En vue de l'obtention du. Présentée par Mujtaba Hassan AGHA Le 30 Octobre 2009

Transcription

1 HÈE En vue de l'obenion du DOCORA DE L UNIVERIÉ DE OULOUE Délivré par Iniu Naional Polyechnique de ouloue Dicipline ou pécialié : Génie Induriel Préenée par Mujaba Haan AGHA Le 3 Ocobre 29 ire : Inegraed Managemen of Energy and Producion: cheduling of ach Proce and Combined Hea & Power (CHP) Plan JURY M. Alexandre Dolgui Profeeur à Ecole Naionale upérieure de Mine de ain-eienne Rapporeur M. andro Macchieo Profeeur à Imperial College London Unied Kingdom Rapporeur M. Françoi Maréchal Profeeur à Ecole Polyechnique Federale de Lauanneuie Rapporeur M. Damien Ménard Ingénieur R&D Projec Leader CREED Limay Membre M. Jean Marc Le Lann Profeeur à l INP-ENIACE ouloue Membre M. Alain Haï Profeeur Aocié l'iae-upaero ouloue Membre M. Gille Hereux Maîre de Conférence à l'inp-eniace ouloue Membre Mme Raphaële HERY Maîre de conférence à l INP-ENIACE Membre Ecole docorale : EdY (Ecole Docorale yème) Unié de recherche : Laboraoire de Genie Chimique Direceur() de hèe : M. Jean Marc Le Lann Co-direceur() de hèe : M. Alain Haï Mme Raphaële hery Rapporeur : M. Alexandre Dolgui M. andro Macchieo e M. Françoi Maréchal

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3 Dedicaed o my paren Zahida and ajjad Huain i

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5 YNOPI Abrac he iue of energy ha emerged a one of he greae challenge facing he manind. he earch i on for finding alernaive ource of energy ha will replace foil fuel a he primary ource of energy. However for he foreeeable fuure foil fuel will remain he main ource of energy. herefore i i of paramoun imporance o devie mehodologie for more raional ue of energy in all wal of human life. In he indurial perpecive he deploymen of ie uiliy yem (generally CHP plan) provide a grea poenial ource for energy aving. However he managemen of uch ype of indurial uni i radiionally carried ou uing equenial hree ep approach: cheduling of he producion plan eimaion of he uiliy need of producion plan and finally cheduling of he ie uiliy yem. In hi ind of approach all he focu i placed on he producion plan and he uiliy yem i reaed a i ubidiary. o improve he deciion-maing proce hi hei propoe an inegraed approach which addree hi imbalance by carrying ou imulaneou and coheren cheduling of bach producion plan and ie uiliy yem. he propoed mehodology relie on dicree ime modeling and ue Mixed Ineger Linear Programming (MILP). Moreover o permi an efficien and generic formulaion of variou ind of indurial problem a new cheduling framewor called Exended Reource a Newor (ERN) ha been developed. he ERN framewor (an exenion of exiing RN framewor) allow for accurae repreenaion and cheduling of any ype of producion plan and any ype of ie uiliy yem. he reul how ha he inegraed approach lead o beer ynchronizaion beween producion plan and ie uiliy yem. hereby he inegraed approach lead o ignifican reducion in energy co and decreae in harmful ga emiion. Keyword: Energy efficiency Operaion Reearch cheduling ach & emi-coninuou producion plan ERN framewor CHP plan MILP. Réume Dan un conexe de développemen durable la queion énergéique coniue un de problème majeur de décennie à venir. ien que la oluion pour faire face à la raréfacion de ceraine reource l augmenaion globale de la demande l augmenaion de émiion de CO 2 réide dan le développemen de énergie renouvelable il e clair que ce nouvelle echnologie ne eron maure que dan pluieur décennie. A cour erme le énergie foile demeureron la ource principale d énergie primaire. Il e donc eeniel de promouvoir de nouvelle méhodologie permean une uiliaion plu raionnelle de l énergie. Dan le eceur induriel le développemen de cenrale de producion d uilié ur le ie induriel (en général de cenrale de cogénéraion) conribue grandemen à l amélioraion de l éfficacié énergéique de procédé. radiionnellemen la geion de ce ype de yème repoe ur une approche équenielle : ordonnancemen de l aelier de producion calcul de beoin énergéique e planificaion de la cenrale de iii

6 cogénéraion. ouefoi dan ce ype d approche l accen e mi avan ou ur l aelier de producion la cenrale de cogénéraion éan conidérée comme une unié eclave. Pour améliorer le proceu de déciion cee hèe développe une approche inégrée pour l ordonnancemen imulanée e cohéren de aelier de producion e de cenrale de producion d uilié. La méhodologie propoée repoe ur une formulaion MILP à emp dicre. Par ailleur une exenion du formalime RN a éé développée : le ERN («Exended Reource a Newor»). Celui-ci perme d une par de décrire de manière yémaique le recee e d aure par perme une modéliaion explicie e générique de différen ype de yème don noammen le cenrale d uilié. Le réula monren que l'approche inégrée perme d'obenir une réducion noable du coû énergéique grâce une meilleure coordinaion de acivié de producion e de fabricaion d'uilié. En effe le âche de producion on ordonnancée de manière à conommer ur le même période le uilié générée imulanémen par la cenrale de cogénéraion conduian aini à une réducion ignificaive du rappor quanié de bien fabriqué / quanié de carburan conommé e de émiion de gaz à effe de erre. Mo clef: Efficacié énergéique Recherche opéraionnelle Ordonnancemen Procédé bach e emi-coninu Formalime ERN Cenrale de cogénéraion MILP. iv

7 ACKNOWLEDGEMEN I would no have been poible o wrie hi dieraion wihou he help and uppor of he ind people around me o only ome of whom i i poible o give paricular menion here. Fir of all I would lie o expre my graiude o Dr. Jean Marc Le Lann (hei direcor) for allowing me o conduc hi reearch a Laboraoire de Génie Chimique (LGC) a ENIACE-INP. I am indebed o hi academic and adminiraive conribuion during he whole duraion of my PhD udie. I would alo lie o han Dr. Alain Hai (hei co-advior) who acceped my candidaure for he PhD udy and ha been a conan ource of uppor and guidance for he la hree year. I am grealy obliged for hi advice and help ha enabled me o develop a beer underanding of he ubjec maer. hi dieraion would no have been poible wihou he good advice uppor and friendhip of my daily upervior Dr. Raphaele hery (hei co-advior) which ha been invaluable on boh academic and peronal level for which I am exremely graeful. I han her for he ime paience effor and uggeion provided ha were invaluable for he compleion of hi dieraion. I grealy appreciae he role Dr. Gille Hereux played in he compleion of hi dieraion. Depie no being my direc advior he accorded me a lo of hi ime. he formulaion developmen and reoluion of compuer applicaion and imulaion were only poible due o hi inigh and conan guidance. I would lie o acnowledge HEC (Higher Educaion Commiion Paian) and FERE for he financial and adminiraive uppor provided for hi dieraion. I would lie alo lie o han he enire reearch group a LGC - my colleague he profeor and he aff member ha made my ay in ouloue highly enjoyable and conrucive. I would equally lie o han my friend Andy Crawford ilal Khawaja Marin Leae M. Ali Nizamani Guillaume arbu Jieh Nambiar haeen Raja and Rizwan Zulfiqar for heir rong uppor and encouragemen during my PhD udie. pecial han o arn Crice Club and i member for all he relaxing and qualiy ime which undoubedly eaed he preure of my udie. Finally I would lie o emphaize my love and encomium o my family for heir coninuou encouragemen and uncondiional love. A pecial menion of my paren whoe innumerable acrifice and unwavering uppor ha allowed me reach hi far in life. hi dieraion i dedicaed o hem. v

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9 LI OF PULICAION Conference Publicaion R. hery G. Hereux M. Agha Modèle inégré pour l'ordonnancemen d'aelier bach e la planificaion de cenrale de cogénéraion. 7eme Conférence Inernaionale de Modéliaion e imulaion MOIM 8 Pari France 3 March 2 April 28. M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Collaboraion among companie for beer energy managemen. 8h European ympoium on Compuer Aided Proce Engineering ECAPE 8 Lyon France - 4 June 28. M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Ver un ordonnancemen inégré de aelier bach e de cenrale de cogénéraion aociée. 8ème Congrè Inernaional de Génie Induriel CIGI 29 arbe France - 2 June 29. M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Inegraed producion and uiliy yem approach for opimizing indurial uni operaion. 2nd Inernaional congre on Green engineering GPE-EPIC 29 Venice Ialy 4-7 June 29. M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Algorihm for inegraed producion and uiliy yem cheduling for bach plan. h Inernaional ympoium on Proce yem Engineering PE 29 alvador razil 6-2 Augu. M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Opimizaion of auo-producion uing indurial uni. 8h World Congre of Chemical Engineering WCCE8 29 Monreal Canada Augu 29. Journal Publicaion M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Inegraed producion and uiliy yem approach for opimizing indurial uni operaion.energy (29) doi:.6/j.energy An exended framewor for inegraed producion and uiliy yem cheduling M.H. Agha R. hery G. Hereux A. Hai J.M le Lann Inernaional Journal of Producion Reearch au: In proce of being wrien (eleced a conference paper o be publihed) vii

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11 ALE OF CONEN INRODUCION..... CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY... 5 I. he Energy upply Chain...7 I.2 Evoluion Of Energy Conex...9 I.2. Dramaic Rie of he Global Energy Conumpion...9 I.2.2 he Cae of he Indurial ecor... I.2.2. rend in indurial-ecor energy conumpion... I Claificaion of indurial ecor baed on energy conumpion...2 I Energy upply o he indurial uni: a cenralized yem...4 I.2.3 Impac on Environmen...6 I.3 oluion o he Energy Iue In Indurial Perpecive...6 I.3. Long erm oluion: Finding Alernaive for Energy Converion...7 I.3.2 hor o Medium erm oluion: Promoing a More Raional Ue of Energy...7 I.3.3 cienific Gap...7 I.4 cope Of he udy...9 CHAPER 2: OWARD MORE RAIONAL UE OF ENERGY: AE OF AR... 2 II. An Emerging heme In Reearch Program...23 II.. Governmen Program...23 II..2 Iniuional Program: CNR...24 II..3 he Iniiaive of he Indury...25 II..3. Adoping energy andard...25 II..3.2 op-down approach...25 II..3.3 oom-up approach...26 II.2 Poenial Mean For Reducing Energy Conumpion Of Indurial ie...26 II.2. oal Proceing yem / Indurial Uni: Definiion...26 II.2.2 Improving Energy Efficiency for Producion Plan...27 II.2.2. Exergy analyi: an efficien ool for idenifying proce inefficiencie...27 II Proce inenificaion...3 II.2.3 More yemaic Ue of Hea Inegraion Concep...33 II.2.3. Pinch analyi of coninuou procee...34 II Pinch analyi of bach procee...38 II.2.4 Ue of ie Uiliy yem...4 ix

12 II.2.4. ype of echnology ued in ie uiliy yem...4 II Improving energy efficiency of ie uiliy yem...43 II.3 Managemen OF oal Proceing yem aed upon bach Producion...47 II.3. he equenial Approach: radiionally Ued In Indury...47 II.3.2 cheduling Under Energy Conrain...48 II.3.2. Inegraed cheduling and hea inegraion...48 II cheduling and managemen of uiliie...49 II.3.3 oward Inegraion of hree Funcion...5 II.4 CONCLUION: FOCU OF HE PREEN HEI...5 CHAPIRE III : OOL AND MEHOD FOR ENERGY EFFICIEN ACH PROCE CHEDULING III. cheduling In ach Proce Indury...55 III.. rief acground...55 III..2 Feaure of ach Proce cheduling Problem...56 III..3 Uing Mixed Ineger Linear Programming (MILP)...58 III..3. ime repreenaion...58 III..3.2 Maerial balance...59 III..3.3 Objecive funcion...6 III..4 Reearch Direcion...6 III.2 Framewor For ach Proce cheduling Problem...6 III.2. Illuraive Example...62 III.2.. Produc recipe...62 III.2..2 Plan opology...63 III.2..3 Mare...64 III.2..4 Combined Hea and Power (CHP) baed ie Uiliy yem...64 III.2.2 Recipe in an Indurial Perpecive...65 III.2.3 Recipe Newor...66 III.2.4 ae a Newor (N) Framewor...67 III.2.4. emanic elemen of N framewor...67 III Rule for conrucing N repreenaion...68 III N repreenaion of he illuraive example...7 III Mahemaical modeling uing N framewor...73 III Limiaion of N framewor...77 III.2.5 Reource a Newor (RN) Framewor...78 III.2.5. Rule for conrucing RN repreenaion...78 III RN repreenaion of illuraive example...8 III Mahemaical modeling of RN framewor...83 III rengh of RN Framewor...86 III.3 Concluion: oward A New Framwor For Handling Uiliie In Inegraed ach Producion cheduling.87 CHAPIRE IV : EXENDED REOURCE AK NEWORK (ERN) FRAMEWORK... 9 IV. pecific Feaure Of ach Indurial Uni...93 IV.. ach Plan and ie Uiliy yem: Heerogeneou Producion Mode...93 IV..2 Dualiy of Waer Derivaive Reource...94 x

13 IV.2 emanic Elemen Of ERN Repreenaion...94 IV.2. ERN a Node: Noion of Delivery ime (dd )...95 IV.2.2 ERN Reource Node...96 IV.2.2. Cumulaive reource node...96 IV Dijuncive reource node...96 IV.2.3 ERN Arc: Flow Arc Dijuncive Cumulaive and Precedence Arc...96 IV.2.3. Maerial flow arc...96 IV Dijuncive reource arc...97 IV Uiliy arc...97 IV Rear precedence arc...98 IV.3 Rule For Conrucing ERN Repreenaion... IV.4 Mahemaical Model Of ERN Framewor...3 IV.4. Allocaion Conrain: Dijuncive Reource Arc...3 IV.4.2 Capaciy Conrain...5 IV.4.2. orage hrough cumulaive reource node...5 IV Proceing equipmen hrough a node...6 IV.4.3 Cumulaive Reource Ma alance...6 IV.4.4 a Ma alance...7 IV.4.5 Conumpion/Producion of Uiliy Reource...9 IV.4.5. Conumpion of uiliy reource...9 IV Producion of uiliy reource...9 IV.4.6 Modeling of Mulimode Equipmen... IV.4.7 ynhei: Recapiulaive able of Equaion and Inpu Daa of ERN Framewor... IV.5 ERN Repreenaion Of Illuraive Example...4 IV.6 Concluion... 6 CHAPIRE V : COMPARION OF EQUENIAL & INEGRAED APPROACHE: APPLICAION OF ERN FRAMEWORK... 7 V. Preenaion Of wo Managemen Philoophie...9 V.2 Preenaion Of he Example...2 V.2. Producion Plan...2 V.2.. Example...2 V.2..2 Example V.2..3 Example V.2..4 Comparion of he hree example...27 V.2.2 CHP Plan...27 V.2.2. General funcioning...27 V oiler operaion...29 V.3 Proce For Comparing equenial And Inegraed Approache...35 V.3. Inpu Daa...35 V.3.. cheduling horizon...35 V.3..2 Finihed produc demand...35 V.3.2 equenial v. Inegraed Approach...36 V.3.2. equenial approach...36 V Inegraed approach...38 xi

14 V.3.3 Comparion Crieria...38 V.3.3. Energy co and emiion...38 V Opimal ue of cogeneraion...38 V Convergence hiory...39 V.3.4 Relevance of Comparion Crieria...4 V.4 Compuer Applicaion Developed...4 V.4. olving he cheduling Problem...4 V.4.2 Gan Char: A Compuer Applicaion For Analyi Of he Reul...4 V.5 Reul...44 V.5. Overall Energy Co and Emiion...45 V.5.2 Uiliy Flow Raio...47 V.5.3 eam Curve...5 V.5.4 Gan Char...5 V.5.5 Convergence Hiory...52 V.5.6 Deciion Coniency...54 V.6 Concluion...58 GENERAL CONCLUION AND RECOMMENDAION. 6 REUME DE LA HEE EN FRANCAI (HEI UMMARY IN FRENCH) 67 APPENDIXE...87 Appendix A. 89 Appendix. 93 Appendix C. 29 NOMENCLAURE..27 ILIOGRAPHY.. 22 xii

15 LI OF FIGURE Figure I.: implified repreenaion of upply chain managemen (adaped from [Lamber & Cooper 2])...7 Figure I.2: Energy upply chain...8 Figure I.3: Percenage fuel hare of world oal primary energy upply in 24 (ource: [EIA 27])...9 Figure I.4: oal global mare energy conumpion by ource in 24 and projeced for Figure I.5: ecorial rend in he world [Price e. al 26]... Figure I.6: Cenralized uiliy upply rucure... 5 Figure I.7: he onion model of proce deign. (ource: mih [25])... 8 Figure II.: An indurial uni compriing of Producion plan Hea recovery newor and ie uiliy yem Figure II.2: Depicion of Energy andwidh [JVP In. & Page Reearch Figure II.3: Gramann diagram depicing lo of exergy in a ream flow Figure II.4: Hiogram repreening exergy efficiency and poenial for improvemen... 3 Figure II.5: Mo frequenly echnologie in Proce Inenificaion [aniewicz & Moulin 2] Figure II.6: aic hea recovery principle Figure II.7: Hea exchange beween ream and pinch poin Figure II.8: rade off made beween hea exchanger ize and uiliy impor co Figure II.9: argeing hrough he ue of Compoie curve Figure II.: Hea exhchanger placed in he ame enhalpy inerval Figure II.: A grid repreenaion of he Hea Exchanger Newor (HEN) Figure II.2: ime lice Model (M) for imple bach proce Figure II.3 : Fuure Diribued Generaion baed uiliy upply rucure [Fieldone enerprie webie]... 4 Figure II.4 : Energy effencie of CHP v. convenional uiliy yem... 4 Figure II.5 : Claificaion of he lieraure review of ie uiliy yem Figure II.6: radiional equenial approach Figure II.7: Gan char for ream: (a) iniial chedule (b) recheduling Figure II.8: Inegraed cheduling of producion plan and ie uiliy yem... 5 Figure III.: Muli-produc and muli-purpoe bach plan rucure (arboa-povoa [27]) Figure III.2: Dicree and coninuou ime repreenaion Figure III.3: Even baed coninuou ime approach Figure III.4: Performance baed objecive... 6 Figure III.5: eparaion of impure P2 ino pure P2 and Figure III.6: Plan opology Figure III.7: ypical CHP baed ie Uiliy yem Figure III.8: Funcioning of a muliage urbine Figure III.9: Hierarchical rucure of recipe xiii

16 Figure III.: Recipe Newor of illuraive example Figure III.: wo differen N from he ame Recipe Newor Figure III.2: ingle or muliple inpu() and oupu() of a a Figure III.3: Priori nown proporion of inpu and oupu baed on bachize Figure III.4: he um of all ream proporion enering and leaving a a i alway % repecively... 7 Figure III.5: Only ream of ame qualiy can ener ino ae node... 7 Figure III.6 : N of each plan of he illuraive example Figure III.7 : Deciion and ae variable Figure III.8 : Meauring ae variable a beginning of he ime period Figure III.9 : Miing emanic elemen in N repreenaion Figure III.2: RN repreenaion of a chemical reacion Figure III.2: Duplicaion of a in cae of idenical equipmen... 8 Figure III.22: a haring no allowed among he proceing equipmen... 8 Figure III.23: implificaion of he RN repreenaion by placing idenical a nex o each oher... 8 Figure III.24: implificaion of he RN repreenaion wih he ue of flag... 8 Figure III.25: RN repreenaion of he illuraive example Figure III.26: RN repreenaion and oher chemaic of he example under conideraion Figure III.27: Evoluion of reource balance (noe figure no drawn o cale) Figure III.28: Conequence of auming uiliy a a renewable reource Figure III.29: Uiliy conidered in aggregae or refine manner Figure III.3: lac ime in RN framewor Figure IV.: imple example demonraing heerogeneiy of producion mode in oal proceing ie Figure IV.2: readown of reource Figure IV.3: Repreenaion of a a node in he ERN framewor Figure IV.4: Noion of delivery ime in ERN framewor Figure IV.5: Repreenaion of reource node in he ERN framewor Figure IV.6: Repreenaion of he maerial fixed and free flow arc in he ERN framewor Figure IV.7: Repreenaion of he dijuncive reource arc in he ERN framewor Figure IV.8: Repreenaion of he uiliy arc in he ERN framewor Figure IV.9: ERN repreenaion of he example developed in ecion IV Figure IV.: Repreenaion of he rear precedence arc in he ERN framewor Figure IV.: Waer derivaive reource a maerial reource... Figure IV.2: Ue of maerial free flow arc o repreen producion of maerial reource in unnown proporion... Figure IV.3: Ue of uiliy arc... 2 Figure IV.4: Waer derivaive reource imulaneouly acing a maerial reource and cumulaive reource... 2 Figure IV.5: Imporance of rear precedence a... 3 Figure IV.6: Allocaion conrain lined o mahemaical formulaion uing dijuncive arc... 4 Figure IV.7: Allocaion conrain for mono-a proceing equipmen... 4 Figure IV.8: A muli-aing dijuncive reource... 5 Figure IV.9: Allocaion conrain for muli-a proceing equipmen... 5 Figure IV.2: Ma balance around a reource node... 6 Figure IV.2: Ma balance around a node... 7 Figure IV.22: Uiliy reource conumed by proceing a... 9 xiv

17 Figure IV.23: Uiliy reource produced by proceing a... 9 Figure IV.24: Neceiy for uing wo eparae arc: maerial reource arc and uiliy arc... Figure IV.25: Rear precedence a... Figure IV.26: ERN repreenaion of he illuraive example... 5 Figure V.: Maer / lave Managemen Philoophy baed on equenial problem reoluion... 9 Figure V.2: Inegraed Managemen Philoophy for unified join cheduling... 2 Figure V.3: N repreenaion of he produc recipe Figure V.4: Plan opology for example Figure V.5: ERN repreenaion of producion plan for example Figure V.6: ERN repreenaion of producion plan for example Figure V.7: ERN repreenaion of producion plan for example Figure V.8: N repreenaion of he CHP plan Figure V.9: CHP baed ie uiliy yem Figure V.: Efficiency a a funcion of boiler load facor... 3 Figure V.: Fuel conumpion a a funcion of HP eam generaed in boiler... 3 Figure V.2: Equivalence of piecewie linear approximaion in form of ERN repreenaion... 3 Figure V.3: Deermining he fixed and variable coefficien of cumulaive uiliy arc for boiler a... 3 Figure V.4: ERN repreenaion of CHP plan Figure V.5: Elaboraed ERN repreenaion of he boiler a Figure V.6: Deail abou boiler emiion and heir calculaion Figure V.7: Comparion of he equenial and inegraed approache Figure V.8: cheduling horizon and finihed produc demand paern Figure V.9: Explanaion for uing he ummaion erm while calculaing uiliy conumpion Figure V.2: chemaic of CHP baed ie uiliy yem Figure V.2: olving procedure for equenial and inegraed approache... 4 Figure V.22: Compuer applicaion GanChar baed on VC++ baed inerface... 4 Figure V.23: Join cheduling Gan char for producion plan and ie uiliy yem Figure V.24: Analyi of he cheduling problem in greaer deail uing window Daa ynhei Figure V.25: Informaion provided by a ab Figure V.26: Informaion provided by orage ab Figure V.27: Informaion provided by achize ab Figure V.28: Informaion provided by Power plan ab Figure V.29: Informaion provided by Uiliy flow ab Figure V.3: Overall energy co Figure V.3: Overall GHG and Ox emiion Figure V.32: Flow raio for example and Figure V.33: Flow raio for example 3 and average flow raio for all example Figure V.34: eam curve for producion plan in example 2 operaing a 9% load raio... 5 Figure V.35: a cheduling of producion plan operaing a 6% capaciy... 5 Figure V.36: Evoluion of ieraion for example Figure V.37: equenial approach producion plan Gan diagram and eam curve of uiliy yem Figure V.38: Inegraed approach producion plan Gan diagram and eam curve of uiliy yem Figure GCR.: Fuure exenion of ERN framewor xv

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19 LI OF ALE able I. : World oal mareed energy conumpion by region and fuel (quadrillion U) able I.2: Indury raning baed on energy uage [Energeic Inc e al. 24] able I.3: Fracion of oal energy demand me by fuel ype in 24: comparion of reidenial commercial indurial and ranporaion end ue (ource: Environmenal Informaion Agency [EIA 27b])..7 able II.: Energy aving eimae reuling from Proce Inenificaion able II.2: aic ype of ream in bach procee...38 able II.3: he echnologie ued by ie uiliy yem...42 able III.: Definiion of bach proce cheduling problem...56 able III.2: emanic elemen of N framewor 68 able III.3: emanic elemen of RN framewor able III.4: Marix value for Ф r able III.5: Marix value for ν r able IV.: emanic of ERN framewor able IV.3: Poible value for allocaion binary variable able IV.3: Poible numeric value of W and W able IV.4: Recapiulaive able of emanic elemen and correponding equaion of ERN framewor...2 able IV.5: Daa required for developing ERN repreenaion able V. : Reource allocaion marix for example able V.2 : Uiliy conumpion marix (Cop u ) for example able V.3 : Comparion of hree example able V.4 : Reource allocaion marix for CHP plan able V.5 : Fixed and variable coefficien for uiliy arc able V.6 : Decripion of uiliy flow raio able V.7 : Convergence hiory of example able V.8 : Convergence hiory of example able V.9 : Convergence hiory of example able V. : Uiliy conumpion marix (Cop u )..54 able V. : Overall energy co able V.2 : Incorporaing full emiion exernaliy co for example 3 funcioning a 6% capaciy..58 xvii

20 xviii

21 INRODUCION INRODUCION he ouloo on energy uilizaion ha gone hrough a draic change during he la few decade. Nowaday here i far greaer conemplaion on proviioning and conumpion of energy. hi reflecion ha been brough abou by a number of facor uch a dwindling reerve of convenional ource of energy flucuaing energy price unavailabiliy of alernaive ource of energy and new ecological realiie abou climae change. he earch i on for finding alernaive ource of energy ha will replace foil fuel a he primary ource of energy. he goal i o find an energy ource ha i no only environmenally friendly bu economically viable and ociably accepable. However for he foreeeable fuure foil fuel will remain he main ource of energy. herefore i i of paramoun imporance o devie mehodologie for more raional ue of energy in all wal of human life. Recenly in France he concluion drawn by he Woring Group Luer conre le changemen climaique e maîrier l'énergie (Figh again climae change and conrol of energy) gahered a he recen Grenelle de l environnemen [29] i ha beyond he pecific acion o improve energy efficiency in uilding and ranpor ecor here i a ource of aving in oher ecor which repreen 43% of oal energy conumpion. In regard o he indurial ecor (which accoun for 2 % of final energy conumpion and 2% of emiion of greenhoue gae) he woring group recognized ha ignifican effor had already been made in hi ecor bu poined ou ha furher progre wa ill required. he mode of producion and managemen of uiliie provide a grea poenial ource for energy aving in he indurial ecor a a whole and in he proce indury in paricular. In hi regard he Woring Group [Grenelle de l environnemen 29] concluded ha approximaely one hird of he energy conumpion of indurial (or final energy Mep) come from procee called "uiliy" (eam ho air heaer elecriciy ec.). he margin for improving he effecivene of hee procee exi. he dieminaion and implemenaion of be pracice can ave up o 2 Mep wihou requiring echnological breahrough. In oher word one of he mechanim idenified by he Woring Group o reduce energy conumpion and emiion of greenhoue gae i "he eablihmen of more efficien mean of uing proce uiliie" wihin producion uni. he developmen of decenralized uiliy yem near or on he domicile of he conumer can be conidered a he fir repone in hi direcion which would lead o improvemen in overall energy efficiencie. Moreover here i a greaer willingne among companie o come ogeher and form a newor for more efficien ue of uiliie. For example five bigge companie locaed in he ame region in Denmar embared upon an "indurial ymbioi" projec. [CADDE 999]. hey buil a newor o allow for exchanging energy flow which reuled in ignifican reducion in overall energy conumpion. hi concep i aligned wih he noion of eco-indurial par [Gibb and Deuz 27].

22 INRODUCION However generally in he indurial environmen he imporance i given o improving oupu produciviy. he objecive of energy efficiency and lowering harmful ga emiion i generally placed on he bac burner. he bigge umbling bloc for indurial uni imulaneouly eeing o achieve higher produciviy and energy efficiency are he lac of ool and mehodologie which would aid during he real world environmen. In hi conex he objecive of projec ( Geion Inégrée Muliie de l Energie e de la Producion ) funded by CNR wa o loo for way of improving energy efficiency and produciviy of he indurial uni a he ame ime. he main aim of he projec wa o propoe a generic and yemaic mehodology which would allow beer managemen of uiliy flow no only wihin an indurial ie bu alo in a muliple ie newor. he focu of hi hei i on ingle-ie componen and in paricular an indurial uni compoed of a bach producion plan and Combined Hea and Power (CHP) baed ie uiliy yem. he CHP plan are a popular choice for ie uiliy yem a hey imulaneouly generae elecriciy and oher form of ueful hermal energy (eam and ho waer). radiionally he managemen of uch ype of indurial uni i carried ou uing equenial hree ep approach: cheduling of he producion plan eimaion of he uiliy need of manufacuring uni and finally cheduling of he CHP baed uiliy yem. However in hi ind of approach all he focu i placed on he producion plan and he uiliy yem i reaed a i ubidiary. o improve he deciion-maing proce hi udy propoe an inegraed approach which addree hi imbalance by carrying ou imulaneou cheduling of producion plan and ie uiliy yem. hi dieraion i divided ino five chaper: he fir chaper define he general conex for hi reearch. Fir of all he concep of energy upply chain i invoed o ubaniae complexiy of he reource energy over he oher radiional reource lie raw maerial and finihed produc. ubequenly he evoluion of energy iue i dicued in deail wih he pecial emphai placed on he indurial ecor. A claificaion of indurie on bai of energy conumpion i provided and he cenralized rucure of energy upply o indurial ecor i briefly explained. Aferward i i acerained ha developing mehodologie for raional ue of energy i ju a imporan a looing for alernae ource of energy. he chaper end wih he laying down he objecive of he udy. A bach indurial uni alo called oal proceing yem comprie of hree diinc componen: a producion plan a hea exchanger newor (HEN) and a ie uiliy yem. he econd chaper preen a review of he variou mehod and echnique adoped o opimize each of each of hee hree componen. hen he role of cheduling in managemen of uch indurial uni i preened. he radiional equenial approach ued for cheduling i preened and he need for inegraed approach i reed. I i highlighed ha while effor have been made o incorporae hea inegraion ino producion plan cheduling he apec of ie uiliy yem i largely ignored. Finally he end of chaper emphaize on he neceiy of coupling producion plan and ie uiliy yem ogeher in an inegraed cheduling model. Following a brief perpecive on he bach proce cheduling problem he fir par of chaper hree analye he variou ey componen and mehodologie involved in bach proce cheduling problem. I i eablihed ha he aim of a general cheduling framewor i wo fold: firly develop a graphical preenaion of he producion proce and econdly baed on he graphical preenaion build up a generic mahemaical formulaion o deermine he producion cheduling. ubequenly he exiing framewor ued for modeling bach cheduling problem are dicued in deail wih he help of a imple illuraive 2

23 INRODUCION example. he analyi demonrae ha he exiing framewor are no capable of handling nuance accompanying he generaion and conumpion of uiliie. And conclude o he neceiy for developing a new framewor o perform inegraed cheduling of producion and ie uiliy yem. he new framewor called Exended Reource a Newor (ERN) required o addre he weanee in he exiing framewor i developed in chaper four. he ERN framewor inroduce new emanic elemen o he predeceor Reource a Newor (RN) which allow for beer handling of pecificiie relaed o uiliie. he pecial feaure of he ERN framewor i ha each emanic elemen correpond o a e of mahemaical conrain which allow he framewor o be applied o any ype of producion plan and ie uiliy yem. In chaper five he Exended Reource a Newor (ERN) framewor i applied o underae cheduling of hree differen producion plan. he effecivene of he ERN baed inegraed approach i eablihed by performing a comparion wih he radiional equenial approach. hi involve developmen of compuer applicaion uing ofware XPRE-MP o repecively model he equenial and inegraed approache. he wo approache are compared uing variey of crieria and reul are provided a he end of he chaper. 3

24 4 INRODUCION

25 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY CHAPER I GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY UMMARY hi inroducory chaper aim oward defining he framewor for hi reearch. he fir ecion invoe he concep of energy upply chain o highligh he complexiy aociaed wih reamen of primary energy and uiliie. ubequenly he econd ecion preen he recen evoluion of he energy conex; he global energy conumpion aiic are preened and i i eablihed ha foil fuel will remain he primary ource of energy in immediae fuure. A more deailed energy conumpion analyi in he indurial perpecive and i impac on he environmen i finally underaen. he hird ecion loo a he poible oluion o energy iue in indurial perpecive. I i highlighed ha along wih looing for renewable energy ource a more raional uilizaion of energy hould be promoed. On he bai of above dicuion he la ecion lay down he cope of hi udy which will mainly focu on hor erm oluion for bach and emi coninuou procee. REUME Ce chapire inroducif vie à définir le conexe dan lequel incri cee éude. La première ecion inrodui le concep de chaîne logiique énergéique pour mere en évidence la complexié aociée au raiemen de énergie primaire e de uilié. Par la uie la deuxième ecion décri le récene évoluion du conexe énergéique ; aini ur la bae de aiique relaive à la conommaion énergéique globale il e démonré que le combuible foile von demeurer la principale ource d énergie primaire dan un fuur immédia. Une analye plu fine de la conommaion énergéique du eceur induriel e de on impac ur l environnemen e enfin préenée. La roiième ecion préene un rapide our d horizon de oluion vian à remédier à l épuiemen imminen de reource ; Parallèlemen à la recherche de ource d énergie alernaive l amélioraion de l efficacié énergéique e donc préenée comme la oluion cour erme la plu opporune. Finalemen à parir de ou ce élémen le cadre dan lequel e iue ce ravail e rappelé e le objecif de nore éude on défini dan la dernière ecion. 5

26 6 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY

27 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY I. HE ENERGY UPPLY CHAIN Energy i an eenial reource for all domeic commercial and indurial aciviie. Energy in many repec i imilar o he radiional reource (uch a raw maerial) ha need o undergo ucceive ranformaion procee o become available in i final ueful form. However here are cerain characeriic ha are pecific o he reource energy. Firly he reource energy i a more veraile reource and can exi in many differen form (heaing lighing power ec). econdly unlie radiional maerial reource he reource energy in i final ueful form can no be ored. he impac of hi conrain can be explained by invoing he noion of Energy upply Chain. he idea of he energy upply chain i inpired from he radiional upply chain managemen concep. he upply chain i a newor of faciliie ha perform he funcion of procuremen of maerial ranformaion of hee maerial ino inermediae and finihed produc and diribuion of hee finihed produc o cuomer [Ganehan & Harion 995]. A very implified verion of he upply chain [Lamber & Cooper 2] i hown in figure I. which demonrae a newor formed by lining ogeher he raw maerial upplier manufacurer reailer and cuomer. y haring informaion and reource all paricipan in upply chain reduce heir operaional co ulimaely leading o reduced produc co. RAW MAERIAL UPPLIER MANUFACURER DIRIUOR CUOMER REVERE LOGIIC a A b c C 6 d D n Raw maerial upplier Manufacurer Reailer Cuomer Figure I.: implified repreenaion of upply chain managemen (adaped from [Lamber & Cooper 2]) In he ame vein he energy upply chain (hown in figure I.2) can be enviioned for improving he overall energy efficiency. he propoed energy upply chain hare many common characeriic wih he radiional upply chain. oh upply chain have imilar rucure perform ucceive ranformaion procee o conver raw maerial ino ueful finihed produc and hare he noion of revere logiic in which cuomer reurn or reell par or enirey of finihed produc bac o he diribuor and 7

28 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY manufacurer. However here are wo diinc characeriic of energy upply chain ha diinguihe i from i counerpar radiional upply chain. Firly he radiional upply chain upplie he finihed produc o he cuomer. Energy upply chain on he oher hand upplie inermediae produc (elecriciy ho waer eam and hydrogen) o he cuomer. Hence he final ranformaion ep which conver he inermediae produc ino he ueful finihed produc (mechanical wor lighing heaing ec) i performed a cuomer domicile. econdly he energy upply chain ha no noion of invenory: neiher wor in proce invenory nor finihed produc invenory. he ranformaion proce in he energy upply chain ha conver primary energy ource (raw maerial) ino uiliie (inermediae produc) and ueful energy (finihed produc) i inananeou. herefore unlie he radiional upply chain where large invenorie of finihed produc are mainained he energy upply chain mu diribue uiliie from he manufacurer o he cuomer wihou any orage. In cae diribuor i no able o find a cuomer he uiliie generaed are imply waed. In he ame manner he cuomer alo ha o immediaely conver uiliie ino ueful form of energy or oherwie he uiliie upplied by he diribuor ge waed. Moreover he variou cuomer in energy upply chain can combine ogeher and creae a newor ha permi hem o improve he overall energy efficiencie. PRIMARY ENERGY OURCE MANUFACURER DIRIUOR CUOMER NON-RENEWALE OURCE REVERE LOGIIC FOIL FUEL Peroleum produc Coal Naural ga Nuclear fuel CHP plan Hydroelecric power aion Nuclear power plan Elecriciy Ho waer Elecric moor Convecor Lamp Mechanical Wor Heaing RENEWALE OURCE Wind Waer hermal power plan Wind urbine eam Radiaor Fuel cell Lighing ioma olar Geohermal Phoovolaic cell io - indurie Hydrogen Uiliie Converion Uni Hea exchanger pecial requiremen Ueful Energy Elecrolyi Reforming Figure I.2: Energy upply chain he above dicuion demonrae ha energy i a very complex reource and ha nuance ha are no found in radiional reource lie raw maerial and proceing equipmen. 8

29 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY I.2 EVOLUION OF ENERGY CONEX During he la few decade he reducion in reerve of foil fuel unavailabiliy of alernaive ource of energy and new ecological realiie abou climae change have brough he iue of energy uilizaion o he forefron. he energy problem i furher compounded by an ever increaing demand for energy caued by populaion growh and economic developmen [EIA 27]. he large increae in energy demand i projeced o ae place in developing counrie where he proporion of global energy conumpion i expeced o increae from 46 o 58 percen beween 24 and 23 an average annual growh rae of 3 percen. On he oher hand during he ame period he indurialized naion will wine lower energy demand of.9 percen per annum. I.2. Dramaic Rie of he Global Energy Conumpion Ever ince replacing le efficien ource lie waer-driven mill and burning of imber foil fuel (oil coal and ga) have become he primary energy ource. Currenly he renewable ource accoun for ju over 4 % of global energy demand while he re are me by non-renewable ource epecially foil fuel (figure I.3). Renewable energy i derived from ource ha can be renewed indefiniely or can be uainably produced. percen of he renewable come from combuible renewable and renewable municipal wae (called bio fuel). he remainder of renewable energy come from hydral geohermal olar wind and idal wave. Nuclear 7 % io fuel % Oher renewable 3 % Coal 24 % Ga 2 % Oil 34 % Figure I.3: Percenage fuel hare of world oal primary energy upply in 24 (ource: [EIA 27]) he projecion of Energy Informaion Adminiraion (EIA) how ha in our immediae fuure foil fuel will coninue o remain he main primary ource of energy providing he bul of energy a compared o nuclear and oher ource (able I. & Figure I.4). 9

30 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY able I. : World oal mareed energy conumpion by region and fuel (quadrillion U) Region Year % Annual Growh from OECD Norh America OECD Europe OECD Aia Non- OECDEurope & Euraia Non-OECD Aia Near Ea Africa Cenral & ouh America oal OECD oal Non-OECD ource Oil Naural Ga Coal Nuclear Oher oal WORLD Foil fuel 25 2 Quadrillion u 5 5 Oil Naural Ga Coal Nuclear Oher Figure I.4: oal global mare energy conumpion by ource in 24 and projeced for 23 I.2.2 he Cae of he Indurial ecor Energy conumpion can be divided ino four main ecor: ranpor building (reidenial and commercial) agriculure and indurial. On he global cale he indurial ecor accoun for 36 percen of global energy conumpion and even uing conervaive eimae [Price e al. 26] hi rend will remain more or le ame in fuure.

31 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY Indurial uilding ranpor Agriculure Figure I.5: ecorial rend in he world [Price e. al 26] I.2.2. rend in indurial-ecor energy conumpion he indurial ecor can be broadly defined a coniing of: Energy-inenive indurie i.e. high conumer of energy: iron and eel chemical peroleum refining cemen aluminum pulp and paper. Ligh indurie i.e. relaively low conumer of energy: food proceing exile wood produc prining and publihing meal proceing. Energy-inenive indurie accoun for more han half of he indurial ecor energy conumpion in mo counrie. However he overall indurial energy conumpion in a pecific counry or region i dependen on wo ey facor: he ype and magniude of commodiie produced and he rae of economic growh. (a) Naure and magniude of commodiie produced he naure and magniude of commodiy produced i he main defining feaure in overall energy conumpion. For example during he la few decade in U. he energy conumpion in indurial ecor ha een relaively le increae a compared o building and ranpor ecor [EIA 27b]. hi can primarily be aribued o he U.. economy overall hif from being baed on manufacuring o being baed in ervice and commerce. Moreover wihin he U. indurial ecor he focu ha hifed from energy inenive indurie oward ligh indurie. On he conrary he indurial ecor in developing counrie and epecially China ha become more oriened oward high energy inenive indurie [Price & Xuejun 27]. (b) Economic growh A direc correlaion exi beween he amoun of economic growh in a region and he indurial energy conumpion. he economic growh bring properiy o a region which in urn improve he living andard of local people and allow for developmen of beer infrarucure. hi cycle feed he producion demand

32 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY of energy inenive commodiie. hi i exacly he cenario being played ou a hi momen of ime in developing counrie where he demand for produc uch a iron eel cemen ec i on he rie. On he conrary in he indurialized counrie he demand of hee produc i eiher on decline or a be able. For example beween 995 and 25 eel producion declined a an average annual rae of.3 percen in he Unied ae while growing a an annual rae of. percen in Japan and 4 percen in China [IAC 27]. For hee reaon he indurial ecor ha experienced increaed energy conumpion. According o Price e al. [26] he energy conumpion in indurial ecor howed an annual growh rae of.5 % (increaing from 89 EJ in 97 o 42 EJ * ) during he ime period During hi period annual energy conumpion growh rae in developing counrie wa 4.5 % while ha of developed counrie wa only.6 %. I Claificaion of indurial ecor baed on energy conumpion Aciviie uch a exracion of naural reource converion of raw maerial ino inermediae and finihed produc fabricaion and aembly of dicree produc ec all fall under he domain of indurial ecor. I i no ufficien o claify uch a divere ecor on bai on wheher he indurie are high or low energy conumer. able I.2 preen a broader claificaion of he differen indurial ubecor baed on heir energy conumpion ype and magniude of uiliy conumed energy ineniy and ype of producion proce (coninuou dicree or bach) followed. Alhough hi able only conain deail abou he indurial ecor in UA [Energeic Inc e al. 24] i i repreenaive of indurial ecor in all he developed counrie in he world. able I.2: Indury raning baed on energy uage [Energeic Inc e al. 24] Overall energy ue Elecriciy eam Energy Ineniy ype of proce ecor u Ran u Ran u Ran Chemical High Coninou / ach Fore Produc High Coninou Peroleum Refining High Coninou Iron & eel Mill High Coninou Food & everage Low ach Mining Low Coninou Alumina & Aluminium High Coninou ranporaion Equipmen High Dicree Fabricaed Mela Low Connuou / ach Compuer Elecronic Low Dicree / ach Plaic & Rubber Low ach exile Low Coninou / ach Cemen High Coninou Heavy Machinery High Dicree Gla & Gla Produc Low Coninou Foundrie Low Coninou he chemical indury i clearly he greae uer of energy followed by fore produc and peroleum refining. Oher principal large conumer include iron and eel mill food and beverage mining aluminum and ranporaion equipmen manufacurer. he op hree indurie hare everal characeriic ha conribue o heir high energy conumpion. * EJ = 8 J and i referred a exajoule. 2

33 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY Firly in hee indurie he core procee ued o conver raw maerial are characerized by operaion performed a high emperaure and high preure. econdly each of hee indurie conume va amoun of elecriciy a well a eam uiliy. hirdly due o he echnological and hermodynamic limiaion he energy efficiency of everal equipmen in hee procee i quie low. For example diillaion column ha are exenively ued in he chemical and peroleum refining indurie have poor energy efficiencie beween 2 and 4% [Energeic Inc e al. 24]. able I.2 alo how ha eam uiliy play a pivoal role in many indurie. Alhough four indurie fore produc chemical peroleum refining and food and beverage accoun for 87% of eam ue in indury oher indurie uch a exile ranporaion equipmen iron and eel mill and plaic and rubber produc are alo ignifican eam uer. he purpoe of eam ue varie ubanially from indury o indury and i generally depend on he naure of he proce and locaion of indurial ie. For example while chemical indury ue eam moly for fluid heaing oher indurie may ue eam for direc heaing of par or componen cleaning or for oher proce heaing (e.g. erilizaion) [Energeic Inc e al. 24]. Indurial uni even if hey are locaed geographically cloe o one anoher are exremely divere in heir operaion and uiliy demand. Generally all indurial uni can be divided ino hree broad caegorie: dicree par manufacuring coninuou manufacuring and bach manufacuring. Definiion Dicree par manufacuring creae an idenifiable individual produc hrough erie of ep in an indurial uni. Auomobile manufacurer defene yem manufacurer ec are example of dicree par manufacurer. Coninuou manufacuring ue a proce o yield a coninuou inpu ream of raw maerial ino a ream of produc. In uch ype of manufacuring he proce operaion wor in a coninuou and uninerruped manner wihou any brea. Peroleum indury eel indury gla manufacurer paper and pulp indury ec are uually baed on coninuou manufacuring. ach manufacuring here are neiher individual produc nor a ream of produc. hey can be characerized by: Manufacuring of mall bache of diverified produc who hare he ame reource. he proceing operaion performed ucceively in he ame equipmen or on he ame bache. he flow of inpu ream (raw maerial) and oupu ream (produc) i variable and diconinuou. Coninuou manufacuring indurie are more energy inenive (a demonraed in able I.2) bu many bach manufacuring indurie alo conume coniderable amoun of energy in form of elecriciy and eam. However he naure of procee in coninuou and bach manufacuring are oally conradicory. Coninuou manufacuring indurie are characerized by ame proce rouing for all produc a divergen flow and a low added value. On he oher hand bach manufacuring i characerized by differen produc rouing a convergen maerial flow and a high added value. All hi mean ha he prioriie in he deign and day o day operaion differ ignificanly depending on wheher he indurial uni follow coninuou or bach manufacuring. In coninuou manufacuring he fundamenal imporance i given o he deign of he indurial uni. efore he conrucion of he indurial uni he deign eam formulae a number of plauible deign opion. Ou of hee he deign which i echnically and economically mo feaible i eleced. he deign 3

34 CHAPER I: GENERAL CONEX OF HE UDY eam lay ou he blue prin of he rucure and inner woring of he procee i.e. raw maerial compoiion flow rae emperaure ec. hee blue prin are hen followed o leer during he operaional phae of he indurial uni o maximize energy efficiencie and reduce co. In order o mee uncerainie ome coningency planning i underaen which i applied in cae of emergencie. For example ue of and-by boiler o mee pea eam load pare machinery in cae of breadown ec. A bach manufacuring indurial uni follow he ame deign procedure. However in bach manufacuring here are addiional conrain ha are no preen in he coninuou manufacuring. he bigge and mo imporan conrain i ha of ime which invoe addiional deign and operaional challenge. Due o hi addiional complexiy he apec of producion planning and hor-erm cheduling in bach manufacuring i of criical imporance. No energy opimizaion can be achieved wihou opimizing he cheduling apec of bach manufacuring. I Energy upply o he indurial uni: a cenralized yem In mo cae energy i upplied o he indurial and building (reidenial and commercial) ecor in form of uiliie. oh ecor have an inrinic need for elecriciy and ambien waer bu heir requiremen for oher ype of uiliie are quie differen. In he building ecor he only oher uiliy normally required i ho waer for heaing purpoe. On he oher hand in indurial ecor baed on he naure of indurial aciviy here i a much more divere demand of uiliie for example eam (a differen preure) ho/cold waer ho/cold air ec. radiionally he uiliy upplier mare ha been highly regulaed and under ric governmen conrol. u over he la few decade he deregulaion in energy ecor ha no only given he uiliy upplier he opporuniy o increae heir mare hare bu i ha alo allowed he cuomer o pic and chooe heir uiliy upplier. Conequenly many apec of he uiliy upplier are changing including i infrarucure. However in pie of hi increaed compeiion and diveriy of choice he price of uiliie (e.g. elecriciy & diric heaing) have been riing coninuouly. hi i primarily due o increaed co of foil fuel and lac of alernaive ource of energy [IEA 2]. he radiional uiliy upply rucure boh elecric power and diric hea i organized around large cenralized uni [EIA 2]. hee cenralized uni are locaed a coniderable diance from he poin of demand (cuomer). Hence he cenralized uni develop exenive newor for ranmiion and diribuion of hee uiliie. A illuraed by he figure I.6 he whole upply rucure of he cenralized uni coni of hree funcion: generaion ranmiion and diribuion. (a) Elecriciy upply rucure he cenralized elecric upply rucure i exremely complicaed [El-Hawary e al. 993]. However all cenralized elecric upply uni hare he common fundamenal characeriic of generaion ranmiion and diribuion [Momoh 2]. For generaion of elecriciy he cenralized uni ue variey of prime mover and primary energy ource. he prime mover are engine urbine waer wheel or imilar machine ha drive an elecric generaor. A remared previouly he primary energy ource can eiher be renewable or non-renewable bu he majoriy of hee cenralized uni are run on foil fuel nuclear fuel and hydral ource (dam). he raing of hee plan lie in he range of everal hundred MW o a few GW. 4