Technical Brief. Thermowell Materials Service Guide K EY C ONSIDERATIONS: Common Materials

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1 Technical Brief K EY C ONSIDERATIONS: Operating Temperature Operating Environment Velocity & Pressure thermowell material is usually chosen based on the corrosion conditions the well will face. Thermowell Materials Service Guide A thermowell is the pressure-tight receptacle designed to protect sensitive temperature measurement instrumentation from harsh process conditions. Usually material chosen for the thermowell is governed by the corrosion conditions the well will face. Occasionally, extreme conditions require that a thermowell be manufactured for strength, then coated or protected by a sleeve of corrosion or erosion resistant material. Recommended materials for various services are based on resistance to specific corrosive environments, temperature, and the mechanical stresses of the process. Common Materials Carbon Steel (A105, A350, CF2) most often used in oxidizing environments with operating temperatures to 1300 F. 304 SS Nickel based alloy with good corrosion resistance in both oxidizing and reducing environments. Operating temperatures up to 1650 F. 310 SS Good resistance to carburizing and reducing environments, better than 304 in many high temperature applications. Subject to carbide precipitation in the range. Continuous service to 2100 F. 316 SS Operating temperatures the same as 304, but better corrosion resistance and creep strength. Used in both oxidizing and reducing environments. 416SS Most popular of the ferritic stainless s. Used in reducing, oxidizing, vacuum and neutral environments. Operating temperatures up to 2000 F. Low Carbon Stainless Steels available in 304L and 316L are generally used to reduce the effect of carbide precipitation. Operating temperatures the same as 304SS. Alloy 600 has excellent corrosion resistance at elevated temperatures. Not recommended in reducing or highsulfur environments. Operating temperatures to 2100 F. Alloy 800 Same elevated temperature resistance to oxidation as Alloy 600. Good sulfur and corrosion resistance. Same operating temperatures as Alloy 600. Hastelloy B Excellent resistance to pitting and stress-corrosion cracking. Can be used in inert atmospheres and oxidizing environments up to 1500 F Excellent corrosion resistance to ferric and cupric chlorides, contaminated mineral acids, wet chlorine gas. Oxidation resistance to 1800 F. Good resistance to sea water and not subject to chloride stress cracking. Not recommended for oxidizing atmospheres. Operating temperatures to 1000 F. Nickel Use in oxidizing atmospheres and sulfur free environments. Maximum operating temperature 1400 F. Good to excellent resistance to corrosion to most chemicals and a high heat conductivity. Most commonly used as a sheath material for stainless flanged wells. Operating temperatures to 5000 F Please see Materials Service Guide on page 2

2 Page 2 Materials Service Guide Materials Application Service Guide Heat Treating Annealing Up to 1300 F Over 1300 F Carburising hardening Up to 1500 F, 1500 to 2000 F Ceramic* Nitriding salt baths Cyanide Nickel (CP) Neutral High speed Ceramic* Iron and Blast furnaces Downcomer Stove dome Silicon carbide, LT-1 Hot blast main Inconel 600 Stove trunk Inconel 600 Stove outlet flue Open hearth Flues and stack Checkers Inconel 600, LT-1 Waste heat boiler Billet heating slab heating and butt welding Up to 2000 F Bright annealing batch Top work temperature Not required (use bare Type J thermocouple) Bottom work temperature Continuous furnace section Inconel 600, ceramic* Forging Soaking pits Up to 2000 F Inconel 600 Nonferrous metals Aluminum Melting Hexoloy, Syalon, 1100, Cast, Iron Heat treating Brass or bronze Not required (use dip-type thermocouple) Lead, black Magnesium, cast iron Tin Extra heavy carbon Zinc Extra heavy carbon Pickling tanks Chemical lead Cement Exit flues Kilns, heating zone Inconel 600 Ceramic Kiln Ceramic, and silicon carbide Dryers Silicon carbide, black Vitreous enameling Paper Digesters, Type 446S Glass Fore hearths and feeders Lehrs Tanks Roof and wall Flues and checkers Petroleum De-waxing Towers Transfer lines Factioning column Bridgewall Power Coal-air mixtures Flue gases Pre-heaters Steel lines Water lines Boiler tubes Gas producers Producer gas Water gas Carburetor Superheater Tar stills Incinerators Up to 2000 F Food Baking Ovens Charretort, Sugar Vegetables and fruit Chemical Acetic acid 10 to 50%, 50%, 99% 21 to Acetic Anhydride to 300 F Acetone to Acetylene to 400 F Alcohol, ethyl, methyl 70 to Alum (potassium or sodium) to 300 F Aluminum Chloride to Aluminum Sulfate to Ammonia All concentration Ammonium chloride All concentration Platinum thimble Ceramic Types 304, 310, 316, 321, 347 SS, carbon 304 SS,, Types 347 or 316 SS Types 304, 309, or 31 0 SS Ceramic (primary) Hexoloy (secondary)* Slack Steel Slack Steel,, Type 316SS,, Type 430SS,, Nickel Hastelloy B Types 304, 316 SS Types 316 SS,

3 Materials Service Guide Page 3 Ammonium nitrate All concentration70 to Ammonium sulfate, 10% to saturated to Amyl acetate to 300 F Aniline to 75 F Asphalt to 250 F Atmosphere (industrial & marine) Barium chloride, all concentration, Barium hydroxide, all concentration, Barium sulphite Beer to Benzene to Benzoic acid to Borax to,, Nichrome Brass Boric acid to 400 F Brines Bromine, Butadiene Butane Butyl acetate Butyl alcohol Butyric acid to Calcium bisulphite to 75 F Calcium chlorate, dilute 70 to Calcium chloride to Calcium hydroxide 10 to 20%,, 50%,, Calcium hypochlorite 15% to 75 F Carbolic acid, all, to Carbon dioxide, wet or dry 2017-T4 aluminum, Brass,, Nickel Carbonated water, to Carbonated beverages, to Carbon disulfide, to 200 F Carbon tetrachloride, to 125 F Chlorine gas Dry,, Moist, 20 to Chloracetic acid, to Chromic acid, 10 to 50%, Citric acid 15%,, 15%,, Concentrated,, Copper chloride Copper nitrate Copper sulfate Cresols Cyanogen gas Dowtherm Ether Ethyl acetate, Ethyl chloride,, low carbon Ethyl sulfate, Ethylene glycol to Ethylene oxide to 75 F Steel Ferric chloride, 5%, to boiling, Ferric sulfate, 5%, Ferrous sulfate, dilute, Formaldehyde Formic acid, 5%, 70 to Fluorine, anhydrous, to 100 F Freon Furfural to 450 F Gallic acid, 5%, 70 to Gasoline,, low carbon Glucose, Glycerine, Glycerol Hydrobromic acid, 98%, Hastelloy B Hydrochloric acid 1%, 5% 1%, 5% Hastelloy B 25%, 70 to Hastelloy B Hydrofluoric acid, 60%,, Hydrogen chloride, dry, to 175 F Hydrogen peroxide, 70 to Types 316 SS, 304 SS Hydrogen sulfide, wet and dry Iodine, Lactic acid 5%,, 316 SS 5%, 10%, Magnesium chloride 5%, Nickel,, 5%, Nickel

4 Page 4 Magnesium sulfate, hot and cold Muriatic acid, Naptha, Natural gas, Nickel chloride, Nickel sulphate, hot and Monel, 317 SS cold Nitric acid 5%, 20% 50% 50% 65% Concentrated, Concentrated, Nitrobenzene, Oleic acid, Oleum, Oxalic acid 5% hot and cold 10%, Oxygen Steel Palmitic acid Pentane Phenol Phosphoric acid 1%, 5%, 10%, 10%, 30%, 70 to Hastelloy B 85%, 70 to Hastelloy B Type 340 SS Picric acid, Potassium bromide, Potassium carbonate, 1%, Potassium chlorate, Potassium hydroxide 5% 25% 60% Potassium nitrate 5%, 5%, Potassium permanganate, 5%, Potassium sulfate, 5%, Potassium sulfide, Propane, low carbon Pyrogallic acid Quinine bisulfate, dry Quinine sulfate, dry Seawater, Salicylic acid Nickel Materials Service Guide Sodium bicarbonate All concentration, 5%, Sodium carbonate, 5%, 70 to Sodium chloride 5%, 70 to Saturated, 70 to, Sodium fluoride, 5%, Sodium hydroxide Types 304 S, 316 SS, Sodium hypochlorite, 5% still, Sodium nitrate, fused Sodium peroxide Sodium sulfate, Sodium sulfide, Sodium sulfite, 30%, Sulfur dioxide Moist gas, Gas, 575 F Sulfur Dry molten Wet Sulfuric acid 5%, 70 to Hastelloy B, 316 SS 10%, 70 to Hastelloy B 90%, Hastelloy B Tannic acid, Hastelloy B Tartaric acid 300 F Toluene 2017-T4 aluminium, low carbon Turpentine Types 304 SS 316 SS Whiskey and wine, nickel Xylene Copper Zinc chloride Zinc sulphate 5% Saturated 25%. 304 Seaview Avenue Bridgeport, CT Phone: Fax: [email protected]

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