 pyraclostrobin High Kocide 2000 M copper hydroxide Low Lance 7 boscalid Medium Manzate Products - 200, 75DF, Pro-stick M mancozeb Low Parasol Products - DP, WP, Flowable, WG M copper hydroxide Low Penncozeb 75DF M mancozeb Low Polyram DF M metiram Low Presidio 43 fluopicolide Quadris 11 azoxystrobin High Ranman 400 SC 21 cyazofamid Medium - High Reason 500SC 11 fenamidone High Revus 40 mandipropamid Low - Medium Ridomil Gold / Bravo, Ridomil Gold SL / Bravo 4,M chlorothalonil, metalaxyl-m Low Ridomil Gold 480EC, Ridomil Gold 480SL 4 metalaxyl-m High Ridomil Gold MZ 68WP 4,M metalaxyl, mancozeb Low Scala SC 9 pyrimethanil Medium Serenade ASO (bio-fungicide) 44 Bacillus subtilis (QST 713 strain) Low Tanos 50 DF 11, 27 famoxadone, cymoxanil High Tattoo C 28, M propamocarb HCl, chlorothalonil Low - Medium Fungicide effective against the disease 1. Must not be used alone, only as a tank mix 2. In-furrow treatment (suppression only) 3. Suppression only 4. May be beneficial to tankmix with protectant to control group 11 (strobilurin)-insensistive strains N/C Not Classified 6 SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL 2012

7 FUNGICIDES 2012 DISEASES Fusarium Head Blight (suppression) Gray Leaf Spot (corn) Leaf Blight and Eye Spot (corn) Net Blotch (barley, oat) Powdery Mildew (barley, rye, wheat) Barley Leaf Rust (barley) Common Rust (corn) Crown Rust (oat) Rusts Leaf Rust (barley, wheat, rye) Stem Rust (barley, wheat) Stripe Rust (barley, wheat) Scald (barley, rye) Septoria Glume Blotch (wheat) Septoria Leaf Spot (barley, oat, wheat) Spot Blotch (barley, wheat) Tan Spot (wheat) B W,B W W B W W W W B W,B B W B W,B W,B B W,B B W B W,R B W B W,B W W B B W,B W W B W,B W,B W B W B B W B B B W W,B B W W W W B B B W B Fungicide effective against the disease X Product registered for the crop DISEASES Botrytis Gray Mould / Botrytis Vine Rot Early Blight Late Blight Late Blight Tuber Rot Pythium Leak Pink Rot Rhizoctonia Canker, Black Scurf Silver Scurf White Mould / Sclerotinia rot Fungicide effective against the disease 1. Must not be used alone, only as a tank mix 2. In-furrow treatment (suppression only) 3. Suppression only 4. May be beneficial to tankmix with protectant to control group 11 (strobilurin)-insensistive strains N/C Not Classified SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL

8 barley variety annually, even without rotation, can reduce foliar disease severity and improve yields. This is particularly effective if the barley varieties originate from different breeding programs, as their genetics for disease resistance and other traits are more likely to differ. Growing the same variety each year provides the scald and net blotch pathogens, in particular, with a greater chance to adapt and overcome any resistance present, resulting in enhanced damage and reduced yield. Fertility Fertility is most often associated with overall crop productivity relating to yield and quality, but it can also impact disease severity. A balanced fertility program will meet the macroand micro-nutrient needs of the crop and promote healthy root systems and more vigorous growth. Optimal fertility may not guarantee that a disease will not develop, but a vigorousgrowing crop will likely be better able to tolerate disease. Although balanced fertility is important, excessive fertilization (especially with nitrogen) will promote development of a lush, dense canopy with a micro-environment conducive to the development of foliar diseases. When the priority is to maximize yields via heavy fertilization, producers should select resistant varieties if available, and/or apply a registered foliar fungicide to counter the enhanced likelihood of disease. Management considerations during the growing season A disease management tool that is often overlooked is the availability and utilization of information, targeted not only to producers, but also to the industry and research personnel. Effective disease management relies on accurate identification of diseases and their causal agents. Diseases have unique life cycles and developmental requirements, and may be best controlled by specific means. Producers should avail themselves of the information from their local agricultural office or provincial extension department, industry professionals, government or university researchers, or appropriate sites on the internet. In addition, various publications relating to plant diseases are available through bookstores, and professional societies. One useful publication that includes disease descriptions and colour images and relates to barley and other cereal and field crops is Diseases of Field Crops in Canada, 3rd Edition, published by the Canadian Phytopathological Society (CPS) and available at some university bookstores or directly from CPS. The American Phytopathological Society (APS) offers a large selection of publications related to plant diseases through their APS Press Bookstore. Both society websites offer links to other pathology-related sites. All provincial agricultural governments maintain internet sites that offer a wide variety of extension materials relating to plant diseases and their management - to read or download. Another management strategy that can be under-utilized is field scouting. Systematic inspection of a growing crop to assess its status is crucial to effective overall production management. This not only includes scouting for the presence of diseases, but also to check for populations of insects and weed species. Fusarium rolls across the land. Ugly and unstoppable _TopCropAd_v4.indd 1 WESTfungicideguide12.indd 8 3/26/12 3:17 PM

9 Disease forecasting systems designed to assist in decisionmaking by producers regarding the use of fungicides are becoming more common. None have been developed specifically for barley foliar diseases, but individual crop protection companies may have proprietary decision guides available to offer to producers. When the disease risk is high enough, fungicide application is warranted and can benefit barley producers. Usually, this input is most economical for seed growers and malting barley producers; it may not be an economic benefit for feed barley producers. Feed barley varieties have a somewhat better leaf disease resistance package, including resistance to scald, which no malting varieties currently possess and thus may exhibit a lesser response to fungicide application. Research has demonstrated the usefulness of in-crop fungicides in reducing disease damage, increasing grain or silage yields, and maintaining quality when moderate to severe disease epidemics occur. Proper timing of fungicide application is crucial if optimal control is to be achieved. Research has indicated that fungicide applications at the flag leaf stage (direct protection of the leaves in the upper barley canopy) is crucial to ensuring improved grain yield and kernel weights. Clearly, implementing an effective, economic, and lasting barley leaf disease management strategy is not a simple issue. There are many factors for producers to consider, some risks, and a number of potential solutions. The diversity and integration of approaches available, not only for management of diseases but also in consideration of insects and weed species, should provide for a flexible, responsive, and holistic crop management production system. The complete, unedited version of this Journal article can be found at Prairie Soils & Crops: Scientific Perspectives for Innovative Management is a peer reviewed e-journal that provides agronomists, producers, agrologists and certified crop advisors with current perspectives on various issues pertaining to soil and crop management on the Prairies. Until Now. Because true Fusarium management has finally arrived. CARAMBA fungicide manages Fusarium head blight and delivers exceptional control of leaf diseases. Registered for spring and winter wheat, barley, durum, oats and rye, it ll help you keep your yields on track. Learn more by visiting agsolutions.ca/caramba or calling AgSolutions Customer Care at BASF (2273). Always read and follow label directions. AgSolutions is a registered trade-mark of BASF Corporation; and CARAMBA is a registered trade-mark of BASF AGRO B.V.; all used with permission by BASF Canada Inc. CARAMBA should be used in a preventative disease control program BASF Canada Inc :08 PM WESTfungicideguide12.indd 9 3/26/12 3:17 PM

10 FUNGICIDES 2012 CROPS Oilseeds & pulses Fungicide Group Active Ingredient Resistance Risk Canola (CA) Flax (F) (and Crambe for Proline only) Oilseeds Rapeseed, Oriental Mustard (M) Soybean (S) Bean (B) Chickpea (CP) Pulses Fababean (FB) Lentil (L) Field Pea (P) Allegro 500F 29 fluazinam Low X Astound 9,12 cyprodinil, fludioxonil Medium X Bravo 500 M chlorothalonil Low X X X Bumper 418EC 3 propiconazole Medium X X X Caramba 3 Medium X Contans (bio-fungicide) N/C Coniothyrium minitans strain Unknown X X X X X X X Copper 53W M copper sulphate Low X Dithane DG Rainshield M mancozeb Low X Echo 720 M chlorothalonil Low X X Folicur 432F - delete line 3 tebuconazole Medium X Folicur EW 3 tebuconazole Medium X Headline Duo 7,11 boscalid, pyraclostrobin Medium X Headline EC 11 pyraclostrobin High X X X X X X X X Kocide 2000 M copper hydroxide Low X Kumulus DF M sulphur Low X Lance 7 boscalid Medium X X X X X X Manzate Products - 200, 75DF, Pro-stick M mancozeb Low X Overall 240 SC 2 iprodione Medium - High X X Parasol Products - DP, WP, Flowable, WG M copper hydroxide Low X Penncozeb 75DF M mancozeb Low X Pivot 418EC 3 propiconazole Medium X X X Proline 3 prothioconazole Medium X X X X X X Propel 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X X X Quadris 11 azoxystrobin High X X X X X X Quilt 3, 11 azoxystrobin, propiconazole Medium X X X X X Rovral Flo / Rovral RX 2 iprodione Medium - High X X Senator 70WP 1 thiophanate-methyl High X Serenade Max/ASO (bio-fungicide) 44 Bacillus subtilis (QST 713 strain) Low X X X X X Stratego 3,11 propiconazole, trifloxystrobin Medium X Tilt 250E 3 propiconazole Medium X X X X X X Fungicide effective against the disease X Product registered for the crop N/C Not Classified Specialty Crops Fungicide Group Active Ingredient Resistance Risk Alfalfa grown for seed (A) Canaryseed (CS) CROPS Coriander (CR) Grasses grown for seed (G) Timothy (TY) Bumper 418EC 3 propiconazole Medium X Dithane DG Rainshield M mancozeb Low X Headline EC 11 pyraclostrobin High X X Lance 7 boscalid Medium X Manzate Products - 200, 75DF, Pro-stick M mancozeb Low X Overall 240 SC 2 iprodione Medium - High X Penncozeb 75DF M mancozeb Low X Pivot 418EC 3 propiconazole Medium X X Propel 3 propiconazole Medium X X Quadris 11 azoxystrobin High X Rovral Flo / Rovral RX 2 iprodione Medium - High X Tilt 250E 3 propiconazole Medium X X Fungicide effective against the disease X Product registered for the crop 10 SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL 2012

11 DISEASES FUNGICIDES 2012 Alternaria Black Spot (Canola) Anthracnose (beans, lentil, soybean) Ascochyta Blight (chickpea, fababean, lentil, pea) Bacterial Blight (bean) Blackleg (canola) Botrytis Gray Mould (bean, chickpea, lentil, pea) Downy Mildew (bean) Frogeye / Cercospora Leaf Spot (soybean) Mycosphaerella Blight (pea) Pasmo (flax) Powdery Mildew (bean, fababean, pea, soybean) Rust: Uromyces (bean) Rust: Asian Soybean Rust (pulses, soybean) Sclerotinia White Mould (canola, pulses) L CP,L, P CP B, FB, P P CP, L, P CP, L, P L L L L CP, L CP, L, P B, P, S C L, S B, P, S Fungicide effective against the disease X Product registered for the crop N/C Not Classified DISEASES Blossom Blight (A, CR) Common Leaf Spot (A) Spring Black Stem & Leaf Spot (A) Sclerotinia (A) Septoria Leaf Mottle suppression (CS) Leaf Rust & Stem Rust (G) Powdery Mildew (G) Purple Eye Spot (T) Fungicide effective against the disease X Product registered for the crop SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL

12 pests and diseases BBCH Growth Stages - Cereals The BBCH-scale is a system for a uniform coding of growth stages for all mono-and dicotyledonous plant species. The extended BBHC scale was developed jointly by the German Federal Biological Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry (BBA), the German Federal Office of Plant Varieties (BSA), the German Agrochemical Association (IVA) and the Institute for Vegetables and Ornamentals in Grossbeeren/Erfurt, Germany (IGZ). The decimal coding system, divided into principal and secondary growth stages, is based on the cereal code developed by Zadoks et al. (1974). T Stage he abbreviation BBCH derives from Biologische Bundesanstalt, Bundessortenamt and Chemical industry. Extended BBCH Scale Hack et al, 1992 Principal growth stages Description Germination / sprouting / bud development Leaf development (main shoot) Formation of side shoots / tillering Stem elongation or rosette growth / shoot development (main shoot) Development of harvestable vegetative plant parts or vegetatively propagated organs / booting (main shoot) Inflorescence emergence (main shoot) / heading Flowering (main shoot) Development of fruit Ripening or maturity of fruit and seed Senescence, beginning of dormancy Principal Growth Stage 0: Germination 0: Germination 00 Dry seed (caryopsis) 01 Beginning of seed imbibition 03 Seed imbibition complete 05 Radicle emerged from caryopsis 06 Radicle elongated, root hairs and/or side roots visible 07 Coleoptile emerged from caryopsis 09 Emergence: coleoptile penetrates soil surface (cracking stage) Principal Growth Stage 1: Leaf development1, 2 10 First leaf through coleoptile 11 First leaf unfolded 12 2 leaves unfolded 13 3 leaves unfolded 1x. Stages continuous till or more leaves unfolded Illustration provided by BASF. -PLaNT PRe-eMeRGe PRe-PLaNT 0 12 WESTfungicideguide12.indd 12 PRe-eMeRGe 1ST Leaf 11 1ST Leaf 3Rd Leaf3Rd Leaf 14 5TH Leaf 5TH Leaf 16 SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL /26/12 3:17 PM PeN Pe

13 Principal Growth Stage 2: Tillering3 20 No tillers 21 Beginning of tillering: first tiller detectable 22 2 tillers detectable 23 3 tillers detectable 2x. Stages continuous till End of tillering. Maximum no. of tillers detectable Principal Growth Stage 3: Stem elongation 30 Beginning of stem elongation: pseudostem and tillers erect, first internode begins to elongate, top of inflorescence at least 1 cm above tillering node 31 First node at least 1 cm above tillering node 32 Node 2 at least 2 cm above node 1 33 Node 3 at least 2 cm above node 2 3x. Stages continuous till Flag leaf just visible, still rolled 39 Flag leaf stage: flag leaf fully unrolled, ligule just visible Principal Growth Stage 4: Booting 41 Early boot stage: flag leaf sheath extending 43 Mid boot stage: flag leaf sheath just visibly swollen 45 Late boot stage: flag leaf sheath swollen 47 Flag leaf sheath opening 49 First awns visible (in awned forms only) Principal Growth Stage 5: Inflorescence emergence, heading 51 Beginning of heading: tip of inflorescence emerged from sheath, first spikelet just visible 52 20% of inflorescence emerged 53 30% of inflorescence emerged 54 40% of inflorescence emerged 55 Middle of heading: half of inflorescence emerged 56 60% of inflorescence emerged 57 70% of inflorescence emerged 58 80% of inflorescence emerged 59 End of heading: inflorescence fully emerged Principal Growth Stage 6: Flowering, anthesis 61 Beginning of flowering: first anthers visible 65 Full flowering: 50% of anthers mature 69 End of flowering: all spikelets have completed flowering but some dehydrated anthers may remain Principal Growth Stage 7: Development of fruit 71 Watery ripe: first grains have reached half their final size 73 Early milk 75 Medium milk: grain content milky, grains reached final size, still green 77 Late milk Principal Growth Stage 8: Ripening 83 Early dough 85 Soft dough: grain content soft but dry. Fingernail impression not held 87 Hard dough: grain content solid. Fingernail impression held 89 Fully ripe: grain hard, difficult to divide with thumbnail Principal Growth Stage 9: Senescence 92 Over-ripe: grain very hard, cannot be dented by thumbnail 93 Grains loosening in day-time 97 Plant dead and collapsing 99 Harvested product 1 A leaf is unfolded when its ligule is visible or the tip of the next leaf is visible. 2 Tillering or stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 13; in this case continue with stages If stem elongation begins before the end of tillering continue with stage 30. PeNuLTIMaTe PeNuLTIMaTe flag Leaf flag Leaf early Head emergence early HeadfuLL emergence Head emergence full Head e SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL 2012 WESTfungicideguide12.indd /26/12 3:17 PM

14 pests and diseases Update on clubroot in Alberta From Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development C lubroot first appeared in Alberta in home gardens in the 1970s. In 2003, the disease was found in canola in 12 fields in Sturgeon County, northwest of Edmonton. From that time, a number of surveys have been conducted to monitor this disease. To date, over 6000 canola and vegetable fields have been surveyed, and clubroot has been confirmed in at least 830 fields in the province. Maps showing the affected areas and the spread of the disease over the years have been uploaded to the Alberta Agriculture website. Clubroot is an endemic disease, certainly in central Alberta, says Dr. Ron Howard, plant pathology research scientist with Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development. The disease is spreading by a variety of mechanisms and management is difficult. The number of new cases in 2011 (265 fields), represents the biggest single year increase in clubroot confirmed fields since The abundant rainfall we received last year was no doubt a contributing factor that favoured infection and disease development. Weather conditions have a huge effect on this disease, so in years, such as last year, where conditions are very wet, the incidence of the disease increases. Clubroot is a significant economic threat to the canola industry and was included as a declared pest under the Agricultural Pests Act in The disease is very difficult to control once it becomes established in a field. It decreases yield in canola and also poses a risk to mustard and cole crop vegetables in the province. Clubroot management strategies include: removing soil and crop debris from equipment and machinery moving out of infested fields using direct seeding or minimum-tillage cropping methods, which reduces the movement of soil during tillage operations and reduces stirring the soil and the spread of the disease using long rotations between successive crops of canola to allow the pathogen population to decline in the interval avoiding spreading straw, hay, greenfeed, silage crops harvested from clubroot infested fields onto clean fields because of earth tag which can carry the disease NOT spreading manure from cattle fed with clubroot infested crops or forages on non-infested fields, as resting spores can survive passage through the gut of cattle NOT using common, untreated seed harvested from clubroot infested fields because of the possibility of dust and earth tag that may contain clubroot spores, and certainly dirty seed should be avoided regularly scouting canola, mustard and vegetable fields to discern the situation in the field and ensure that the disease isn t spreading 14 WESTfungicideguide12.indd 14 The advent of clubroot-resistant hybrids represents a major step forward in clubroot management, says Howard. The six products available seem to be standing up fairly well in clubroot infested areas. These varieties, while not completely resistant to clubroot, are not overwhelmed by the disease and yield is not reduced. It is very important to realize that even though a resistant variety is used, crop rotations of three years or more are still necessary to help slow the build-up of this disease in infested fields. Research is ongoing. In 2009, the Clubroot Risk Mitigation Initiative was created using about $4 million in Growing Forward funding. This collaborative research has focused on pathology, breeding and disease management. An integrated approach is needed to manage this disease, including good stewardship of the resistant varieties of canola that are available, says Howard. SUPPLEMENT TO TOP CROP MANAGER (WEST) - APRIL /26/12 3:17 PM _ BASF lan

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