Chapter 4. Chemical Composition. Chapter 4 Topics H 2 S. 4.1 Mole Quantities. The Mole Scale. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 Mole
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1 Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Chapter 4 Topics 1. Mole Quantities 2. Moles, Masses, and Particles 3. Determining Empirical Formulas 4. Chemical Composition of Solutions Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Mole Quantities When working with amounts of a substance on a macroscopic scale, we cannot simply count atoms or molecules. There are too many. Instead, we use the mole scale, which is scaled up by Avogadro s number: H 2 S How many sulfur atoms are in 1 mol of H 2 S? How many hydrogen atoms are in 1 mole of H 2 S? 1 mole = particles 1 mole C = carbon atoms 1 mole H 2 S = H 2 S molecules 1 mol Cu 2 O = Cu 2 O formula units 3 4 The Mole Scale How many water molecules are in a single drop of water? The mole scale was developed so we can figure this out. Molar Mass The Mass of 1 Mole Avogadro s number has been defined so that the mass of 1 mol of C-12 C has a mass of exactly 12 grams. This means that the mass of an atom of any substance in amus is the same numerical value as the mass of 1 mole of that substance in grams (molar mass). The molar mass of carbon is g/mol. The molar mass of CO 2 is: (16.00) = g/mol We ll use 4 sig. figs 5 6 1
2 Molar Mass What is the molar mass of H 2 O? What is the mass of 1 mole of H 2 O? Molar Mass Which contains the greatest number of atoms? 1 mole of copper or 1 mole of gold? 1 gram of copper or 1 gram of gold? Moles, Masses, and Particles How can we describe the composition of a compound if we know the mass of the elements in the compound? A 3.67-g g sample of the mineral chalcopyrite was determined to contain 1.27 g Cu, 1.12 g Fe, and 1.28 g S. What is the mass percent of each element in this compound? Mass of Element Mass Percent Element = 100 Composition of Chalcopyrite Would this mass % differ for a different sample of this mineral? If you had a 100-gram sample, what mass of copper would it contain? Mass of Entire Compound Figure Moles from Grams How many moles of copper are in 100 grams of chalcopyrite? (molar mass Cu = g/mol) Converting Between Grams and Moles 1. Convert 10.0 grams of CO 2 to moles. 2. Convert 0.50 mol CO 2 to grams g Cu?
3 Converting Between Grams and Moles 1. Convert 10.0 g O 2 to moles. Grams Moles Particles Once we know the number of moles of a substance, we can use Avogadro s number ( ) to determine the number of particles described by that substance. 1 mole = particles Number of Water Molecules in a Drop Now let s figure out the number of water molecules in 1 drop. Here is some helpful information: There are about 20 drops of water in 1 ml. The density of water is 1.0 g/ml Determining Number of Particles Group Work How many CO 2 molecules are in a 100-g sample of CO 2? How many carbon atoms are in a 100-g sample of CO 2? How many oxygen atoms are in a 100-g sample of CO 2? Group Work What mass of MgCl 2 contains ions? Cl Cl 4.3 Empirical and Molecular Formulas The formula for a substance also tells us about the composition of a compound: A formula unit for an ionic compound tells us the ratio of ions of different elements in the compound. (MgCl 2 has a 1:2 ratio of Mg +2 to Cl ) A molecular formula tells the number of atoms of each element in a molecule and the atom ratio
4 Empirical Formulas What is the same about these two compounds? Empirical Formulas The empirical formula of a substance is the ratio of atoms of different elements, in terms of the smallest whole numbers. What is their empirical formula? What is the empirical formula for copper(ii) oxide? Determine the Empirical Formula Fig Determining Empirical Formulas from % Composition If we know the masses of the elements in a compound, or its percent composition, we can determine its mole ratio, and therefore the compound s empirical formula. Consider chalcopyrite. Any sample will have the following % composition: 23 Determining Empirical Formulas 1. Since the percent composition does not change from sample to sample, assume any size sample. The most convenient is 100 grams so % value = mass value. 2. Convert grams to moles for each element. 3. Without changing the relative amounts, change moles to whole numbers. Do this by dividing all by the same smallest value. If all do not convert to whole numbers, multiply to get whole numbers. 24 4
5 Determining Empirical Formulas grams chalcopyrite contains: 30.5 g Fe 34.6 g Cu 34.9 g S Steps for Determining Empirical Formula 2. Mol Fe = (30.5g Fe)(1mol/55.85 g) = mol Fe Mol Cu = (34.6g Cu)(1mol/63.55 g) = mol Cu Mol S = (34.9g S)(1mol/32.07 g) = mol S 3. ( mol Fe)/( ) = mol Fe (1.063 mol Cu)/( ) = mol Cu (1.088 mol S)/( ) = mol S FeCuS Group Work Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas A compound was determined to have the following percent composition: 50.0% sulfur 50.0% oxygen What is the empirical formula for the compound? 27 Benzene and acetylene have the same empirical formulas but different molecular formulas. How much greater in mass is benzene than acetylene? How much greater in mass is each of these than the empirical formula? 28 Empirical and Molecular Formulas Molecular Formulas from Empirical Formulas A compound was determined to have an empirical formula of CH 2. Its molar mass was determined to be g/mol. What is the molecular formula for this compound?
6 Molecular Formula from Empirical Formula Determining Percent Composition from Empirical or Molecular Formula If you know the formula for a compound, you can determine the mass percent composition. Assume you have 1 mole of compound, and convert moles of the element and compound to grams. 31 Mass Percent Composition Mass Ratio Empirical or Molecular Formula Atom or Mole Ratio 32 Determining Percent Composition Assume 1 mole of compound,, and remember the mass of 1 mole is molar mass. Determining Percent Composition What is the percent sodium in Na 2 O? Percent Composition Which has the greatest percentage of Cu? Cuprite, Cu 2 O Chalcocite, Cu 2 S 4.4 Chemical Composition of Solutions A solution is a homogeneous mixture. This is a solution being prepared by adding the CuSO 4 (solute) to water (solvent). The composition of the solution depends on the relative amounts of the solute and solvent
7 Concentration Which aqueous CuSO 4 solution has the greatest concentration (most concentrated)? Which is most dilute? Percent by Mass of Solute Solution concentration is often expressed as the mass percent of solute: mass of solute Percent Mass Solute = 100 total mass of solution Percent by Mass of Solute What is the mass percent of NaCl in a solution that is prepared by adding 10.0 g NaCl to 50.0 g water? mass of solute Percent Mass Solute = 100 total mass of solution Molarity (M)( Another common way to express the concentration of a solution is in molarity units: moles solute Molarity = liters of solution Preparing a CuSO 4 Solution 6.25 grams ( mol) of CuSO 4 5H 2 O is added to a 250-mL volumetric flask. Water is added to the mark so that the total volume is ml. What is the molarity of this solution? Molarity How many moles of NaCl are in 1.85 L of a 0.25 M NaCl solution?
8 Dilution Describe this process Dilution Suppose you want to dilute a 0.25 M solution to a concentration of M. What are some ways to do this? Dilution Moles initial = Moles final Moles = Molarity Volume Moles = mol/l L M initial V initial = M final V final Dilution M initial V initial = M final V final What is the concentration of a solution prepared by adding water to 25.0 ml of 6.00 M NaOH to a total volume of ml? 47 8
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