POTW PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES
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1 POTW PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES Ohio Lake Erie Phosphorus Task Force - December 20, 2007 ROBERT M. BONNETT, PE Northeast Ohio Regional Sewer District OUTLINE SOURCES AND FORMS IN WASTEWATER TYPICAL POTW PROCESSES PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES PHYSICAL SETTLING BIOLOGICAL ASSIMILATION CHEMICAL ADDITION NEORSD PLANTS, CONCENTRATIONS / LIMITS PROCESSES FOR FURTHER REDUCTIONS ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL FILTERS / MEMBRANES 1
2 SOURCES OF PHOSPHORUS IN WASTEWATER FECAL & WASTE MATERIALS INDUSTRIAL & COMMERCIAL USES DRINKING WATER - ORTHOPHOSPHATES SYNTHETIC DETERGENTS FORMS OF PHOSPORUS IN WASTEWATER DISSOLVED (SOLUBLE) SOLID ORTHOPHOSPHATES CONDENSED PHOSPHATES ORGANIC PHOSPHATES 2
3 TYPICAL POTW PROCESSES SECONDARY TREATMENT-WET STREAM PRELIMINARY BAR SCREENS & GRIT CHANNELS PRIMARY SEDIMENTATION w/ & w/o chemical addition SECONDARY AEROBIC PROCESSES BIOLOGICAL C, N and P REMOVAL ACTIVATED SLUDGE, TRICKLING FILTERS SEDIMENTATION w/ & w/o chemical addition DISINFECTION CHLORINATION / DECHLORINATION ACTIVATED SLUDGE 3
4 BIOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES Normal cellular uptake in aerobic respiration C : N : P ratios 100 : 5 : 1 BOD : Total N : Total P Certain facultative microorganisms, when subjected to anaerobic conditions, can survive by assimilating and storing fermentation products (measured as soluble BOD). In the process, energy in the form of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) is used and dissolved (ortho) phosphorus is released from the cells. When these microorganisms ( stressed under anaerobic conditions) come in contact with dissolved phosphorus under aerobic conditions, they take up excess phosphorus beyond normal amounts required for cell growth. Phosphate Accumulating Organisms (PAO). BOD & PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE 4
5 CHEMICAL ADDITION ADDED BEFORE SEDIMENTATION COAGULATION one or more chemicals are added to the wastewater and their reactions with the chemicals already in the water form a precipitate. FLOCCULATION usually anionic polymers - added after coagulation chemicals to attach the particles together for improved settling. COAGULATION CHEMICALS Ferrous (+2) and Ferric (+3) Sulfate FeSO 4, Fe 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Ferrous (+2) and Ferric (+3) Chloride FeCl 2 FeCl 3 Alum Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 Al +3 Lime Ca(OH) 2 Ca +2 5
6 CHEMICAL REACTIONS Alum Al +3 + PO 4-3 ALPO 4 precipitate Lime 5Ca PO OH - Ca 5 OH(PO 4 ) 3 ppt Ferric Chloride FeCl 3 + PO -3 4 FePO 4 precipitate FeCl 3 + 3OH - Fe(OH) 3 precipitate PRECIPITATES 6
7 SOLUBILITY DIAGRAMS FERRIC HYDROXIDE SOLUBILITY DIAGRAM 7
8 NEORSD FeCl 3 CONTRACT COMPETITIVELY BID 2 YR DURATION SPECIFIED CONCENTRATION RANGE 28 % 40 % PRESENT CONTRACT 33 % $0.155 / dry lb Annual Cost = $290, % of the total chemical costs NEORSD TREATMENT PLANTS EASTERLY WWTP AVERAGE 100 MGD FLOW ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS WESTERLY WWTP AVERAGE 25 MGD FLOW TRICKLING FILTER/SOLIDS CONTACT PROCESS SOUTHERLY WWTP AVERAGE 100 MGD FLOW TWO STAGE ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS NITROGEN (Ammonia) LIMIT 8
9 Easterly Southerly Westerly EASTERLY WWTP 9
10 10
11 WESTERLY WWTP 11
12 SOUTHERLY WWTP 12
13 2006 AVERAGE TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONCENTRATIONS (mg/l) POTW RAW INF PRI EFF SEC EFF FINAL EFF Monthly LIMIT E W S PROCESSES FOR FURTHER PHOSPHORUS REDUCTIONS ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL P REMOVAL PATENTED PROCESSES ANAEROBIC ZONE DISSOLVED (ORTHO) PHOSPHORUS RELEASE AEROBIC ZONE AFTER STRESS - EXCESS P UPTAKE OCCURS FILTERS / MEMBRANES PILOT PLANTS 13
14 ENHANCED BIOLOGICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL EXAMPLE PROCESSES A/O PROCESS PHOSTRIP PROCESS first commercial SOME DESIGNS REMOVE P & N (EBNR) BARDENPHO PROCESS PHOREDOX PROCESS INVOLVE ANAEROBIC P RELEASE STEP AND AEROBIC P UPTAKE STEP A/O PROCESS DEFINITION: ANAEROBIC / OXIC MODIFIED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS PATENTED - AIR PRODUCTS & CHEMICALS INFLUENT WW AND RETURN SLUDGE FLOW INTO AN ANAEROBIC PROCESS ZONE PHOSPHORUS IS RELEASED IN THE ANAEROBIC ZONE PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE OCCURS IN THE AERATION TANK (AEROBIC ZONE) 14
15 A/O PROCESS PHOSTRIP PROCESS MODIFIED ACTIVATED SLUDGE PROCESS INCLUDES BOTH BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL SIDESTREAM DIVERTED FROM RAS INTO AN ANAEROBIC STRIPPER TANK (8-12 HR) PHOS. STRIPPED SLUDGE IS RETURNED TO THE AERATION TANK AND GREATER P UPTAKE OCCURS HIGH PHOS. SUPERNATANT IS CHEMICALLY TREATED AND REMOVED WITH LIME 15
16 PHOSTRIP PROCESS FILTERS / MEMBRANES FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PILOT PLANT IDAHO (SPOKANE RIVER) DRAFT DISCHARGE LIMIT 0.05 mg/l P PROCESSES BLUE WATER BLUE PRO TM PARKSON DYNASAND US FILTER TRIDENT HS-1 ZEEWEED TM 500 RESULTS mg/l Total P 16
17 PILOT PLANT FOR PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL BLUE WATER BLUE PRO TM 17
18 PARKSON DYNASAND US FILTER TRIDENT HS-1 18
19 ZEEWEED TM 500 CONCLUSIONS CONVENTIONAL SETTLING AND BIOLOGICAL PROCESS DESIGNS ARE TYPICALLY NOT ADEQUATE (AND NON-FLEXIBLE) TO CONSISTENTLY REMOVE TOTAL PHOSPHORUS CONC. LESS THAN 1.0 mg/l NEORSD PLANTS UTILIZE FERRIC CHLORIDE ADDITION TO THE PRIMARY OR SECONDARY CLARIFIERS TO MEET PERMIT LIMITS CONSISTENT PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL LESS THAN 1.0 mg/l IS ACHIEVED AT WIDELY RANGING FLOWRATES PRESENT ANNUAL CHEMICAL COST $300,000.00/YR COSTS FOR CAPITAL EXPENDITURES, O & M 19
20 QUESTIONS - PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL PROCESSES FULL SCALE TERTIARY TREATMENT PERFORMANCE CONSISTENCY FULL SCALE PLANT FLOWRATES FLUCTUATE WIDELY DUE TO COMBINED SYSTEMS INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGY TRIED AND TRUE MGD? ADDITIONAL PROCESSES REQUIRE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, LAND, O & M COST FUNDED BY RATEPAYERS REFERENCES Biological Wastewater Treatment, Grady & Lim, Coeur d Alene Tertiary Phosphorus Removal Tests Limits of Technology, HDR Waterscapes Publication, Fall Civil Engineering Reference Manual, Tenth Edition, Lindeberg, Phosphorus and Nitrogen Removal From Municipal Wastewater, Richard Sedlak,
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