Cobb County School District: Reducing School Bus Fleet Diesel Emissions and Idling
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1 Cobb County School District: Reducing School Bus Fleet Diesel Emissions and Idling Chris Rome, Randall Guensler Vetri Elango, and Sara Khoeini
2 Outline Project background Project objective and strategies Data collection methods Data analysis to date Baseline idling results Estimated diesel fuel savings Estimated emission reductions Next steps Summary 2
3 Idling Activity Thirty seconds of idling can use more fuel than turning off the engine and restarting Idling gets you nowhere Idling = 0 MPG 1 hour of idling typically burns gallons of fuel Idling for 10 minutes uses as much fuel as traveling five miles 1 gallon of gas produces about 20 pounds of CO 2, a major contributor to climate change Source: mysafetysign.com 3
4 Exposure to Idling Idling activity emits CO, VOCs, NOx and diesel particulate matter Breathing diesel exhaust fumes increases the risk of cancer, heart and lung disease, asthma, and allergies (especially in children) Exposure to most auto pollutants can be higher inside a vehicle than outside Source: platinum.matthey.com 4
5 Project Purpose Approximately 500 Cobb County School District buses are currently being outfitted with GPS tracking, idle detection circuits, and cellular communication systems The baseline data obtained from the system are being used to quantify engine idling, fuel consumption and emissions savings 5
6 CCSD Combined School Bus Emission Reduction Strategy Tailpipe emissions controls CCSD is installing diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) and crankcase filters to reduce emissions from onroad fleet activity Idle control GT is monitoring vehicle idling activity and implementing real-time driver feedback systems to reduce idling where children s exposure is highest Engine load mitigation GT is monitoring hard acceleration and high speed activity and implementing driver feedback systems to reduce emissions from high engine load events 6
7 Idle Reduction Strategy Establish maximum idle time thresholds for specific anti-idle zones School property and neighborhood parking areas Bus yards and bus staging areas When idle time exceeds the established threshold, a warning message is sent to the dispatcher Web page alert, plus /messaging When idle time exceeds the second idle threshold, the engine will be powered down (summer/fall) Daily idle reports for each vehicle and summary reports for subfleets are generated for fleet managers 7
8 Baseline Monitoring Systems 480 GPS systems in buses Idle-detection circuit Oil pressure sensor GPS/cellular antenna Circuits manufactured by GT team of researchers and undergraduates Systems are installed by CCSD fleet maintenance mechanics Source: Georgia Tech Chris Rome 8
9 Bus Deployment Baseline deployments began in December 2010 Baseline monitoring systems are all constructed CCSD is installing units (240+ installed to date) QA/QC logs reviewed online to identify connectivity issues Troubleshooting completed in field for buses with problems 9
10 Cobb County School District Transportation Facts school days 114 schools 96,547 bus-eligible students 943 bus drivers 1150 buses 869 conventional buses 281 special needs buses 887 routes served per day 21,596 bus stops 12,600,000 bus-miles/year 1,900,000 gallons of diesel/year
11 Data Processing SPSS statistical software used to process the idle events reported from the tracking system server Daily figures for diesel fuel consumption and VMT from CCSD FuelMaster records Emissions estimates from EPA DEQ online software Potential diesel fuel savings calculated by hand 11
12 Bus Idle Activity In our research, an idle event is defined when a bus sits stationary with engine on for 120+ seconds Excludes bus stops and intersection delay Idle threshold will be refined through GIS analysis to ensure bus stop and intersection activity is excluded Must consider cycle length times and bus unloading times at school Baseline Data: December 2010 March 2011 Number of buses installed in the CCSD fleet during that period increases over time from 0 to
13 Number of Buses Baseline Idling Results Monitored Buses for March 2011 Of the buses reporting to the server, only 63% idle per day Some buses did not idle at all during March Number of Buses Installed and Idling School Holidays Installed Idling 13
14 Number of Bus-Days Baseline Idling Results Heavy Idling Average idle time (for idling buses): 0.52 hours/bus/day lower than the original 0.70 hour estimate Likely affected by seasonality issues 308 bus-days of heavy idling Daily Idle Time By Bus and Day 2 to 5 5 to to Total Daily Idle Tiime (mins) 14
15 Number of Buses Baseline Idling Results Idling Variance 160 of 184 buses reported idling Almost all buses average minutes of idling per day Only 5 heavy idlers 60+ minutes/day 18 low idlers 2 to 15 minutes/day Average Daily Idle Time By Bus 2 to 5 5 to to Total Daily Idle Tiime (mins) 15
16 Baseline Idling Results Average Idle Results Average duration of an idle event 5.9 minutes Average number of daily events 5.4 idle events/bus/day Average AM start time for idle events 7:33 AM Average PM start time for idle events 3:06 PM 16
17 Heaviest Day of Idling to Date March 29, idling buses 77.5 hours of idle 0.66 hours/bus (40 minutes) 4 idle events per bus Cold Day 40 F in AM 45 F in PM 17
18 Mapping Bus Fleet Idling Events Idle events in Cobb County Categorized using GIS geo-fencing and proximity to certain features Size of circle represents duration of the event 18
19 Idle Zone Categorization Out of Cobb County School area Within School Designed Parking Area Within 500 ft Parking Area Within 600 ft of school center point Bus Stops Within 300 ft of bus stop point in the street boundary Intersections Within 500 ft of intersection center within street boundary On Street Within 60 ft of centerline Off Street Out of 60 ft from centerline 19
20 Idling Stats by Location Number of Events Out of Total Idle Events (%) Min (5% percentile) In minutes Max (95% percentile) In Minutes Mean (Minutes) Standard Deviation (Minutes) Total Idling events % Out of Cobb County % School Area % Bus stops 704 4% Intersection % Non of the above (On road) None of the above (Off road) 373 2% %
21 Diesel Consumption Savings Quantification instrumented buses, 1150 bus fleet Bus idling consumes at least 0.5 gal per hour With engine shut-off technologies, idle will be reduced by 0.52 hours per bus per day Strategy saves 22,000 gallons of diesel per year for the 500-bus monitored fleet 53,000 gallons of diesel saved for the entire fleet At a cost of $4.12 / gallon of diesel $92,500 fuel savings for instrumented vehicles $221,700 savings if applied to entire fleet System is self-sustaining
22 Estimated Emission Reductions EPA s Diesel Emissions Quantifier (online DEQ) Fleet characteristics fleet size, model years, fuel types (ULSD), emission strategies But idle emission rate is constant across vehicle model years anyway 480 idle shut-off vehicles 108 vehicles with Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC) and closed crankcase ventilation (summer 2011) 22
23 Estimated Emission Reductions 480-bus monitored fleet Reductions per year from Idle Control: PM 3.15 tons/year NOx 116 tons/year CO tons/year Reductions per year from DOC: PM 1.3 tons HC 6.7 tons CO tons 23
24 Estimated Value of Health Benefits The benefits are presented as the dollar value of avoiding health effects that result from exposure to PM2.5, such as premature mortality, chronic bronchitis, asthma attacks, non-fatal heart attacks, and others. These dollar values are based on a number of studies that EPA uses when estimating the health benefits of environmental rules. - EPA DEQ $210,000 from idle control $90,000 from DOC and closed crankcase 24
25 Next Steps Idle warning system implementation May/June 2011 Online idle notifications for bus dispatchers Dispatcher to driver voice warning Driver training Idle shutoff implementation August/September 2011 Install idle shut-off units and determine idling reduction over baseline and notification only Further emissions quantification research: MOBILE6, MOVES, and GT s Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle Modal Emissions Model (HDDV-MEM) 25
26 Summary First truly comprehensive before and after study to assess the joint impacts of diesel emissions control technology and idle reduction programs over time Application of cutting edge technologies Real-time GPS monitoring and notifications Advanced emissions modeling and real-world data The archive of vehicle data provides significant additional benefits for the school district Reduces emissions and diesel consumption for health improvements for children (and saves money) 26
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