Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage and 2007 Market Estimates

Transcription

1 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates

2 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates By Arthur Grube, David Donaldson, Timothy Kiely, and La Wu Biological and Economic Analysis Division Office of Pesticide Programs Office of Chemical Safety and Pollution Prevention U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Washington, DC February 2011

3 Acknowledgments Acknowledgments The authors would like to acknowledge the valuable assistance provided by the following reviewers: Susan Kegley, Pesticide Research Institute;; Gautam Sirur, Cropnosis Limited;; Sheryl Kunickis, U.S. Department of Agriculture;; Gary Spolarich and Donna Marciano, California Department of Pesticide Regulation;; Greg Malcom, GFK Kynetec;; Dennis Fugate, Kline & Co., Inc.;; Leonard Gianessi, CropLife Foundation;; William Battaglin, U.S. Geological Survey;; Mark Miller, U.S. Department of Agriculture;; and Staff, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page i

4 Contents Contents Sections 1. Introduction... Page and 2007 Sales... Page World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures... Page Value of U.S. Pesticides: Producer Level... Page Page Farm Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States... Page and 2007 Usage... Page World and U.S. Pesticide Amount Used... Page Page Pesticide Amount Used in the United States: Total... Page Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States: Conventional... Page Share of U.S. Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors... Page Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients in the U.S. Agricultural Market Sector... Page Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients in the U.S. Non-... Page Amount of Organophosphate Insecticides Used in the United States... Page Pesticide Amount Used in the United States: Other... Page Page Producers and Users... Page Pesticide Producers and Users in Page Historical Data... Page Annual Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States: Page Annual Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States: Page Glossary... Page 32 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page iii

5 Contents Tables and 2007 Sales Table 2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures at User Level by Pesticide Type, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 4 Table 2.2 Value of U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply at Producer Level... Page 5 Table 2.3 User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 6 Table 2.4 Farm Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States... Page and 2007 Usage Table 3.1 Table 3.2 World and U.S. Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used by Pesticide Type, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 8 U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply in Amount of Active Ingredient at the Producer Level... Page 9 Table 3.3 Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States by Pesticide Group, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 10 Table 3.4 Table 3.5 Table 3.6 Table 3.7 Table 3.8 Table 3.9 Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 12 Share of U.S. Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 13 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients, Agricultural Market Sector, 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates... Page 14 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients, Home and Garden Market Sector, 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates... Page 15 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector, 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates... Page 15 Amount of Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients Used in the United States, All Market Sectors, Estimates... Page 16 Table 3.10 Most Commonly Used Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients, All Market Sectors, 2007, 2005, 2003, and Page 17 Table 3.11 Other Pesticides Used in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 18 Table 3.12 Specialty Biocides Used in the United States by End-Use Market, 2006 and 2007 Estimates... Page 19 Table 3.13 Wood Preservatives Used in the United States by End-Use Market, 2004 and 2007 Estimates... Page 19 Page iv 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates

6 Contents Tables (Continued) 4. Producers and Users Table 4.1 Number of U.S. Pesticide Producers, Formulators, and Distributors... Page 20 Table 4.2 Number of Exterminating and Pest Control Firms and Number of Certified Applicators... Page 20 Table 4.3 Land in Farms, Land Harvested, Number of Farms, and Farms Using Pesticides... Page 20 Table 4.4 Number of U.S. Households Using Pesticides... Page Historical Data Table 5.1 Table 5.2 Table 5.3 Table 5.4 Table 5.5 Table 5.6 Table 5.7 Table 5.8 Table 5.9 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, All Market Sectors... Page 22 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Agricultural Market Sector... Page 23 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, 1988 Page 24 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Home and Garden Market Sector... Page 25 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, All Market Sectors... Page 27 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Agricultural Market Sector... Page 28 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector... Page 29 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Home and Garden Market Sector... Page 30 Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States, Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sector Shares, Page 31 Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page v

7 Contents Figures and 2007 Sales Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures at User Level by Pesticide Type, 2007 Estimates... Page 5 User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2007 Estimates... Page and 2001 Usage Figure 3.1 Figure 3.2 Figure 3.3 Figure 3.4 World and U.S. Pesticide Amounts of Active Ingredient at User Level by Pesticide Type, 2007 Estimates... Page 9 Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States by Pesticide Group, 2007 Estimates... Page 11 Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2007 Estimates... Page 13 Total Amount of Organophosphate and All Other Insecticide Active Ingredients Used in the United States in All Market Sectors, Page Historical Data Figure 5.1 Figure 5.2 Figure 5.3 Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5 Figure 5.6 Figure 5.7 Figure 5.8 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Page 22 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Agricultural Market Sector... Page 23 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector... Page 24 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Home and Garden Market Sector... Page 25 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, All Market Sectors... Page 27 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Page 28 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector... Page 29 Annual Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates, Home and Garden Market Sector... Page 30 Page vi 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates

8 1. Introduction 1. Introduction Purpose of Report Under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in cooperation with states and other agencies, such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), is responsible for regulating the production and use of pesticides in the United States. This report provides contemporary and historical economic information on the U.S. pesticide producing and using sectors covered by these state and federal regulatory programs. Economic profile information covers a variety of topics, particularly the pesticide market with respect to dollar values and quantities of active ingredient. The EPA Pesticide Program has issued such market reports since This report is intended only to present objective economic profile and trend information reflecting the best information available to EPA on pesticide sales and use. It does not attempt to interpret, reach conclusions about, or make inferences about the data. Detailed analysis of causal factors or implications, such as potential impacts on human health, the environment, or the economy, falls beyond the scope of this project. We caution the reader not to infer too much from changes in the amount of pesticides used from year to year. Changes in the amount of pesticides used are not necessarily correlated with changes in the level of pest control or changes in the human health and environmental risks associated with pesticide use. Data Sources Neither EPA nor any other federal agency has a program devoted specifically to estimating the overall pesticide market in terms of dollars spent and quantity of active ingredient used on an annual basis. This report uses the best available information from the public domain and private marketing research companies (proprietary data sources). The numbers in the report represent approximate values rather than precise values with known statistical properties. The Agency has a wide variety of public and proprietary information upon which to base estimates of Programs (OPP) maintains extensive files and library materials. These materials cover different pesticide types and groupings in the agricultural and non-agricultural market sectors. In compiling the report, the Agency used several database services, including one from the USDA and others from private pesticide marketing research companies. The private marketing research data, produced by well-known organizations, also serve pesticide registrants and other private sector firms analyzing the U.S. and world pesticide market. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 1

9 1. Introduction Overview of Contents/Scope of Report This report profiles the U.S. pesticide industry, on an annual basis, for the years 2006 and 2007, and provides data covering the years in the historical data tables. Data for were not reported in previous publications. Data were estimated using several different parameters (e.g., pesticide type, pesticide group, market sector) and appear in tabular format. The scope of the report is largely inclusive of the U.S. pesticide industry and includes data on expenditures, volume, imports, exports, firms, individuals involved in production and use of pesticides, number of pesticides, and number of certified applicators, among other topics. Data on expenditures and sales are reported in nominal terms for the year indicated (i.e., not adjusted or indexed for inflation). The report includes graphical representations of the data where useful. The historical section of the report provides data from 1988 to Data from 1980 to 1987 are available on the EPA website ( Following this Introduction (Section 1), Section 2 of the report summarizes world and U.S. pesticide user expenditures in 2006 and 2007, and Section 3 summarizes world and U.S. pesticide amounts used in 2006 and Section 4 presents background information on pesticide market sectors. Finally, Section 5 presents historical data summarizing pesticide expenditures and estimates of amounts used from 1988 to The writing of the 2008 and 2009 pesticides industry sales and usage report is scheduled to begin once all of the supporting pesticide sales and usage data for 2009 are published and available to EPA. If you have questions regarding this report or need further information, please contact the authors by (or telephone): kiely.timothy@epa.gov ( ), and donaldson.david@epa.gov ( ). Page and 2007 Market Estimates

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11 and 2007 Sales and 2007 Sales 2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures World pesticide expenditures totaled more than $35.8 billion in 2006 and more than $39.4 billion in 2007 (see Table 2.1). Expenditures on herbicides accounted for the largest portion of total expenditures (approximately 40%), followed by expenditures on insecticides, fungicides, and other pesticides, respectively. Total expenditures increased in 2007 due to increased spending on all pesticide types. U.S. pesticide expenditures totaled $11.8 billion in 2006 and $12.5 billion in 2007, in proportions similar to those of world expenditures, with a relatively larger proportion of total U.S. expenditures on herbicides (see Figure 2.1). In 2007, U.S. expenditures accounted for 32% of total world on pesticides, 38% of world expenditures on herbicides, 39% of world expenditures on insecticides, 15% of world expenditures on fungicides, and 25% of world expenditures on other pesticides. The Agency based its estimates of world and U.S. pesticide expenditures on the estimated pesticide expenditures and changes in pesticide expenditures from public and proprietary EPA databases. See Section 2.3 for a more detailed look at U.S. expenditures on pesticides in 2006 and See Section 5.1 for historical data on U.S. pesticide expenditures from 1988 to and Pesticide Type 2006 Table 2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures at User Level by Pesticide Type, 2006 and 2007 Estimates World Market U.S. Market U.S. Percentage Millions of $ % Millions of $ % of World Market Herbicides 1 14, , Insecticides 2 10, , Fungicides 2 7, , Other 3 3, Total 35, , Herbicides 1 15, , Insecticides 2 11, , Fungicides 2 9, , Other 3 3, Total 39, , Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table data do not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Source: Cropnosis Limited ( USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data as pesticides (e.g., sulfur and petroleum oil). Page and 2007 Market Estimates

12 and 2007 Sales Figure 2.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Expenditures at User Level by Pesticide Type, 2007 Estimates 48,000 Millions of Dollars 40,000 32,000 24,000 16,000 World Market U.S. Market 8,000 0 Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Total Pesticide Type 2.2 Value of U.S. Pesticides: Producer Level Table 2.2 summarizes the 2006 and 2007 average value of U.S. pesticides at the producer level. The table includes production, import, export, and supply (total and net). There was an annual average of $9.8 billion from domestic pesticide production, $1.6 billion imports, $2.1 billion exports, and $9.3 billion net supply at the producer level for 2006 and Table 2.2 Value of U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply at Producer Level Annual Sales (Billions of Dollars) Average of 2006 and 2007 Production 9.8 Imports 1.6 Total Supply 11.4 Exports 2.1 Net Supply 9.3 Note: Excludes wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Includes conventional pesticides and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfur and petroleum oil). Source: USDA/FAS ( Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 5

13 and 2007 Sales 2.3 User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States U.S. expenditures at the user level for conventional and other pesticides totaled $11.8 billion in 2006 and $12.5 billion in 2007 (see Table 2.3). Pesticides included in the estimates are herbicides, plant growth regulators, insecticides, miticides, fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, sulfur, petroleum oil, and others. The estimates exclude expenditures on wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Increase in spending in the agricultural sector on all pesticide types and increases in spending in the non-agricultural sectors (industry/commercial/government and home and garden) in 2007 resulted in an increase in total 2007 expenditures. Expenditures in the agriculture sector accounted for nearly two-thirds of total expenditures in both years. Expenditures on herbicides and plant growth regulators dominated in all sectors except the home and garden sector, where insecticides comprised more than 60% of all expenditures. The Agency based its estimates of U.S. pesticide expenditures on the estimated pesticide expenditures and estimated changes in pesticide expenditures from public and proprietary EPA databases. See Section 5.1 for historical data on U.S. pesticide expenditures from 1988 to As a result of limitations in the source data on U.S. pesticide expenditures, estimates provided in Table 2.3 group nematicides and fumigants, other miscellaneous conventional pesticides, and other chemicals used as conventional pesticides, and other chemicals used as pesticides are provided in Section 3 (see Tables 3.4 and 3.11). Table 2.3 User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2006 and 2007 Estimates and Market Sector Herbicides/Plant Growth Regulators Insecticides/ Miticides Fungicides Other * Total Mil $ % Mil $ % Mil $ % Mil $ % Mil $ % 2006 Agriculture 4, , , Ind/Comm/Gov , Home & Garden , , Total 5, , , , Agriculture 4, , , , Ind/Comm/Gov , Home & Garden , , Total 5, , , , Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Due to lack of data resources, the home and garden market sector estimates for 2006 and 2007 as well as the industrial/commercial/government mate for 2007 were calculated based on the percentage change from 2004 and 2005 data. See Section 5.1 for 2004 and 2005 data. See Tables 5.1 to 5.4 for estimates. Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. s (e.g., sulfur and petroleum oil). Page and 2007 Market Estimates

14 and 2007 Sales Figure 2.2 User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2007 Estimates 7,000 6,000 Millions of Dollars 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 ` 1,000 0 Herbicides / PGR Insecticides / Miticides Fungicides Other Pesticide Type 2.4 Farm Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States Pesticides are a significant component of total farm expenditures and an important element of farm budgeting and management. U.S. pesticide expenditures in 2006 and 2007 totaled 3.1% and 2.8% of total farm expenditures, respectively (see Table 2.4). Both farm expenditures and pesticide expenditures increased in Total farm expenditures are based on USDA estimates, and pesticide expenditure estimates are based on Table 2.3. Table 2.4 Farm Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States Expenditure (Billion $) Total $237.8 $283.5 Pesticides $7.3 $7.9 Pesticides as % of Total 3.1% 2.8% Source: EPA estimates based on Table 2.3 and USDA/NASS ( Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 7

15 and 2007 Usage and 2007 Usage 3.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Amount Used World pesticide amount used was approximately 5.2 billion pounds in both 2006 and 2007 (see Table 3.1). Herbicides accounted for the largest portion of total use, followed by other pesticides, insecticides, and fungicides. Total world pesticide amount used increased in U.S. pesticide amount used in both 2006 and 2007 exceeded 1.1 billion pounds, in proportions similar to those of world pesticide use, with herbicides and other pesticides representing a larger portion of total U.S. pesticide use (see Figure 3.1). U.S. pesticide amount used accounted for 22% of total world pesticide amount used, 25% of world herbicide amount used, 10% of world insecticide amount used, 14% of world fungicide amount used, and more than 25% of other pesticide amount used in both years. The Agency based its estimates of world and U.S. pesticide amount used on the estimated pesticide amount used and estimated changes in pesticide amount used from public and proprietary EPA databases. See Section 5.2 for historical data on U.S. pesticide amount used from 1988 to Data in this section were developed to compare world with U.S. pesticide use. For a more detailed look at U.S. pesticide use and Pesticide Type 2006 Table 3.1 World and U.S. Amount of Pesticide Active Ingredient Used by Pesticide Type, 2006 and 2007 Estimates World Market U.S. Market U.S. Percentage Mil lbs % Mil lbs % of World Market Herbicides 1 2, Insecticides Fungicides Other 2 1, Total 5, , Herbicides 1 2, Insecticides Fungicides Other 2 1, Total 5, , Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Does not include wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/ hypochlorites. Source: EPA estimates based on Cropnosis Limited ( USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. as pesticides such as sulfur, petroleum oil, and sulfuric acid. Page and 2007 Market Estimates

16 and 2007 Usage Figure 3.1 World and U.S. Pesticide Amounts of Active Ingredient at User Level by Pesticide Type, 2007 Estimates 6,000 Millions of Pounds 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 World Market U.S. Market 1,000 0 Herbicides Insecticides Fungicides Other Total Pesticide Type 3.2 Pesticide Supply in the United States: Producer Level Table 3.2 summarizes the 2006 and 2007 average U.S. distribution of pesticides at the producer level, including the amount of production, imports, exports, and supply (total and net). The pesticide amount related to U.S. pesticide production and consumption comprised 1.2 billion pounds of domestic production, 0.2 billion pounds of imports, 0.3 billion pounds of exports, and 1.1 billion pounds of net supply. Table 3.2 U.S. Pesticide Production, Imports, Exports, and Supply in Amount of Active Ingredient at Producer Level Active Ingredient (Billions of Pounds) Average of 2006 and 2007 Production 1.2 Imports 0.2 Total Supply 1.4 Exports 0.3 Net Supply 1.1 Note: Excludes wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Includes conventional pesticides and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfur and petroleum oil). Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/FAS ( and EPA proprietary data. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 9

17 and 2007 Usage 3.3 Pesticide Amount Used in the United States: Total Total pesticide amount used in the United States was approximately 5.1 billion pounds in both 2006 and 2007 (see Table 3.3). These estimates include conventional pesticides, other chemicals used as pesticides, wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. With more than 2.6 billion pounds used, the amount of chlorine/hypochlorites used was greater than for all other pesticide groups combined (see Figure 3.2). The estimates of use by group rely on the estimated amount used and changes in estimated amount used by pesticide group derived from public and proprietary EPA databases. A discussion of the amount used of each pesticide group in 2006 and 2007 appears in subsequent sections (see footnotes to Table 3.3 for locations). Table 3.3 Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States by Pesticide Group, 2006 and 2007 Estimates Pesticide Group Total (Million Pounds) Conventional Pesticides Other Pesticides Specialty Biocides Chlorine/Hypochlorites Used In 2,609 2,609 Water Treatment 4 Wood Preservatives Total 5,100 5, See Table 3.4 (conventional pesticides) for additional details and specific source information. oil). See Table 3.11 (other pesticides) for additional details and specific source information. 3. See Table 3.12 (specialty biocides) for additional details and specific source information. 4. Due to the lack of data on chlorine/hypochlorites use, the estimate is based on the 5. Due to the lack of data available for 2006, the estimate of the amount of wood preservatives used in 2006 is based on data from See Table 3.13 for additional details and specific source information. Page and 2007 Market Estimates

18 and 2007 Usage Figure 3.2 Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States by Pesticide Group, 2007 Estimates Conventional Pesticides 17% Other Pesticides 5% Chlorine/Hypochlorites 51% Wood Preservatives 19% Specialty Biocides 8% Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 11

19 and 2007 Usage 3.4 Amount of Pesticides Used in the United States: Conventional Table 3.4 shows that the amount of conventional pesticide used in 2006 and 2007 totaled 821 and 857 million pounds of active ingredient, respectively. This category of pesticide use was third highest among all pesticide groups in the United States after chlorine/hypochlorites and wood preservatives. Table 3.4 shows the breakout of this use by pesticide type and market sector. Pesticide types in this group include herbicides, plant growth regulators (PGRs), insecticides, miticides, fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, and others. The amount used in the agricultural sector accounted for the majority of the total amount used in 2006 and 2007, with the two non-agricultural sectors (industry/commercial/government and home & garden) cumulatively accounting for approximately one-fifth of the total use in each year (see Table 3.4). The amount used in the agriculture sector also accounted for the majority of the total amount used by pesticide type 70% or more of the total amount used of each type, except for fungicides in 2006 (63%) and 2007 (63%). Figure 3.3 graphs the distribution of use by pesticide type and sector in The estimated use levels rely on the estimated amount used and changes in amount used of conventional pesticides by sector and type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases. Table 3.4 Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2006 and 2007 Estimates and Market Sector Herbicides/Plant Growth Regulators Insecticides/ Miticides Fungicides Nematicide/ Fumigant Other Conventional * Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Total 2006 Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden Total Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden Total Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table does not cover wood preservatives, specialty biocides, chlorine/hypochlorites, and other chemicals Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. See Tables 5.5 to 5.8 for estimates. Page and 2007 Market Estimates

20 and 2007 Usage Figure 3.3 Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2007 Estimates Millions of Pounds Herbicides / Plant Growth Regulators Insecticides / Miticides Fungicides Nematicides / Fumigants Pesticide Type Other Conventional 3.5 Share of U.S. Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors Table 3.5 shows the agricultural and non-agricultural market share of total conventional pesticides consumed in 2006 and The agricultural sector accounts for nearly 80% of the total amount of conventional pesticides used in both years. See Table 5.9 in Section 5.2 for historical data covering the years 1970 through Table 3.5 Share of U.S. Amount of Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredient Used in the Agricultural and Non-Agricultural Market Sectors, 2006 and 2007 Estimates U.S. Agricultural Market Sector Non-Agricultural Market Sector Mil lbs Mil lbs % of U.S. Mil lbs % of U.S Note: Table data include conventional pesticides only, and exclude sulfur, petroleum oil, and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfuric acid and insect repellents), wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. See Table 5.9 for data. Source: EPA estimates based on Table 3.4. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 13

21 3.6 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients in the U.S. Agricultural Market Sector Table 3.6 shows the 25 most commonly used conventional pesticide active ingredients in the agricultural sector in 2007 and selected earlier years. Glyphosate was the most used active ingredient in 2007 (180 million to 185 million pounds used). It has been the most used active ingredient in agriculture since Thirteen of the top 25 active ingredients used in the agricultural sector are herbicides;; 3 are fungicides;; 3 are insecticides;; 5 are fumigants;; and 1 is a plant growth regulator. The rankings rely on the estimated pounds of conventional pesticides used in the agricultural sector, taken from public and proprietary databases. Active Ingredient Table 3.6 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients, Agricultural Market Sector, 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient) Note: List is limited to conventional pesticides and does not include sulfur and petroleum oil (see Table 3.11). H indicates herbicide;; I, insecticide;; Fum, fumigant;; F, fungicide;; and PGR, plant growth regulator. A dash ( ) indicates that the pesticide was not one of the 25 most commonly used (pesticides) in the given year. Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. Page and 2007 Market Estimates Type and 2007 Usage Rank Range Rank Range Rank Range Rank Range Glyphosate H Atrazine H Metam Sodium Fum Metolachlor-S H Acetochlor H Dichloropropene Fum ,4-D H Methyl Bromide Fum Chloropicrin Fum Pendimenthalin H Ethephon PGR Chlorothalonil F Metam Potassium Fum Chlorpyrifos I Copper Hydroxide F Simazine H Trifluralin H Propanil H Mancozeb F Aldicarb I Acephate I Diuron H MCPA H Paraquat H Dimethenamid H

22 and 2007 Usage 3.7 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients in the U.S. Non-Agricultural Market Sectors Tables 3.7 and 3.8 show the 10 most commonly used conventional pesticide active ingredients in the two non-agricultural sectors (home & garden and industry/commercial/government) for 2007 and selected earlier years. In both sectors, 2,4-D was the most used active ingredient, with between 8 and 11 million pounds used in the home and garden sector (see Table 3.7) and between 19 and 22 million pounds used in the industry/ commercial/government sector (see Table 3.8). Seven of the top 10 active ingredients used in the home and garden sector are herbicides, and three are insecticides. Six of the top 10 active ingredients used in the industry/ commercial/government sector are herbicides, two are fungicides, and two are insecticides. As noted in Table 3.8, because some applicators apply pesticides in both markets, there may be some usage reported in one market that may have occurred in the other. The rankings are based on EPA proprietary data. Table 3.7 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients Home and Garden Market Sector 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient) Active Ingredient Note: Does not include moth controls: Paradiclorobenzene (30 35 million pounds per year) and naphthalene (2 4 million pounds per year). Also does not include insect repellent N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (5 7 million pounds per year). H indicates herbicide, and I indicates insecticide. A dash ( ) indicates that an estimate is not available. Due to lack of data, the same estimates are used for both 2005 and 2007 in this report. Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data. Table 3.8 Most Commonly Used Conventional Pesticide Active Ingredients Industry/Commercial/Government Market Sector 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient) Active Ingredient Type Type 2007 & Rank Range Rank Range Rank Range 2,4-D H Glyphosate H Carbaryl I MCPP H Pendimethalin H Pyrethroids I <1 Malathion I Dicamba H Trifluralin H <1 <1 Pelarganoc Acid H 10 <1 <1 < & Rank Range Rank Range Rank Range 2,4-D H Glyphosate H Chlorothalonil F MSMA H Diuron H Pendimethalin H Triclopyr H Copper Sulfate F Malathion I Sulfuryl fluoride I Note: Includes applications to homes and gardens by professional applicators. Does not include sulfur or petroleum oil. H indicates herbicide;; I, insecticide;; and F, fungicide. A dash ( ) indicates that an estimate is not available. Due to lack of data, the same estimate is used for both 2005 and 2007 in this report. Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 15

23 and 2007 Usage 3.8 Amount of Organophosphate Insecticides Used in the United States Table 3.9 shows the total amount of organophosphate insecticide used annually since The top 10 active ingredients used in 2007 in this pesticide class are chlorpyrifos, malathion, acephate, naled, dicrotophos, phosmet, phorate, diazinon, dimethoate, and azinphos-methyl (see Table 3.10). Since the passage of the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) in 1996, this class of conventional pesticides has been a primary focus of EPA reregistration and registration review activities. For more information on the active ingredients included in this EPA-HQ-OPP at The amount of organophosphate insecticides used has declined more than 60% since 1990, from an estimated 85 million pounds in 1990 to 33 million pounds in 2007 (see Table 3.9). Organophosphate use as a percent of total insecticide use has decreased from 70% in 1990 to 36% in The estimates of organophosphate insecticide use rely on the estimated amount used and changes in the amount used of organophosphates from public and proprietary EPA databases. Table 3.9 Amount of Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients Used in the United States All Market Sectors, Estimates All Insecticides Organophosphate Insecticides Mil lbs Mil lbs % of All Insecticides Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. Page and 2007 Market Estimates

24 and 2007 Usage Figure 3.4 Total Amount of Organophosphate and All Other Insecticide Active Ingredients Used in the United States in All Market Sectors, Millions of Pounds Organophosphate Insecticides All Other Insecticides Note: The dotted vertical line indicates a change in time scale. Table 3.10 Most Commonly Used Organophosphate Insecticide Active Ingredients, All Market Sectors, 2007, 2005, 2003, and 2001 Estimates (Ranked by Range in Millions of Pounds of Active Ingredient) Active Ingredient Rank Range Rank Range Rank Range Rank Range Chlorpyrifos Malathion Acephate Naled Dicrotophos Phosmet Phorate Diazinon 8 <1 8 < Dimethoate 9 <1 10 < Azinphos-Methyl 10 <1 9 < Note: A dash ( ) indicates that an estimate is not available. Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 17

25 and 2007 Usage 3.9 Pesticide Amount Used in the United States: Other The total amount of other pesticides used in the United States was more than 300 million pounds in 2006 and more than 275 million pounds in 2007 (see Table 3.11). The pesticides in this group include sulfur;; petroleum oil;; other chemicals used as pesticides, such as sulfuric acid;; insect repellents (e.g., DEET);; moth control products (e.g., paradichlorobenzene);; and others. In 2007, nearly all of the sulfur and oil used (84%) was in the agricultural sector, while the use of the other pesticides in this group was mainly in the agricultural and home and garden sectors (91%). The decrease in the amount used from 2006 to 2007 resulted mainly from a decrease in the use of other pesticides in the agricultural sector. Nearly three-fourths of the total amount of sulfur, oil, and other pesticides used was in the agricultural sector. The estimated use levels rely on the amount used and changes in the amount used of sulfur, oil, and other pesticides by sector and type derived from public and proprietary EPA databases. Table 3.11 Other Pesticides Used in the United States by Pesticide Type and Market Sector, 2006 and 2007 Estimates and Market Sector 2006 Sulfur and Oil 1 Other 2 Total Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Mil lbs % Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden Total Agriculture Ind/Comm/Gov Home & Garden Total Note: Totals may not add due to rounding. Table estimates do not include conventional pesticides, wood Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. See Tables 5.5 to 5.8 for estimates. Due to lack of available data, the estimated amount of sulfur and petroleum oil and the estimated amount of other pesticides in the industry/commercial/government sector were carried forward from the 2001 report. (e.g., paradichlorobenzene and naphthalene), and other miscellaneous chemicals used as pesticides but produced largely for non-pesticidal purposes. Page and 2007 Market Estimates

26 and 2007 Usage 3.10 Pesticide Amount Used in the United States: Specialty Biocides and Wood Preservatives Tables 3.12 and 3.13 show the total amount of specialty biocides and wood preservatives by end-use market in the United States in 2006 and 2007, respectively. Specialty biocides include water treatment chemicals, disinfectants and sanitizers, and products for other uses, such as in adhesives, sealants, and leather. More than 80% of the total amount of specialty biocides used in 2006 and 2007 were water treatment chemicals. Wood preservatives include waterborne preservatives, oilborne preservatives, and creosote. Creosote accounted for 78% of the total wood preservative amount used in Table 3.12 Specialty Biocides Used in the United States by End-Use Market, 2006 and 2007 Estimates and End Use Market 2006 Total Mil lbs % Recreational and Industrial Water Treatment 1 Disinfectants and Sanitizers Other Specialty Biocides Total Recreational and Industrial Water Treatment 1 Disinfectants and Sanitizers Other Specialty Biocides Total Note: Totals do not sum due to rounding. Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data. hypochlorite or chlorine use. applications and household cleaning products. Does not include hypochlorite or chlorine use. sealants, leather, synthetic latex polymers, metalworking fluids, paints and coatings, petroleum products, plastics, mineral slurries, and textiles. Table 3.13 Wood Preservatives Used in the United States by End-Use Market, 2004 and 2007 Estimates and End Use Market 2006 Total Mil lbs % Waterborne Preservatives Oilborne Preservatives 23 2 Creosote Total Waterborne Preservatives Oilborne Preservatives 23 2 Creosote Total Note: Due to lack of data resources, data are only available for the years 2004 and Percentages for 2007 do not sum to 100 due to rounding. Source: Statistical Overview of the U.S. Wood Preservatives Industry: 2004 and by Richard P. Vlosky. "Wood Preservatives" include creosote, pentachlorophenol, chromated copper arsenate (CCA), and micronized copper systems. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 19

27 4. Producers and Users 4. Producers and Users 4.1 Pesticide Producers and Users in 2007 Table 4.1 lists 2007 estimates of the number of firms that are pesticide producers, formulators, and distributors. Table 4.2 lists 2007 estimates of the number of exterminating and pest control firms and certified pesticide applicators. Table 4.3 lists 2007 estimates of farm land, acres harvested, and the number of farms using pesticides and fertilizers. Table 4.4 lists 2007 estimates of the number of households using pesticides. Table 4.1 Number of U.S. Pesticide Producers, Formulators, and Distributors Major Pesticide Producers 12 Other Pesticide Producers 100 Major Pesticide Formulators Other Pesticide Formulators 1,550 Major Distributors and Establishments Other Distributors and Establishments ,250 Table 4.2 Number of Exterminating and Pest Control Firms and Number of Certified Applicators Exterminating and Pest Control Firms 25,600 Private 1 Certified Applicators 538,053 Commercial 2 Certified Applicators 399,044 Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data and 2007 EPA data on the number of certified private and commercial pesticide applicators. 1. Private certified applicators refers primarily to individual farmers. 2. Commercial certified applicators refers to professional pesticide applicators. Source: EPA estimates based on EPA proprietary data. Table 4.3 Land in Farms, Land Harvested, Number of Farms, and Farms Using Pesticides Land in Farms (acres) Land Harvested (acres) Total Number of Farms 922 million 310 million million Total Number of Farms with Cropland million Total Number of Farms with Harvested Cropland Number of Farms Using Chemicals for: million Insects on Crops/Hay 354,357 Nematodes 34,992 Diseases on Crops/Orchards 97,333 Weed/Grass/Brush 703,884 Defoliation/Fruit Thinning 44,638 Any or all of the above 918,604 Any or all of the above plus fertilizer 1,288,360 Table 4.4 Number of U.S. Households Using Pesticides by Pesticide Type Pesticide Type Insecticides Fungicides Herbicides Repellents Disinfectants Any Pesticides Households 59 million 14 million 41 million 53 million 59 million 78 million Note: In 2000 the U.S. Census Bureau estimated the U.S. population to be million with million households. Source: EPA estimates based on the 1992 EPA National Home and Garden Survey and 2000 U.S. Census Bureau population estimates ( Source: 2007 USDA Census of Agriculture ( Page and 2007 Market Estimates

28 5. Historical Data 5. Historical Data 5.1 Annual Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States: Tables 5.1 through 5.4 and corresponding figures summarize annual user expenditures on pesticides since Table 5.1 summarizes user expenditures on pesticides in all markets combined, while Tables 5.2, 5.3, and 5.4 and corresponding figures summarize user expenditures in the agricultural, industry/commercial/ government, and home and garden markets, respectively. In each market, user expenditures on pesticides have increased in total and by type since 1988, although the total amount has fluctuated from year to year. Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 21

29 5. Historical Data Table 5.1 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates All Market Sectors Expenditure (Millions of Dollars) Expenditure (Millions of Dollars) Herbicides/ PGR Insecticides Fungicides and Other * Total Herbicides/ PGR Insecticides Fungicides and Other* Total ,121 1,964 1,190 7, ,853 2,872 1,691 11, ,305 1,978 1,141 7, ,368 3,046 1,741 11, ,473 2,083 1,171 7, ,365 3,129 1,671 11, ,682 2,139 1,223 8, ,410 3,124 1,556 11, ,004 2,198 1,183 8, ,250 3,355 1,566 11, ,094 2,479 1,259 8, ,240 3,515 1,670 11, ,944 2,722 1,408 10, ,166 3,874 1,865 11, ,276 3,017 1,488 10, ,979 4,014 1,984 11, ,599 2,849 1,521 10, ,673 4,091 2,020 11, ,846 2,957 1,528 11, ,856 4,337 2,261 12,454 Note: Excludes wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Data on pesticide expenditures are reported in nominal terms. Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. * Includes fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, other miscellaneous conventional pesticides, and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfur and petroleum oil). See Table 2.3. Figure 5.1 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates All Market Sectors 14,000 12,000 Million of Dollars 10,000 8,000 Herbicides 6,000 4,000 Insecticides 2,000 Fungicides & Other Page and 2007 Market Estimates

30 5. Historical Data Table 5.2 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates Agricultural Market Sector Expenditure (Millions of Dollars) Expenditure (Millions of Dollars) Herbicides/ PGR Insecticides Fungicides and Other * Total Herbicides/ PGR Insecticides Fungicides and Other* Total ,080 1, , ,632 1,427 1,209 8, , , ,012 1,370 1,243 7, ,463 1, , ,007 1,411 1,194 7, , , ,987 1,326 1,091 7, ,915 1, , ,808 1,470 1,069 7, ,987 1, , ,784 1,434 1,162 7, ,808 1,293 1,036 7, ,645 1,750 1,301 7, ,112 1,607 1,107 7, ,431 1,829 1,410 7, ,399 1,480 1,128 8, ,077 1,830 1,432 7, ,610 1,551 1,124 8, ,211 1,999 1,659 7,869 Note: Excludes wood preservatives, specialty biocides, and chlorine/hypochlorites. Data on pesticide expenditures are reported in nominal terms. For the years and 1995, USDA national estimates of farm expenditures on agricultural pesticides, which include pesticide application costs, ar not include pesticide application costs. Data are not available to reconcile these data inconsistencies. Source: EPA estimates based on USDA/NASS ( and EPA proprietary data. * Includes fungicides, nematicides, fumigants, other miscellaneous conventional pesticides, and other chemicals used as pesticides (e.g., sulfur and petroleum oil). See Table 2.3. Figure 5.2 Annual User Expenditures on Pesticides in the United States by Pesticide Type, Estimates Agricultural Market Sector 9,000 8,000 7,000 Million of dollars 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 Herbicides Insecticides 1,000 Fungicides & Other Pesticides Industry Sales and Usage Report Page 23