Every Mäori Counts. Ko Te Tatau i a Ngäi Mäori

Transcription

1 TE IRA TANGATA L I F E Q U A L I T Y PÄRONGO F A C T S H E E T : Ko Te Tatau i a Ngäi Every Counts Why do leave New Zealand and move to another country to live? Which countries do they settle in and why? How are they faring in their new home? Do they maintain connections with New Zealand and will they ever return? These are some of the questions looked at in an online survey of and non- New Zealanders living overseas. This factsheet reports on the findings of that survey. Key facts More than half of overseas in the Kea New Zealand survey lived in Australia. Better economic prospects was the key reason that one third of chose to live overseas. Background New Zealand s global network, Kea New Zealand, conducted the online survey Every Kiwi Counts in They received responses from over 15,000 respondents aged 16 years and over living in 51 countries. Those who took the survey and were identified as totalled 1, WHERE MÄORI LIVE Half of (52%) who participated in the Kea New Zealand survey lived in Australia compared with a third of non- overseas. An additional third of lived in North America, the United Kingdom and Ireland. Relatively few in the survey lived in the rest of Europe or Asia. Less than one quarter of (23%) and non- (24%) overseas stated they were living in New Zealand five years ago. More than half of these who had recently moved overseas, lived in Australia (52%), with 19% living in the United Kingdom and Ireland, and 29% in other countries overseas. By comparision, non- who had recently moved overseas had similar numbers who lived in Australia; the United Kingdom and Ireland; and other countries. Figure 1: Current country of residence, and non-, Every Kiwi Counts One third of overseas earn $100,000 or more. Nearly one half of have a Bachelor s degree or higher. Almost all overseas were still New Zealand citizens and more than three quarters of children of were New Zealand citizens. One third of overseas were unsure whether they will return to New Zealand to live. F I G U R E 1 Other Asia Europe North America UK and Ireland Australia Non Age and gender (53% were females). There are gender differences More than half of overseas were aged by age for both and non-, with a between 26 and 45. This is consistent with slightly higher proportion of young females than non- overseas. There were slightly more males (under 36 years of age), and more older women than men who responded to the survey males than females (over 45 years of age). Te Puni Kökiri (Ministry of Development) means a group moving forward together. Whiringa-ä-rangi November 2012

2 Table 1: Age distribution and sex ratios, and non-, Every Kiwi Counts Non- Age Group Female (%) Male(%) Female (%) Male (%) Grand Total descent and iwi identification Two thirds of the 1,828 respondents who reported having ancestry (or whakapapa) identified themselves as by ethnicity (how they currently view themselves). This compares to more than 8 of those with by ancestry in New Zealand. Of those with ancestry, 77% reported knowing their iwi. The five most common iwi stated were Ngäpuhi (24%), Ngai Tahu (17%), Ngäti Porou (14%), Ngäti Kahungunu (11%) and Waikato (%9%). The shares are broadly similar to results in the 2006 Census, with the exception of Ngai Tahu, who accounted for a higher proportion of iwi responses in the Kea New Zealand survey versus the Census (17% compared with 1). Te Reo overseas were far less likely to report being able to speak Te Reo (12%) than their counterparts living in New Zealand (27% of adult in the 2006 Census). However, in Australia were about twice as likely to speak Te Reo compared to living in some other country (16 and 8% respectively). LIVING OVERSEAS Main reasons for living outside of New Zealand For both and non- New Zealanders overseas, the prospect of economic advancement was the key motivator for living offshore, with one third selecting that option. For resident in Australia, economic opportunity was an especially strong factor (42%) compared to living elsewhere (34%). For non- New Zealanders, those based in Australia were also more likely than their counterparts living elsewhere to report economic prospects as a main reason for living overseas. Figure 2: Main reasons for living overseas, and non- living overseas, and those living in Australia, Every Kiwi Counts General Job / Economic / Income Prospects Overseas Family / Marital Connections or Obligations Overseas F I G U R E 2 Different Lifestyle / Culture / Excitement Overseas A Specific Job Offer From An Employer Overseas Opportunities For Family Members Other Than Myself ( e.g. Spouse or Children ) Other ( Please Specify ) Non (Aus) (Aus) Non Te Puni Kökiri (Ministry of Development) means a group moving forward together.

3 Earnings overseas earned more than in New Zealand. More than two thirds of overseas recorded annual earnings of at least $50,000, compared with 15% of in New Zealand. In spite of these relatively higher earnings, overseas earned less, on average, than their non- counterparts, where over three quarters of the latter earned more than $50, Figure 3: Annual income (NZ$) of and non- in Every Kiwi Counts 2011, and in the 2006 New Zealand Census F I G U R E ( Total Ex-pat ) Non ( Total Ex-pat ) ( Aus ) Non ( Aus ) ( NZ ) Non ( NZ ) $100,000 or more $50,001- $100,000 $30,001- $50,000 $1 - $30,000 Qualifications overseas had higher qualifications than those in New Zealand. Almost one half of in the survey had a Bachelor s degree or higher, compared to just 7% of in New Zealand. Non- overseas were even more highly qualified, with almost two-thirds holding at least a Bachelor s degree, compared with 19% of non- in New Zealand. and non- in Australia had higher levels of academic achievement than those in New Zealand, but less than all and non- living overseas. Figure 4: Highest qualification, and non- in Every Kiwi Counts 2011 and in the 2006 New Zealand Census F I G U R E ( Total Ex-pat ) Non ( Total Ex-pat ) ( Aus ) Non ( Aus ) ( NZ ) Non ( NZ ) Bachelor or Above Other Tertiary Diploma or Certificate Secondary School None of the Proceeding Whiringa-ä-rangi November 2012

4 CONNECTIONS TO NEW ZEALAND Citizenship of respondents and their children overseas were much more likely than non- overseas to be New Zealand citizens by birth (94%, compared with 86%) and the proportion of overseas holding citizenship in a country other than New Zealand was lower than for non- overseas. Less than one third of overseas were citizens of at least one other country, compared to 43% of non- expatriates. For in Australia, the proportion was only 25%. Almost one quarter of parents overseas reported at least one child who was not a New Zealand citizen. This result was consistent for in Australia and globally. Rates of non- parents with children without New Zealand citizenship was slightly higher than for overseas, with 26% of non- overseas, and 31% of non- in Australia. A large proportion of respondents stated they had children with New Zealand citizenship were born overseas. For all overseas, 47% had children born overseas, compared with 53% for non- overseas. The percentage was lower for those living in Australia, with 35% of having children born overseas, and 4 of non-. Table 2: Citizenship status of respondents and their children, for and non-, in Australia and overseas. Non (Aus) Non (Aus) New Zealand citizen by birth 94.1% 86.2% 94.6% 88.8% New Zealand citizen by descent 3.1% 3.9% 2.2% 2.1% Granted New Zealand citizenship 0.2% % Other 2.5% 2.8% 3.2% 3.3% Citizen of New Zealand & at least one other country 30.7% % 34.6% Has at least one child 57.5% 47.5% 64.7% 51.8% The children are citizen(s) of New Zealand and one or more other countries 35.8% 47.6% 24.5% 34.1% The children are not citizen(s) of New Zealand 23.9% 26.3% 24.3% 30.8% The children are New Zealand citizen(s) only 40.3% % 35.1% (New Zealand citizens but born overseas) (1) (46.6%) (53.2%) (35.) (39.5%) Notes: (1) Per cent of respondents who had children with New Zealand citizenship. Voting Approximately one quarter of overseas (24%) and one third of overseas non- (3) reported participating in the 2008 New Zealand General Election. The rates are lower for those in Australia, with 27% of and 34% of non- having voted. The rates for those intending to vote in the 2011 New Zealand general election were higher. More overseas (39%) and non- (41%) intended to vote in Providing and receiving support Two out of every five overseas report giving support to family or friends in New Zealand, either regularly or on an occasional basis (43%). This compared to only 26% of non-. For in Australia, one in two reported sending financial support to New Zealand. This occurs in spite of in Australia tending to earn less than non- in Australia or their counterparts living in other parts of the world. For both and non, the likelihood of giving support increased with age. Economic connections Three quarters of overseas and non- claim economic connections to New Zealand. The largest economic Te Puni Kökiri (Ministry of Development) means a group moving forward together.

5 connections are financial, such as bank account and securities (44% of and 49% of non-). Almost one-quarter of overseas also reported having a financial or formal investment in land or business, and a similiar share said that they actively looked for New Zealand-based jobs for themselves or others. In comparison, and non- in Australia tend to be less likely to have economic connections back to New Zealand. Table 3: Economic connections maintained with New Zealand while living overseas, all and non- living overseas, Every Kiwi Counts Economic Connection Non Australia Total Australia Total Other financial interests in NZ (e.g. bank accounts, securities) 32.8% 41.5% 38.2% 48.4% Financial or other formal interests in land and/or business % 0.4% 0.3% Looks out for jobs in New Zealand for myself or others 17.8% 21.5% 16.6% 19.8% Own residential property in NZ for my family or myself to live in 12.8% % 12.6% Has equity investments in NZ (e.g. shares, mutual funds) % 11.4% 15.1% Conduct business relationships with NZ in or on behalf of an overseas organisation Owns commercial property in NZ (including residential property investments) Actively involved in the ownership or management of a NZ based business 7.4% 6.8% 11.1% 7.9% 4.1% 5.9% 5.9% 7.7% % 3.8% 4.2% Is a director of a NZ company 2.5% 3.3% 3.8% 4. Employed overseas by a New Zealand-based firm 0.8% 1.5% 2.7% 3. Supports or mentors a NZ company or professional person in my region or industry 1.6% 1.5% % Social connections Almost all (more than 99%) New Zealanders overseas maintain some form of social connection to New Zealand. overseas maintain a high level of contact with whänau or extended family, with more than three quarters reporting such a connection compared with 37% for non- overseas. overseas also reported a relatively high level of contact with parents and siblings although it was somewhat lower than for non- overseas. With respect to ties with iwi, hapü or whänau organisations, in Australia were more likely to report a connection (34%) than in other countries (21%). More than three quarters of overseas used a social networking site for social (versus economic) purposes, significantly higher than the 66% reported for non-. The most popular site reported was Facebook. The use of social networking is strongest for those aged between 16 and 30 years (9) and lowest for those aged 50 years and older (62%). Whiringa-ä-rangi November 2012

6 Figure 5: Social connections maintained with New Zealand while living overseas, all and non- living overseas, and living in Australia, Every Kiwi Counts With one or more children living in NZ Through an iwi, hapü or whänau organisation With one to ten friends in NZ F I G U R E 5 With more than ten friends in NZ With one or more parents or step-parents living in NZ With one or more siblings living in NZ With my whänau or extended family 25% 5 75% 10 Non Total Non (Aus) Total (Aus) Trips back to New Zealand Half of the overseas surveyed return to New Zealand at least once a year, with one sixth making more than one return trip. These results are similar for non-. Not surprisingly, and non- living in Australia were more likely to return on a regular basis than their counterparts living elsewhere. Figure 6: Frequency of return trips to New Zealand, all and non- living overseas, and those living in Australia, Every Kiwi Counts F I G U R E Non Non ( Aus ) ( Aus ) Less than once a year Once a year More than once a year Te Puni Kökiri (Ministry of Development) means a group moving forward together.

7 FUTURE PLANS Returning to New Zealand Survey respondents expressed a high degree of uncertainty about their future plans, including returning home. Almost one third of overseas and non- were unsure about their future plans. A further one in four said they were likely to return to New Zealand to live, but that they were also likely to move somewhere else in the future. were less likely than non- to see remaining overseas permanently as a likely option (19% and 24% respectively), although this depended on where they were living. in Australia were much more likely than living elsewhere to see permanent residence overseas as a viable option (25% versus 13%). For who indicated that they will or were likely to return to New Zealand to live, 9% indicated that it would be within one year; 38% indicated between one and five years; 29% said more than five years; and 25% did not know. For survey participants who indicated that they would or were likely to return to New Zealand permanently, the most common reason was family, including combinations of opportunities, obligations or connections (56% for and 53% for non- ). Also prominent was New Zealand is my home (5, 42% non-), Lifestyle (36%, 44% non-), and retirement (19%, 15% non-). Economic, job and business factors were relatively unimportant factors for overseas to return to New Zealand. Australia as an alternative home country Over half of New Zealanders overseas (62% of and 55% of non-) view Australia as a home country to settle in permanently. For those living in Australia, the rates were higher still, with 77% for and 82% for non-. Figure 7: Future plans for returning to New Zealand, all and non- living overseas, and in Australia, Every Kiwi Counts F I G U R E Likely / will return to NZ permanently Likely / will remain overseas permanently NZ and elsewhere likely Unsure Non Non ( Aus ) ( Aus ) Figure 8: Likelihood of considering Australia as a home country to settle in permanently, all and non- living overseas, and in Australia, Every Kiwi Counts F I G U R E Extremely unlikely Unlikely Somewhat likely Very likely Non Non ( Aus ) ( Aus ) Whiringa-ä-rangi November 2012

8 Te Puni Kökiri, Te Puni Kökiri House 143 Lambton Quay, Wellington 6011, New Zealand PO Box 3943, Wellington 6140, New Zealand PHN Waea FAX Waea Whakaahua Technical Notes 1: The Every Kiwi Counts survey is not a representative sample of all overseas nor the estimated 600,000 New Zealanders who live overseas. Respondents were recruited through Kea New Zealand s own -marketing database of around 25,000, a tell a friend campagin, messages sent by third-party organisations, online advertising, promotion through online social networks and a conventional media campaign. As such, respondents are likely to have characteristics that systematically vary from New Zealand s broader expatriate community, who may not have the same type of engagement with New Zealand as the survey respondents. 2: Responses to Annual Income were provided in New Zealand Dollars in These estimates may differ slightly to the income in local currencies due to exchange rate fluctuations over time. Additionally, Annual Income for New Zealanders was for 2006, and not corrected for inflation. All information about and non- in New Zealand is from the 2006 Census of Population and Dwellings. This factsheet is based on an analysis of an anonymised dataset of participant responses to the Every Kiwi Counts survey. This analysis was conducted by Dr Tahu Kukutai from National Institute of Demographic and Economic Analysis (NIDEA). DISCLAIMER The information contained in this publication is for general information only. While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, because the information is generalised, its accuracy cannot be guaranteed. Readers are advised to seek independent advice on particular matters and not rely on this publication. No liability is assumed by Te Puni Kökiri for any losses suffered directly or indirectly by any person relying on the information contained in this publication. Te Puni Kökiri November 2012 For more information check out our website or contact us on or info@tpk.govt.nz