MODULE 6: ICT Applications

Transcription

1 MODULE 6: ICT Applications ROBERT HORVITZ Project Manager Global Internet Policy Initiative

2 AGENDA Part 1 Social issues related to ICT applications: Market size and structure Special situation: Microsoft and IBM Intellectual property rights Open source vs. Closed source Copyrights vs. patents ICT Applications in development strategies Productivity increases Up-scaling jobs and salaries

3 AGENDA Part 2 Draft WSIS Declaration of Principles and Action Plan in relation to ICT applications a closer look Intellectual property rights vs. public domain Open source vs. Closed source Free flow of information vs. protection of local values and cultures National security vs. citizen rights UNDESA-UNITAR E-Government for Development Seminar

4 Part of Babbage s Analytical Engine (1871, unfinished) UNDESA-UNITAR E-Government for Development Seminar

5 Colossus (1943) UNDESA-UNITAR E-Government for Development Seminar

6 IBM 7070 (1962)

7 Apple Computer Co. (1977- ) Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs holding an Apple I motherboard (ca. 1977)

8 The first killer application for the PC: VisiCalc (1979)

9 IBM PC model 5050 (1980)

10 Patents vs. Copyrights Separation of domains was clear: Patents for devices and processes Copyrights for literary works and multimedia content This distinction was blurred in 1980s by software, which is both a languagebased product and a virtual machine.

11 Patents vs. Copyrights Patents protect processes, techniques, features concepts against unauthorized production, sale and use. Copyrights protect the specific form of a cultural product against copying. Ideas cannot be copyrighted. But the form of implementation of a patented process is secondary to use of the concept.

12 Patents vs. Copyrights Literary works are automatically copyrightable...so long as they are not copies of already copyrighted works! Process is fast & cheap Protection lasts long time ~70 years But patents must be applied for Grant of patent depends on human judgment Process is expensive & slow Protection period ~20 years

13 IT Economics (2003 data) Global ICT market: ~$1 trillion Global PC hardware sales: $170 billion Total software sales: $180 billion End-user software sales: $76 billion ~80,000 open source software projects now underway on Internet

14 PHONES: MOBILE OVERTAKES FIXED-LINES Significant economic benefit: Mobile phones enable more efficient & productive use of time Data: ITU (2001)

15 COUNTRIES WITH MORE MOBILE THAN FIXED-LINE SUBSCRIBERS

16 WILL SLOWER GROWTH IN PC OWNERSHIP LIMIT INTERNET GROWTH? PCs Internet users 500 Millions UNDESA-UNITAR E-Government for Development Seminar

17 New Paradigm: Smart Mobility

18 Telecom Applications Management The main growth driver in the IT services industry is with applications services... [These] applications services are coming from offshore markets, specifically in India... [O]ffshore application management ranked as the highest growth service opportunity for vendors in As of year-end 2002, at least 14 IT outsourcing megadeals worth a total of $28.4 billion were signed Gartner IT Survey: Outsourcing Goes East, Datamation, 30 January 2003

19 Top 10 Software Firms in India Name Sales* Name Sales* TCS 809 Patni 153 Infosys 532 Silverline 126 Wipro 479 Mahindra 113 Satyam 355 Pentasoft 96 HCK 275 HCL Perot 94 *2002 sales figures in $US millions Source: National Assn. of Software & Service Companies (India) -

20 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 10. The essential requirements for the development of an equitable Information Society include:...the building of an environment that inspires confidence and trust in using ICTs, and ensures security of networks and information, in particular the protection of privacy.

21 From Bert-Jaap Koops Crypto Law Survey

22 Cryptography as a Human Right OECD Guidelines for Cryptography Policy (1997) - Cryptography: Scientific Freedom and Human Rights Issues - A Congressional Briefing held August 1, 1997, American Association for the Advancement of Science -

23 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 22. Access to knowledge: All individuals and organisations should benefit from unhindered access to information, knowledge and ideas Access to public domain information: A vibrant and rich public domain is an essential element for the growth of the Information Society. Information in the public domain must be easily accessible.

24 Filtering See Jonathan Zittrain and Benjamin Edelman, Documentation of Internet Filtering Worldwide, Berkman Center for Internet & Society at the Harvard University Law School The Free Network Project

25 Public Domain Papers presented at the Duke Law School Conference on the Public Domain (9-11 November 2001) Center for the Public Domain

26 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 24. Open standards and open source: Open standards and open source software are basic elements in the development of a more affordable access to ICTs.

27 Open Source Richard Stallman, The GNU Project Eric S. Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, First Monday, Vol. 3 No. 3 (1998) raymond/ SourceForge.net

28 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 29. Demand-driven applications: Growth in the demand for applications (such as e-government, e-learning, e- health and e-business) will create a favourable environment for the private sector to invest in the development of new services.

29 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 32. Training ICT specialists: The increasing demand for a wide range of ICTs specialists at all levels must be addressed.

30 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 42. Standardization:...The development and use of open standards are particularly important for developing countries. In this regard the increased use of open-source software can contribute greatly to increasing access and to adding to the diversity of choice of software for consumers.

31 Intergovernmental standards Interchange of Data between Administrations (IDA) fuseaction=home OASIS E-Government Technical Committee

32 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 47. Appropriate applications: Cooperation and collaboration are enhanced through the development of applications and content suited to local needs will encourage social and economic development, particularly in serving rural and remote areas, and supporting projects ensuring the sharing of information.

33 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 49. Cultural and linguistic diversity: Cultural identity, linguistic diversity, multilingualism and local languages are driving forces for the process of developing content for local and international use...

34 WSIS Draft Declaration of Principles 51. Media: ICTs strengthen the role of traditional media such as broadcasting and print, which will continue to have an important role in disseminating content in the Information Society.

35 WSIS Draft Action Plan 16. The full and effective involvement of all stakeholders is vital in developing new ICT applications. The role, responsibilities and goals of each stakeholder should be clearly defined.

36 WSIS Draft Action Plan 27. Fighting cybercrime:...a multi-pronged approach is needed to tackle cybercrime, on all fronts, with emphasis on preventive approaches, national guidelines and regional and international cooperation. At the same time, action to address cybercrime and to ensure a safe and secure Information Society must respect the sovereignty of nations and maintain respect for the constitutional and other rights of all persons, including freedom of expression. UNDESA-UNITAR E-Government for Development Seminar

37 WSIS Draft Action Plan 30. Standardization: The development of the Information Society must be based on platforms of internationally inter-operable technical standards, accessible for all, and technological innovation in ICTs, as well as systems to promote the exchange of knowledge at global, regional and sub-regional levels, through any media.

38 Multimedia E-IdentityE George Roussos & Uma Patel, Mobile Identity Management Internet2 Middleware Initiative

39 WSIS Draft Action Plan 36. E-Government: Public administrations should use ICT tools to enhance transparency, accountability and efficiency at all levels of government, and in particular at the local level: - In the delivery of public services to citizens and to enterprises. - In the design of online services, adapted to the needs of citizens and businesses...

40 WSIS Draft Action Plan 42. Cultural and linguistic diversity:...means should be developed for enabling access to information resources in different languages, in particular online translation tools......means should be developed for processing information in local languages: for instance, standard character sets and language codes, dictionaries, general and application software....non-written languages should be preserved by supporting the use of digital audio...

41 WSIS Draft Action Plan 53. Specific initiatives: The development of an e-strategy entails understanding what to promote, where to promote it, and how to tailor and implement activities to achieve maximum impact... Specific initiatives could include:...developing a platform for showcasing applications.

42 WSIS Draft Action Plan 53. International cooperation... - A cumulative knowledge process should be fostered by systematic networking between grassroots initiatives, by creation of websites, by facilitating exchange of information and experience, and through dissemination of good practices.

43 Observers Contribution to the Draft WSIS Action Plan [14] Open-source/free software shall be adopted by all public authorities and bodies: - Awareness of open-source/free software should be created, especially in the developing countries. - Capacity in open-source/free software development should be built through the development of incubator funding, a knowledge warehouse of expertise in developing countries... [continued]

44 ...development of regional and national opensource/free software portals, and by ensuring that technical experts in developing countries have full opportunity to participate in the development of open-source/free software. - A Programmers Without Frontiers initiative, focused on open-source/free software as applied to development needs, should be launched and coordinated, under the auspices of the UN. - A collaborative network of open-source/free software technology tools for civil society must be promoted.

45 Observers Contribution to the Draft WSIS Action Plan [25A.] Privacy:... - National compulsory projects using ICTs, such as electronic national ID card initiatives and electronic health care card initiatives, should be prudently assessed, with consideration of privacy issues. - Databases of information on individuals, which have been established by governments, such as health insurance databases, should be reviewed on the basis of securing human rights and democracy...

46 - Uniform legal protection of communications privacy is needed to avoid interference and monitoring of Internet traffic and personal communications. For exceptional cases at the workplace, regulations and collectively negotiated agreements are required to determine who can carry out the monitoring and under which conditions.

47 Observers Contribution to the Draft WSIS Action Plan [29.] Market environment: The creation of a transparent and predictable legal and regulatory environments, with the objective to promote competition and investment in ICT infrastructure and applications, should include actions such as:... - Removing legal obstacles to e-commerce. - Recognizing electronic signatures and contracts...

48 Observers Contribution to the Draft WSIS Action Plan [34.] Intellectual property rights:... - A specific status concerning transition and developing countries shall be recognised in regards to IPRs. - Authors must be encouraged to retain ownership of their copyrights and not to automatically transfer copyrights to publishers or other intermediaries.

49 Observers Contribution to the Draft WSIS Action Plan [41 A] There is a need to prioritize and develop uses of ICTs for development e.g. agriculture and early warning systems.

50 Observers Contribution to the Draft WISIS Action Plan [34.] Intellectual Property Rights Fair use: - Non-commercial use and private copying of digital content should be regarded and protected as fair use. - Computer software should not be protected by copyright, or at least, the protection period of computer software should be shortened. Software shall not be patentable, in principle.

51 Global Internet Policy Initiative (GIPI) Founded December 2000 Partnership between Internews & the Center for Democracy and Technology Multiple funders mainly USAID, AIDCO (EU), Open Society Institute, Dutch Government, Markle Foundation

52 GIPI offices in: Armenia Azerbaijan Belarus Bosnia-Hercegovina Bulgaria Georgia India Indonesia Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Nigeria Russia Serbia-Montenegro Tajikistan Ukraine Uzbekistan Vietnam UNDESA-UNITAR E-Government for Development Seminar

53 How GIPI works (1) Hire qualified local people Usually a lawyer, activist or ISP Give them backup & support from policy experts in other countries Access to shared resources within GIPI

54 How GIPI Works (2) Identify the main local problems in Internet access & development, possible solutions, opportunities for reform. Join or create working groups with key stakeholders (businesses, ISPs, government officials & NGOs) to develop consensus for policy changes.

55 ROBERT HORVITZ