Acute Pancreatitis, Diagnosis and Management
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1 Acute Pancreatitis, Diagnosis and Management Tedra D. Gray, BSN, MS, ACNP-BC Sinai Health Systems Internal Medicine Department Division of Gastroenterology
2 Acute Pancreatitis Annual incidence of pancreatitis 280,000 hospitalizations per year Overall mortality of hospitalized patients is approximately 10% whereas the subset with severe acute pancreatitis is as high as 30%
3 Acute Pancreatitis - Pathophysiology Induction of acute pancreatitis due to intraacinar activation proteolytic enzymes, which ultimately leads to an autodigestive injury to the gland Activated pancreatic enzymes, microcirculatory impairment, and release of inflammatory mediators lead to rapid worsening of pancreatic damage and necrosis Revision of Atlanta Classification 2009
4 Acute Pancreatitis - International Atlanta Symposium Definition Acute inflammatory process of the pancreas that may also involve peripancreatic tissue and / or remote organ systems Includes organ failure- shock, pulmonary insufficiency, renal failure, gastrointestinal bleeding Local complications pancreatic necrosis, abscess, pseudocyst
5 Acute Pancreatitis - Definition Inflammatory condition of the pancreas requires two of the following three features: 1) abdominal pain suggestive strongly of acute pancreatitis 2) serum amylase and/or lipase 3 X ULN 3) characteristic findings of acute pancreatitis on transabdominal US or CECT Revision of Atlanta Symposium 2009
6 Acute Pancreatitis - Overview Diagnosis Etiology H&P, Labs, Imaging Cholelitiasis, Alcohol, Anatomical Varients, etc. Manage Complications Pancreatic Necrosis, Infections, Pseudocysts General Supportive Care Clinical Approach to Treatment
7 Acute Pancreatitis Clinical Features N/V & ABD pain radiating to the scapula area /back relieved by leaning forward occurs in % of pt. Grey Turner flank discoloration Cullen sign - peri umbilical discoloration Amylase & Lipase Gastro 2007;132:
8 Acute Pancreatitis - Labs Amylase 40% of serum from pancreas thus note other causes Sen. 72%, Spec 99% Levels for Dx 3X ULN Lipase level 3X ULN Sen. 100%, Spec 96% Elevated longer Varied Causes Frequency Dx??? Gastro 2007;132:
9 Acute Pancreatitis - Phases Interstitial (1 st phase): Onset within 1 st week Severity R/T organ failure and response to SIRS Mild Mod-Severe Organ Failure<48hrs Necrotizing Severe (2 nd Phase): Organ Failure >48 hrs Protracted course R/T necrotizing process
10 Acute Pancreatitis - Imaging Ultrasound Identifies cholelithiasis and the presence of choledocholithiasis Sensitivity of ~ 70% Contrast Enhanced Comp Tomography Timing Used to confirm diagnosis but NOT needed Gastro 2007; 132:
11 Acute Pancreatitis - Imaging What does a CT Scan Offer? Excludes alternative diagnosis, determine severity, identify complications What does it show? Isolated, or diffuse enlargement or peripancreatic stranding and fluid collections Necrosis apparent 3 days after ONSET of disease and seen as absence of enhancing of parenchyma after IV contrast
12 Acute Pancreatitis - Imaging CECT showing peripancreatic and retroperitoneal edema (large arrows) and stranding. The pancreas itself (small arrow) appears relatively normal.
13 Acute Pancreatitis - MRI Lack nephrotoxicity Sensitivity Visualization of biliary and pancreatic ductal system Limitiations
14 Acute Pancreatitis - Etiology Cholelithiasis Alcohol Anatomic Variants Metabolic Disorders Drugs Trauma (Blunt vs. Post ERCP) Autoimmune Infections Genetic
15 Severity How bad is it? Demographics & Lab data Organ Failure Imaging
16 Acute Pancreatitis - Severity Ranson Criteria ADMISSION Age >55 (70) WBC >16 K(18K) Glucose >200 (220) LDH >350 (400) AST > HOURS: Drop in HCT >10%, > 6L (4) Fluid needs Ca <8 mg/dl PaO2 <60 mm Hg BUN increase > 5 mg/dl (2), BD > 4mmol/L (6) Gastro 2007; 132:
17 Acute Pancreatitis -Severity Calculate on admission & at 24 and 48 hours; Admit score > 7 predict severe pancreatitis sensitivity 65% spec 76%, PPV 43% and NPV 93% Score at 48 hours predicts severe pancreatitis 76% and spec 84% with PPV 54% and NPV 93% APACHE II Hx of severe organ insuff. of immunoco mpromise d or post op state Age, GCS, Temp, MAP, HR, A-a & FiO2, Arterial ph, Serum Co2, Na, K, Creat ARF, WBC Gastro 2007; 132:
18 Marshall Scoring System ORGAN SYSTEM Resp (PO2/FIO2) Renal (Creat) CV: (SBP) > <101 < >4.9 >90 <90 FR <90 NFR < 90 ph<7.3 <90 ph<7.2
19 Acute Pancreatitis CT Severity Index Pancreatic necrosis is a major negative prognostic factor Large retrospective analysis of 268 patients found that a CT severity index >5 significantly correlated with death, prolonged hospital stay and need for necrosectomy Gastro 2007; 132:
20 Acute Pancreatitis - CT Severity Index Components 0 - Normal 1 - Focal/diffuse enlargement 2 - Instrinsic abnormalities and inflammation in peripancreatic fat 3 - Single, ill-defined fluid collection or phlegmon 4 - Two or more poorly defined collections, presence of gas in or adjacent to pancreas
21 Acute Pancreatitis - CT Severity Index Components 0 - No necrosis 2 - Less than or equal to 30% 4 - Greater than 30 and less than or equal to 50% 6 - Greater than 50%
22 Acute Pancreatitis - Severity Balthazar CT Score A Normal B Focal or diffuse enlargement of the pancreas C finding of B with peripancreatic inflammation D findings of C + a single fluid collection E Findings of C + 2 or more fluid collections and/or presence of gas in/or adjacent to pancreas
23 63 Acute Pancreatitis CT Severity Index Multiple studies with head to head comparison APACHE II outperformed Ranson s Criteria Balthazar CT Score suggested superior in predicting necrosis but less accurate in predicting organ failure Combining CT findings and APACHE II improved predictive outcome over APACHE II alone
24 Case Study # 1 52 yr old male PMHx: HTN, DM, Etoh Abuse, GIB 3/2013 and pancreatitis 4/2013 cc: 1 wk of sharp epigastric ABD pain with radiation to back, n/v VS: T 98.9, HR 142, B/P 150/97, RR 26 PE: Awake /Restless Lungs clear Distended ABD, mod tenderness, hypoactive BS. No ascities
25 Case Study # 1 Glucose 311 HCO3 14, K 3.5 Ca 7.7, lactate 9.1 BUN 17, Creat 0.77 LDH 754, Hct 41% Lipase 1,210 T. B. 2.2, AST 888, ALT 557, Alk phos 160 CT of ABD done without IV contrast due to IVP allergy; Ext peripancreatic inflammatroy changes with some free fluid, no gallstones
26 Acute Pancreatitis - Overview Diagnosis Etiology H&P, Labs, Imaging Alcohol Manage Complications Clinical Approach to Treatment
27 Acute Pancreatitis Etiology Alcohol Alcohol activates the pancreatic enzymes in the acniar cells which causes digestion of lysosomal enzymes that are thought to cause pancreatitis Accounts for ~30% of acute on chronic pancreatitis episodes
28 Acute Pancreatitis - Management Fluid Resuscitation Crystalloids/ LR Bolus 20ml/kg Goal of 0.5ml/kg of body weight urine output O2 requirements, acidosis, monitor ionized Ca, control glucose, Metabolic Imbalance Nutrition > 72 hours of NPO NPO vs PO Intake NJ vs. TPN Hydromorphone commonly used Pain Control
29 Case Study # 1 - Recs Hydration: 3ml/kg; Reassess Q 6-8 hrs Watch electrolytes & BUN i.e Ca, Mg, acid base balance Oxygen support PPI (Hx of GIB due to Mallory Weiss Tear) Antibiotics???
30
31 Case Study # Ca 5.8, Lipase 744 MCV 87.6 Lactate 9.1 Bands 32 (Temp 103.9) ABG:pH 7.07, PcO2 53, PO2 108,Hco3 15.4,BE -15 Input: 5,856cc Output:150cc
32 Acute Pancreatitis - Management Adequate fluid resuscitation Correct electrolyte & metabolic imbalance Pain control Nutritional support
33 Case Study # 1 Pt intubated developed infiltrates on CXR 4 pressors started ; spiking fevers ABD distention worsened
34 Case Study # 1 What do you look at today? What would you do differently in your management and recommendation?
35 Acute Pancreatitis Organ Failure SHOCK (SBP< 90 mm Hg) Pulmonary Insufficiency (PaO2 <60 mm Hg) Renal Failure (creatinine >2 mg/dl) GIB > 500 ml of blood loss within 24 hours Pancreatic specific Issues; pseudosyst, abscess, parenchymal necrosis Gastro 2007; 132:
36 Case Study # 1 : Outcome LOS: 42 days ARDS/ Trach & PEG Repeat CT: Hypodense fluid collection 8.2 X 4.8 cm ant/inferior to pancreas.??? Phlegmon or early abscess IR: drain placed AKI : HD for 1mth Sent to rehab due to reconditioning
37 Acute Pancreatitis - Management Prophylactic antibiotic Pancreatic specific antibiotics introduced when at least 30% necrosis seen on CT Drug of choice
38 Acute Pancreatitis - Imaging Peripancreatic and retroperitoneal edema. Large non-enhancing areas of necrosis are visible in the body and neck of the pancreas (arrows).
39 Acute Pancreatitis - Complications Pancreatic Necrosis Best identified on CECT MRI/EUS to characterize content
40 Acute Pancreatitis - Complications Pancreatic Infections Worsen S/S 1-2 weeks after onset CECT presence of gas highly suggestive of diagnosis FNA; gram stain, Cx Rx; Antibiotics, CT guided percutaneous drainage, open surgical debridement with necrosectomy
41 Acute Pancreatitis Complications Pseudocyst Common in moderate & severe case Usually resolve in 6 weeks; reassess Size matters; <6cm monitor >6 cm drainage needed Monitor for s/s of obstruction, infection, rupture or bleeding Prior to treatment; confirm contents with EUS
42 Acute Pancreatitis - Well-defined fluid collection in the retroperitoneum (arrow) just below the level of the pancreas. Complications
43 Acute Pancreatitis Nutritional Support Clinical judgement for resumption of PO intake; key elements absent ileus and pain control Meta analysis of 6 randomized trials of TPN vs NJ feeds NJ feeds have reduced infection & need for surgery but no decrease in organ failure or mortality Gastro 2007; 132:
44 Acute Pancreatitis Conclusion 85 % of patients develop interstitial edematous pancreatitis 15% of patients develop necrotizing pancreatitis 1 in 5 will develop severe pancreatitis of which % will die Gastro 2007; 132:
45 Acute Pancreatitis MILD Resuscitation & SEVERE APACHE >8 Supportive Care Ranson > 3 Conservative management < 30% Necrosis CECT > 30% Necrosis Antibiotics Improve No improvement PC drainage
46
47 Case Study # 2 32 yr old female PMHx of UTI on Cephalexin X3 d G5P4 38 wks gest. cc: epigastric pain X 3 days with radiation to back & N/V x 10; bilious and non bloody U/A protein 300 mg/dl
48 Case Study # LIPASE 1330 Amylase 1617 Lactate 2.3 T. B 0.7 AST 14 Alk Phos 92 ALT MCV: 89 Bands: 8
49 Case Study # 2 U/S: CBD 6.2 mm Sludge and mild wall thickening Anything to add to the work up? Triglycerides Trigs: 12,570
50 Case Study # 2 Emergent C-section done and remained intubated Pink milky intraperitoneal fluid seen during surgery Septic with APACHE score of 15 with 11% risk of mortality Quintin Catheter placed
51 Case Study #2 CT with Contrast: Severe pancreatitis with no necrosis or pseudocyst or vascular thrombus. Mod ascities. Biliary sludge. No ductal dilatation Plasmapharesis Trigs 471 (10426) Drug Therapy Gemfibrozil 145 mg PO daily
52 Acute Pancreatitis - Etiology Metabolic Causes Hypertriglyceridemia Pathogenesis Occurs in 1.3 to 3.8 cases of pancreatitis Serum levels >1000 mg/dl Acquired in obesity, DM, hypothyroidism, nephrotic syndrome, estrogen therapy & glucocorticoid excess
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