Lecture 3: History of Networking & Storage. Based on slides 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Pearson Addison-Wesley
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1 Lecture 3: History of Networking & Storage
2 It s Possible to Control New Technologies Extreme example: the Amish does it bring us together, or draw us apart? BBQ vs. telephone A more mainstream example of control over adoption Nuclear power moratorium in United States Nuclear power advances in rest of world Examples of control over rate at which technologies are developed Intellectual property laws, tax structure designed to encourage technology development
3 Technology and Values Dynamic between people, technology People adopt technology Technology changes society Different ways people are affected by technology Physical changes (e.g., laptops) Psychological changes (e.g., cell phones, bluetooth headsets) Technologies can solve problems, create new problems Automobile Refrigerator Low-cost international communication Do you think that it is more the case that people s needs have driven the development of new technologies, or that technology has driven social changes?
4 Announcements Limitations in TurnItIn require us to change things a bit. Starting next week: You can t submit an essay until you ve taken a quiz Remember, you get three tries, but must get it perfect. You can t peer review unless you ve submitted an essay I ve made a course blog on Google+ If you find interesting articles about current events that are relevant to the course, send me a link I ll also post what I find Feel free to comment on posts
5 Antecedents to the Personal Computer Whole Earth Catalog Sort of like Google in paperback form (Steve Jobs) Stewart Brand saw technology as a tool for individual and collective transformation (Fred Turner) People s Computer Company Educated people on how to use computers People gathered around time-share computers Culture promoted free exchange of software Homebrew Computer Club Meeting place for hobbyists interested in building personal computers Member Steve Wozniak created system that became Apple I
6 Personal Computer Altair 8800 Gates and Allen create BASIC interpreter Interpreter pirated at Homebrew Computer Club meeting Personal computers become popular Apple Computer: Apple II Tandy Corporation: TRS 80 Developments draw businesses to personal computers Computer spreadsheet program: VisiCalc IBM launches IBM PC
7 1.3 Milestones in Networking
8 Early Networking: Semaphore Telegraph Tower Coll. Musee de la Poste, Paris
9 Electricity and Electromagnetism Volta invents battery (1799) Oersted: electricity magnetic field (1820) Sturgeon constructs electromagnet (1825) Henry: communication using electromagnets, one mile (1830)
10 Telegraph U.S. government funded first line 40 miles from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore Built by Samuel Morse in Private networks flourished 12,000 miles of lines in 1850 Transcontinental line in 1861 put Pony Express out of business 200,000 miles of lines by 1877 Technology proved versatile Fire alarm boxes Police call boxes
11 Telephone Alexander Graham Bell Constructed harmonic telegraph Leveraged concept into first telephone (1876) Social impact of telephone Blurred public life / private life boundary Eroded traditional social hierarchies Reduced privacy Enabled first online communities
12 Typewriter and Teletype Typewriter Individual production of type set documents Common in offices by 1890s Teletype Typewriter connected to telegraph line Popular uses Transmitting news stories Sending records of stock transactions
13 Radio Pioneers Hertz creates electromagnetic waves (1885) Marconi invents radio (1895) First used in business Wireless telegraph Transmit voices Entertainment uses Suggested by Sarnoff Important entertainment medium by 1930s Orson Welles: War of the Worlds Bettmann/CORBIS
14 Television Became popular in 1950s Price fell dramatically Number of stations increased Social effects Worldwide audiences Networks strive to be first to deliver news Impact of incorrect information; e.g., 2000 presidential election
15 Hundreds of Millions Watch Moon Landing in 1969 Image courtesy of NASA
16 Remote Computing Stibitz and Williams build Complex Number Calculator at Bell Labs (1940) Bell Labs part of AT&T (phone company) Teletype chosen for input/output Allows operator to be distant from machine Long-distance demonstration between New Hampshire and New York City
17 ARPANET DoD creates ARPA in late 1950s Licklider conceives of Galactic Network Decentralized design to improve survivability Packet-switching replaces circuit switching
18 Circuit-switched v. Packet-switched Networks
19 Creation Tomlinson at BBN writes software to send, receive messages (1972) Roberts creates utility Current status One of world s most important communication technologies Billions of messages sent in U.S. every day
20 Internet Kahn conceives of open architecture networking Cerf and Kahn design TCP/IP protocol Internet: network of networks communicating using TCP/IP converted over in 1983
21 NSFNET Created by National Science Foundation Provided access grants to universities Encouraged commercial subscribers for regional networks Banned commercial traffic on NSFNET Backbone Private companies developed long-distance Internet connections After private networks established, NSF shut down NSFNET Backbone circa 1998
22 Broadband Broadband High-speed Internet connection At least 10x faster than dial-up connection Enhanced by fiber optic networks
23 1.4 Milestones in Information Storage and Retrieval
24 Codex Codex (became popular about years ago) Rectangular pages sewn together on one side Replaced papyrus scrolls as way of storing books Advantages of codex over scroll More durable Allows quicker access to particular passages Manufacturing technologies Copying by hand Wood engraving
25 Gutenberg s Printing Press (1436) Based on movable metal type Church principal customer of early publishers Powerful mass communication tool Printing press s impact on Reformation More than 300,000 copies of Luther s publications Protestants out-published Catholics by 10-to-1 in the middle 16 th century
26 Newspapers Newspapers First emerged 1600 Picked up steam in the 1700s Stimulated free expression Governments responded Licensing, censorship Impacted American Revolution Newspapers helped unify colonies Swayed public opinion toward independence 2007 Getty Images
27 Hypertext Vannevar Bush: Memex (1945) Ted Nelson (1965) Coined word hypertext Proposed creation of Xanadu Douglas Engelbart (1968) Directed construction of NLS (online System) Demonstrated windows, , mouse, videoconferencing Image courtesy of Douglas Engelbart and Bootstrap Institute
28 Graphical User Interface Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) Alan Kay sees Doug Engelbart demo in 1968 Alto personal computer (early 1970s) Bit-mapped display, keyboard, and mouse Apple Computer Steve Jobs visits Xerox PARC in 1979 Macintosh (1984) Bit-mapped display, keyboard, and mouse Microsoft Windows (1985) Version 3.0 released in May 1990 Quickly became dominant GUI
29 Single-Computer Hypertext Systems Peter Brown at University of Kent Guide (1982) Released versions for Macintosh and IBM PC Apple Computer HyperCard (1987) Hypertext system based on stacks of cards Links represented by buttons Basis for best-selling games Myst and Riven
30 World Wide Web First browser built at CERN in Switzerland Tim Berners-Lee: WorldWideWeb (1990) Berners-Lee created Web protocols Protocols based on TCP/IP general Later browsers Mosaic Netscape Navigator Netscape Mozilla Microsoft Internet Explorer (most popular) Google Chrome
31 Search Engines Crawler-based engines Altavista: 1995 Google: 1998 Programs called spiders follow hyperlinks and visit millions of Web pages System automatically constructs Web page database Human-assisted engines (Open Directory) Humans build Web page database Web page summaries more accurate Far fewer Web pages in database Hybrid systems (MSN Search)
32 1.5 Information Technology Issues
33 Information Technology Definition: Devices used in creation, storage, manipulation, dissemination of data, sound, and/or images Examples: Computers, telephones, video cameras, MP3 players People making greater use of IT Costs keep falling Capabilities keep rising
34 IT Issues Easy way to keep in touch Spam has become a real problem Has made our lives better? Web Free access to huge amounts of information Harmful consequences of some sites Has the web made our lives better? CDs, MP3s Free or cheap copies readily available May be unfair to musicians Are musicians worse off now than before the Internet (1980s)? Than 50 years ago (1960s)? Than 100 years ago?
35 IT Issues Credit cards Convenience over cash and checks Increases possibility of identity theft Who owns information about transactions? Telecommuting Saves time, allows more flexible work hours Can lead to longer work hours May result in fewer chances for promotion Does telecommuting make our lives better? Improved global communication network Allow companies to sell to entire world Allow companies to move jobs out of developed countries Have global communications made our lives better?
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